日木食蚧蚜小蜂低温贮藏条件研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere为橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势天敌之一。为了探明该蜂的贮藏条件,本研究将1日龄、3日龄的日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹在10℃、12℃、14℃条件下分别贮藏7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27 d,观察其羽化率及羽化后的成蜂寿命、产卵量、寄生率等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化率随贮藏温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一温度贮藏相同时间后3日龄蛹羽化率均高于1日龄蛹。贮藏时间是日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹存活的重要影响因子,3日龄蛹10℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.00%,贮藏27 d,羽化率仅为44.67%;12℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.67%,27 d蛹羽化率达88.00%;在14℃贮藏25 d后在人工气候箱内有小蜂羽化。低温贮藏蛹羽化后的成虫寿命随贮藏温度的降低而缩短;14℃贮藏后,羽化成蜂寿命随贮藏时间增加而显著缩短,10℃、12℃降低不明显;10℃贮藏23 d后寿命仅为10.11 d。3日龄蛹12℃贮藏19、21、23、25、27 d后羽化成蜂产卵量及寄生率均随贮藏时间的增加而降低,在贮藏27 d时最低,分别为34.33%、51.67%。综上所述,在12℃条件下短期贮藏日本食蚧蚜小蜂3日龄蛹27 d以内对其存活影响不大,12℃、3日龄蛹可作为该蜂的贮藏条件。     

短时温和低温对柑橘大实蝇1～4级蛹羽化的影响

柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)是我国柑橘类的重要害虫。与恒定的相对高温相比,冬季自然低温长期作用利于柑橘大实蝇蛹的存活。但短时的温和低温(发育起点以上,25℃室温以下)对柑橘大实蝇1~4级蛹存活的影响尚不明确。[目的]本研究旨在探索不同时长的短时温和低温对柑橘大实蝇1-4级蛹存活的影响。[方法]利用短时温和低温暴露处理柑橘大实蝇不同级别(1,2~3,4级)蛹,考察其在10、15、20℃下暴露2、4、8h后的成虫羽化率。采用双因素方差分析法分析温度和时长对柑橘大实蝇蛹存活的影响,利用LSD法比较温度或时长的单独作用效果。[结果]温度和时长对柑橘大实蝇1级蛹和4级蛹无交互作用,对2~3级蛹有极显著交互作用。柑橘大实蝇1级蛹短时暴露于15°℃和20℃下的成虫羽化率(66.79%,59.93%),2~3级蛹在10°℃和15°℃下暴露4h和8h的成虫羽化率(10°℃:50.59%,58.80%;15℃:54.96%,55.61%),4级蛹短时暴露于10、15、20℃下的成虫羽化率(52.10%,53.30%,51.62%),与CK的成虫羽化率(25℃恒温下42.81%)相比,均显著提高。[结论]特定短时低温利于柑橘大实蝇蛹的存活,柑橘大实蝇不同级别的蛹对短时温和低温的敏感性不同,结果可为柑橘大实蝇蛹的保存、成虫发生动态的精准预测提供依据。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性比较

为了明确B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性对其种群发展的影响,通过进行高温和低温暴露试验,研究了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹、成虫在37℃,39℃,41℃,43℃,45℃下暴露1～2 h后的存活率,以及这两种粉虱卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹和成虫在2℃下暴露1～12 d后的存活率。结果表明：两种粉虱的卵、伪蛹和成虫在37℃～45℃下暴露1～2 h,其存活率均随着温度的上升而降低;但在相同处理条件下B型烟粉虱3种供试虫态的存活率要高于温室白粉虱。B型烟粉虱在2℃下暴露2～12 d,各供试虫态的存活率迅速下降,卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后均不能存活,成虫在2℃下暴露4 d后也全部死亡;而温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后其存活率还能超过45%,成虫在2℃下暴露7 d后仍有80.9%能够存活。结果说明,B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱对温度逆境的适应性存在差异,B型烟粉虱对高温的适应性要高于温室白粉虱;温室白粉虱对高温敏感,但对低温的适应性要显著高于B型烟粉虱。据此推测,两种粉虱对温度逆境适应性的差异是导致其种群发生存在差异的一个重要原因。     

土壤含水量对桔小实蝇蛹期存活的影响

浸水时间、土壤含水量对桔小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis(Hendel)蛹的存活及成虫羽化的影响的研究结果表明:(1)不同浸水时间对桔小实蝇蛹存活率的影响不同。浸水时间越长,蛹存活率越低;浸水对初期蛹的影响较大,蛹龄越大,浸水作用效果越低。浸水时间(TW)、蛹期(AP)和蛹存活率(SP)之间关系符合以下模型:SP=0.4165-0.00307TW+0.2290AP-0.00004496T2W-0.0002528A2P+0.00008258TWAP。(2)土壤含水量对桔小实蝇成虫羽化影响明显。当土壤含水量较低或较高时,羽化率都明显受到抑制。相对含水量在30%～80%之间,蛹的羽化率较高。相对含水量(Ws)和成虫羽化率(E)之间存在以下关系:E=0.396+0.01985W-0.000181W2。     

