亮腹釉小蜂低温贮藏适宜龄期与温度的优化筛选

【目的】筛选适宜低温贮藏的亮腹釉小蜂Tamarixia radiata Waterston最佳龄期和温度,为柑橘木虱Diaphrina citri Kuwayama生物防治提供充足的天敌产品。【方法】在实验室条件下,观察了亮腹釉小蜂1-5日龄蛹的发育形态以及2、4、6、8、10℃贮藏10 d对亮腹釉小蜂羽化率的影响。以亮腹釉小蜂3日龄蛹为对象,研究了其在10℃条件下,储藏3、6、9 d后对羽化成蜂产卵量的影响。【结果】亮腹釉小蜂属于完全变态昆虫,属于典型的离蛹。随着发育时间的增加,亮腹釉小蜂蛹的颜色不断加深,分节明显。在贮藏10 d的情况下,随着日龄的增加其平均羽化率升高,4日龄蛹在8℃和3日龄蛹在10℃温度处理下贮藏10 d后其羽化率84.17%和86.23%,与对照无显著性差异,但4日龄蛹在10℃、5日龄蛹在8℃、10℃条件下均未达到期望贮藏的10 d期限。在10℃条件下,贮藏3 d的亮腹釉小蜂3日龄蛹羽化后,其前20 d的平均单雌产卵量达到159.9粒,贮藏6 d和9 d的蛹羽化后其前20 d单雌产卵量则分别为159.6粒和101.9粒,对照组亮腹釉小蜂前20 d的平均单雌产卵量为214.8粒,与3、6、9 d处理组差异显著。【结论】亮腹釉小蜂适宜低温贮藏的虫期为3日龄蛹,且以10℃低温贮藏3-6 d为最佳方案。     

蛹期薜荔榕小蜂的琼脂培养

【目的】薜荔Ficus pumila var. pumila瘦果具有极高的营养食用价值,其结实依赖薜荔榕小蜂Wiebesia pumilae传粉。本研究旨在探讨蛹期植食性寄生蜂室内培养的可能性。【方法】在不同温度(22, 24, 26, 28, 30和32℃)和光周期(0L∶24D, 10L∶14D, 12L∶12D, 14L∶10D和24L∶0D)条件下在琼脂培养基上培养薜荔榕小蜂蛹,测定薜荔榕小蜂蛹期各阶段的发育形态和历期,雌成蜂寿命以及虫瘿含水量,并观察虫瘿形态发育过程。【结果】在22~28℃范围内,薜荔榕小蜂蛹的发育速率随温度升高而加快,羽化时间也随之提前,但羽化率没有显著差异。28℃琼脂培养条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期最短,从预蛹发育至成虫的历期雌蜂为25.65 d,雄蜂为21.79 d,比同期自然条件下的雌、雄薜荔榕小蜂蛹期发育历期缩短了44.00 d;30℃下,少部分榕小蜂蛹能发育至熟蛹期;32℃下,榕小蜂预蛹滞育,推测30℃可能是该种榕小蜂蛹发育的耐热极端温度。不同光周期条件下,薜荔榕小蜂蛹期的发育速率及羽化率均无显著差异。在22~28℃范围内,温度越高,虫瘿含水量下降越快,培养时间越长,虫瘿含水量越低。28℃下琼脂培养的薜荔榕小蜂羽化时的虫瘿含水量(41.79%)极显著低于自然发育的个体(51.63%)。低含水量导致虫瘿壳非常坚硬,薜荔榕小蜂开掘出飞孔困难,这可能是琼脂培养条件下的薜荔榕小蜂羽化未能出飞的主要原因。【结论】本研究的琼脂培养方法为植食性寄生蜂蛹期发育的连续性观察,以及部分实验虫源的获取提供了可能。     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0.小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时间的延长而增高.就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱.不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大.小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

日木食蚧蚜小蜂低温贮藏条件研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere为橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势天敌之一。为了探明该蜂的贮藏条件,本研究将1日龄、3日龄的日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹在10℃、12℃、14℃条件下分别贮藏7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27 d,观察其羽化率及羽化后的成蜂寿命、产卵量、寄生率等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化率随贮藏温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一温度贮藏相同时间后3日龄蛹羽化率均高于1日龄蛹。贮藏时间是日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹存活的重要影响因子,3日龄蛹10℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.00%,贮藏27 d,羽化率仅为44.67%;12℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.67%,27 d蛹羽化率达88.00%;在14℃贮藏25 d后在人工气候箱内有小蜂羽化。低温贮藏蛹羽化后的成虫寿命随贮藏温度的降低而缩短;14℃贮藏后,羽化成蜂寿命随贮藏时间增加而显著缩短,10℃、12℃降低不明显;10℃贮藏23 d后寿命仅为10.11 d。3日龄蛹12℃贮藏19、21、23、25、27 d后羽化成蜂产卵量及寄生率均随贮藏时间的增加而降低,在贮藏27 d时最低,分别为34.33%、51.67%。综上所述,在12℃条件下短期贮藏日本食蚧蚜小蜂3日龄蛹27 d以内对其存活影响不大,12℃、3日龄蛹可作为该蜂的贮藏条件。     

