湖北省后河自然保护区的多孔菌

通过对湖北省后河自然保护区多孔菌调查采样,鉴定出隶属于31个属的62种多孔菌,并列出名录。全部种类均为该保护区首次报道。其中,苹果薄孔菌、白黄小薄孔菌、紧密蜡孔菌、干环褶孔菌、长囊锐孔菌、淡黄针层孔菌、淡黄裂孔菌、白干皮孔菌和薄皮干酪菌是该地区的常见种类。后河自然保护区多孔菌主要是世界广布种和温带种类,少数亚热带种类如亚拉巴马全缘孔菌、纸全缘孔菌和拟浅孔大孔菌等也有出现。     

Aphyllophorales Della Riserva Naturale Integrale di Sasso Fratino (Forlì), Italia

Abstract

The author deals with the results of a research on the presence of Aphyllophorales in Sasso Fratino Forest, an Integral Natural Reserve, inside the Foreste Casentinesi National Park. The research started in 1987 and till now 171 wood-inhabiting species have been collected. Some of them are new to the Italian mycoflora: Antrodiella fissiliformis, Ceriporia alachuana, Laeticorticium meridioroseum, Parvobasidium cretatum, Pycnoporellus fulgens, while some other must be considered very rare species in Italy: Ganoderma carnosum, Lobulicium occultum, Stereum insignitum, Trechispora echynocystis.     

浙江天目山种植林管理历史及粗死木残体特征影响柳杉腐木甲虫多样性（英文）

不合理的森林管理是导致腐木甲虫多样性丧失的重要原因。在中国亚热带地区, 多样性较高的天然林已被大面积的人工种植林取代, 然而, 这些人工林对腐木甲虫多样性的影响还研究甚少。本研究对浙江天目山自然保护区人工幼龄林（30~40年）、 人工老熟林（80~100年）和半天然混合林（>200年）中柳杉枯立木上的腐木甲虫群落及多样性进行比较。结果表明： 半天然混合林腐木甲虫个体数量（97.4±66.7）显著高于幼龄林（39.9±16.3）和老熟林（21.9±5.9）, 但半天然林混合林(27.9±11.2)与幼龄林(24.1±3.7)腐木甲虫物种数差异并不显著(P>0.05), 而幼龄林的腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量则显著高于老熟林(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫物种数和个体数量与样地粗死木残体体积相关性显著(P<0.05)。典范对应分析和多响应置换过程分析表明腐木甲虫群落特征在不同林型间差异显著(P<0.001)。柳杉枯立木直径、 粗死木残体的直径和数量以及林冠盖度均对腐木甲虫物种组成具有显著影响(P<0.05)。腐木甲虫营养级组成分析也表明, 半天然混合林菌食性甲虫数量显著高于种植林(P<0.001)。结果提示, 提高种植林粗死木残体的数量和质量可以增加腐木甲虫的物种丰富度, 但种植林腐木甲虫多样性可能在随后的演替阶段有所下降, 而且种植林与天然林在腐木甲虫群落组成上差异十分明显。     

Aphyllophorales della Pineta di is Arenas (Oristano)

Abstract

L'autore riferisce sui primi ritrovamenti di Aphyllophorales ad Is Arenas, pineta litoranea che si estende sulla costa occidentale della Sardegna, in provincia di Oristano. Le specie segnalate sono 48 e tra queste: Crustoderma dryinum (Berk. & Curt.) Parm., Hyphoderma malençonii (Manjón & Moreno) Manjón, Moreno & Hjortstam, Peniophora tamaricicola Boid. & Malençon, Phanerochaete magnoliae (Berk. & Curt.) Burds., Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk, sono risultate nuove per la micoflora italiana.     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体碳密度特征

以小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林9.12 hm~2固定样地为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)碳密度的基础特征,揭示其与林分因子和物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度为13.25 t C/hm~2,其中云杉(Picea spp.)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和未知种的CWD碳密度分别为3.59、2.61、3.06和2.85 t C/hm~2。(2)不同腐烂等级下CWD碳密度呈近正态分布,多集中在Ⅱ和Ⅲ等级,分别占总量的42.7%和35.4%。不同径级的CWD碳密度也呈近正态分布,主要分布在30—40 cm和40—50 cm径级上。干中折断、拔根倒、枯立木和干基折断为谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度的主要存在方式。腐烂等级为Ⅰ和Ⅴ的CWD中,拔根倒的碳密度最高,其他腐烂等级中均为干中折断的碳密度最高。(3)CWD碳密度表现出较强的空间异质性,其随着林分平均胸径、最大胸径和胸高断面积的增加而下降,呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);而与林分密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

Distribution of tetracyclic triterpenoids of lanostane group and sterols in the higher fungi especially of the polyporaceae and related families

The fruit bodies of 97 species of wood-rotting fungi, mainly of Polyporaceae and related families, were examined for the distribution of triterpenes and sterols. Triterpene acids of lanostane group were detected exclusively from the fungi causing brown-rot of woods, while sterols were found to occur commonly in both brown-rot and white-rot fungi. The most abundant sterol was found to be ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol. The presence and absence of the triterpene acids is discussed from the point of view of fungal phylogeny.     