两种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、存活与饲料利用效率比较研究（英文）

黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.是一种重要的资源昆虫, 根据60日龄幼虫的体壁颜色, 通过连续12代的自然选育, 获得了黄、 黑2种色型黄粉虫。为进一步给黄粉虫优良品种培育提供科学的理论依据, 本实验首先对选育出的2种色型黄粉虫的生长发育、 存活及饲料利用效率进行了比较研究。结果表明： 2种色型黄粉虫的孵化率和化蛹率均约为83%和97%, 无显著差异; 但黄色型成虫的羽化率（♀：95%, ♂：91%）却明显高于黑色型成虫的羽化率（♀： 82%, ♂： 83%）。2种色型黄粉虫的卵和蛹历期均约为7 d和10 d, 亦无显著差异; 但黑色型幼虫较黄色型幼虫发育更快、 更整齐。黑色型幼虫共历经12~15龄, 黄色型幼虫历经12~17龄, 并且2种色型黄粉虫幼虫均以历经14龄居多, 历经14龄的黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫幼虫的比例分别为27%和53%。以14龄计, 黄、 黑2色型黄粉虫从卵至成虫的总历期分别为171 d和151 d。此外, 黄色型幼虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于同日龄黑色型幼虫, 黄色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为66.5%, 50.6%和33.6%, 而黑色型幼虫的平均饲料消化率（AD）、 转化率（ECD）和利用率（ECI）分别为62.1%, 46.8%和29.1%; 但2种色型黄粉虫同日龄幼虫的生长率和存活率差异不显著。综合上述结果可知, 黑色型黄粉虫较黄色型黄粉虫发育更快、 更整齐, 而黄色型黄粉虫对饲料的平均利用效率明显高于黑色型黄粉虫。这为进一步培育黄粉虫优良品种提供了有益参考。     

冷藏对美洲斑潜蝇蛹期发育和生存的影响

【目的】美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard自20世纪90年代入侵我国后已经成为蔬菜和观赏植物的重要害虫。然而,近些年该昆虫已经逐渐成为研究植物和昆虫、昆虫抗寒性和寄主适应性等热点课题的模式种类。因此,为了实验室条件下更好保藏该虫的种群,本文研究了冷藏(世代发育起点温度8℃)对该斑潜蝇蛹发育和生存的影响。【方法】以化蛹后第3天的蛹为实验对象,8℃低温冷藏,并以冷藏时间(0、7、14、21、28和35 d)为参试因子研究了冷藏时间对美洲斑潜蝇蛹羽化率的影响;化蛹后每24 h解剖观察一次蛹并对蛹期发育阶段进行划分;根据划分的蛹期阶段,对处理中未羽化的蛹进行解剖比对,得到对低温最敏感的蛹期。【结果】随着冷藏时间的增长,美洲斑潜蝇的蛹羽化率逐渐降低。超过14 d后,羽化率明显下降。冷藏至35 d时羽化率为零。解剖正常发育的美洲斑潜蝇的蛹,将蛹期分为预蛹期、隐头蛹期、显头蛹初期、半透明眼期、浅黄色到琥珀色眼期、红褐色眼期、鬃毛蛹期。不同冷藏时间条件下,未羽化的蛹死亡时间主要为鬃毛蛹期,且鬃毛蛹期死亡的蛹的数量与贮藏时间呈正比例关系。【结论】在室内冷藏美洲斑潜蝇时,3日龄蛹8℃贮藏少于14 d为宜;鬃毛蛹期(10~11日龄蛹)对低温比较敏感,冷藏过程中,应避免鬃毛蛹期的蛹。     

陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

七星瓢虫卵的低温贮藏条件研究

为了探究七星瓢虫卵的最适低温贮藏条件,本试验研究了七星瓢虫卵在5、7、9和11℃条件下,分别贮藏10、 20和30 d的孵化情况,结果表明七星瓢虫卵在11℃贮藏10 d条件下孵化率最高,可以达到50.67%,进一步分析最适的低温贮藏条件11℃贮藏10 d对七星瓢虫种群适合度的影响。结果显示11℃贮藏10 d对七星瓢虫化蛹率无显著影响。以豌豆修尾蚜为猎物,对其幼虫和成虫的日捕食量进行检测,结果表明七星瓢虫的卵经11℃贮藏10 d后,各个龄期幼虫和成虫的日捕食量与对照组相比无显著差异。但经11℃贮藏10 d后七星瓢虫的发育历期显著缩短,羽化率、产卵量以及子代孵化率显著降低。上述研究结果对利用低温环境提高七星瓢虫的贮藏效率提供一定的理论基础。     

短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖的影响

【目的】了解短时高温对金银花Lonicera japonica Thunb.贮藏期害虫锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)存活及繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内测定了锯谷盗成虫经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处1、3、5、7 h后成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率的差异。【结果】短时高温对锯谷盗成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响,在36~48℃范围内,随着温度升高和时间的延长,成虫存活率不断下降、产卵前期不断延长、产卵期不断缩短、产卵量不断下降、F_1代孵化率和羽化率不断下降。经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处理7 h后,成虫存活率分别比对照下降了29.19%、34.47%、39.84%、55.64%和66.68%,产卵前期分别比对照延长了2.06、3.48、4.88、6.51、8.31 d,产卵期分别比对照缩短了4.99、7.89、12.07、16.89、23.14 d,产卵量分别比对照降低了52.26、61.06、70.82、82.87、92.97粒,F_1代孵化率分别比对照下降了21.52%、44.27%、73.44%、97.16%、100%,羽化率分别比对照下降了20.61%、32.85%、57.59%、95.15%、100%。方差分析显示,温度和时间的交互作用对成虫的存活率、F_1代的孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响(P<0.05),而对成虫产卵前期、产卵期和产卵量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖有显著的影响,引起存活率及繁殖力显著下降。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.