温度在柑橘凤蝶蛹滞育解除中的作用

调查温度在柑橘凤蝶Papillio xuthus L.滞育蛹解除中的作用。结果显示,羽化温度在15,20,25和30℃时,滞育蛹最早羽化分别在第45,16,11和第5天,发育历期分别为60.3,26.0,15.2和11.6d,羽化持续时间分别为35,19,14和15d。同时低温处理(10℃)显示,25℃时,低温处理0,20和40d后,滞育蛹分别在处理后第38,第14和第13天开始羽化,羽化时间持续分别为40,71和16d,发育历期分别为60.9,28.5和19.0d。结果表明,随着羽化温度升高和低温处理时间延长,滞育蛹羽化时间提前,发育历期缩短。但当羽化温度超过25℃后,滞育蛹发育历期差异已不显著。     

玉带凤蝶羽化时间的控制

对玉带凤蝶卵、蛹在 5～ 8℃下冷藏试验和越冬蛹的加温试验表明 ,已发育 1～ 2d的卵 ,其冷藏时间可达 7d ,孵化率达 93 % ,孵化率随冷藏前发育天数和冷藏天数的增加而降低 ;发育蛹的耐低温能力比卵弱 ,已发育 1d的蛹 ,冷藏 3d后 ,羽化率仅为 80 % ,羽化率随蛹冷藏前的发育天数和冷藏天数的增加而降低 ;越冬蛹加温 ,可促使其提早 2 3的时间羽化     

敲减神经肽F基因(npf)对亚洲玉米螟取食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】神经肽F(neuropeptide F, NPF)是无脊椎动物特有的一类神经肽,因其C末端是苯丙氨酸(F)而命名,参与昆虫的取食、生物节律、学习记忆等多种生理功能的调控。本研究旨在明确NPF对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis生长发育的影响,为害虫防治提供重要依据。【方法】采用一种基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫基因的dsRNA的方法经济有效地敲降npf,用低浓度(0.01%)和高浓度(0.02%)dsNPF和dsGFP(对照)分别饲喂亚洲玉米螟1龄初、3龄初和5龄初幼虫直至化蛹,检测5龄幼虫平均取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫产卵量,以及幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期和成虫寿命。【结果】从亚洲玉米螟1, 3和5龄初幼虫开始饲喂0.01%和0.02% dsNPF时,与饲喂相应浓度dsGFP的对照相比,除个别点外,5龄幼虫的取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫单雌产卵量均显著降低,幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期均显著延长,成虫寿命显著缩短。且dsNPF处理幼虫的龄期越早对发育的影响越大。其中0.01% dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫和0.02% dsNPF处理的3龄幼虫有90%的个体在蛹期死亡,而0.02%dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫有90%的个体在幼虫期死亡。【结论】结果提示NPF对亚洲玉米螟的发育和取食具有调控作用,这为探索新型绿色的害虫防治提供了依据。     

不同光环境对粘虫生长发育的影响

【目的】研究不同光环境条件对粘虫Mythimna separata生长发育存活的影响,探讨影响粘虫生存的关键光环境因子,揭示昆虫对光环境的适应能力,为粘虫发生分布情况进行准确预测提供实验依据。【方法】选取特定波长和光强的LED灯作为供试光源,以不同发育阶段粘虫为供试昆虫,测定10种供试光源条件下粘虫各发育阶段的存活与发育情况。【结果】365nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫卵孵化率,比对照组卵孵化率降低了50.33%;420 nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫幼虫存活率、幼虫化蛹率和蛹羽化率,且能延长幼虫期和蛹期,比对照组幼虫存活率、化蛹率和蛹羽化率分别降低了72.00%、65.67%和72.87%,比对照组幼虫期和蛹期分别延长了12 d和11.4 d;420 nm和460 nm波长光源照射能显著降低粘虫成虫存活率,比对照组成虫存活率分别降低了44.44%%和40.00%。【结论】光强1000lx,波长365、420、460 nm的光环境能够抑制粘虫的生长发育,不利于粘虫生存。     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇发育、存活和繁殖的影响

探讨了在光照周期为14L◊10D、R.H.为70%±5%的恒温(12～35℃)条件下美洲斑潜蝇的发育、繁殖和存活,求得美洲斑潜蝇世代的发育起点温度与有效积温分别为8.77℃和295.69日度,给出了温度与各虫态发育速率间的函数关系。20～27.5℃时存活率较高,死亡主要发生在蛹期,35℃下蛹不能羽化。成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短;种群增长指数于27.5℃时达到最高。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。