高山森林林窗和粗木质残体对木生苔藓生物量和多样性的影响

木生苔藓植物是原始森林的基本组成部分,其生长和分布对林窗和粗木质残体(CWD)等环境因子的响应可能非常敏感,但林窗和CWD对木生苔藓植物群落的影响研究未见报道。因此,我们研究了高山森林不同林窗位置(林窗、林缘和林下)和不同粗木质残体类型(倒木、大枯枝、枯立木和根桩)木生苔藓生物量(储量、单位面积生物量和生物积累量)和多样性(Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数)特征。结果表明:川西高山粗木质残体木生苔藓植物生物量储量为141.14 kg/hm~2,倒木生苔藓生物量储量最大为78.80 kg/hm~2,枯立木生苔藓生物量储量最小为3.11 kg/hm~2。其中,第III、IV腐解等级粗木质残体木生苔藓生物量储量较高,在I腐解等级时为最低。整体来看不同粗木质残体类型木生苔藓单位面积生物量均在林缘最高,但不同粗木质残体类型单位面积木生苔藓生物量积累量差异显著。木生苔藓生物多样性受林窗位置和粗木质残体类型显著影响。倒木、大枯枝和根桩的苔藓Simpson优势度指数从林窗至林下均为下降趋势。倒木的苔藓Shannon多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在林下最高,在林缘最低。林窗大枯枝木生苔藓三种多样性指标均大于倒木。枯立木和根桩木生苔藓多样性指标随林窗变化表现各异。研究也发现,曲尾藓(Dicranum)和平藓(Neckera)在川西高山苔藓生物量中比重较大。我们的研究结果表明在高山森林生态系统中,林缘效应对木生苔藓生物量具有促进作用,但对木生苔藓生物多样性的影响作用不明显。这也意味着,森林更新导致林窗形成和CWD产生对木生苔藓生长具有显著影响。     

11种温带树种粗木质残体呼吸的时间动态

粗木质残体(CWD)呼吸释放出的CO2(RCWD)与温度的关系是森林生态系统RCWD年通量估测的基础,是随树种和时间而变化的,但这种关系的时间动态目前尚不清楚。采用红外气体分析法测定自然条件下东北东部山区典型天然次生林中11个主要树种RCWD的时间动态,尤其注重于其日变化格局及其对温度的响应。测定树种包括:白桦、山杨、紫椴、胡桃楸、蒙古栎、色木槭、春榆、红松、黄檗、兴安落叶松和水曲柳。结果表明:在测定的生长季期间,11个树种RCWD的日动态多表现为受10cm深的CWD温度(TCWD)驱动的单峰曲线日变化格局,RCWD最高值出现在13:0015:00时,明显滞后于气温(TA)的日变化。然而,在7月和8月份RCWD对温度的响应不明显,呈现出无峰或多峰的日变化格局。各树种均表现为白昼RCWD平均值高于黑夜。RCWD与TCWD、TA有显著的相关关系(P0.05),但与测定前两个小时的TA相关更紧密,说明RCWD对TA响应的滞后性。RCWD温度系数(Q10)平均为2.61,但随树种和季节而变化。Q10值波动在1.74(白桦)和4.20(蒙古栎)之间,并有随温度升高而减小的趋势。本研究结果表明粗木质残体分解碳释放的估算应该考虑RCWD温度敏感性随树种和时间的变化特性。     

森林粗死木质残体的概念及其分类

森林粗死木残体 (Coarse woody debris,CWD)在不同的文献中有不同的定义 ,没有通用而确切的概念用来描述 CWD,对研究结果的比较造成了很大障碍。 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,随着景观生态学的发展 ,以及对 CWD生态功能的深入研究 ,国外的森林管理和研究机构 (例如 USDA Forest Service和 L TER)为了把 CWD放在区域以及景观尺度上进行比较 ,对 CWD的概念等进行了统一 ,将其直径标准由原来的≥ 2 .5 cm调整到≥ 10 cm,但是我国在此方面还没有与国际接轨 ,仍采用旧标准 (≥ 2 .5 cm ) ,这样的研究结果难于和国外进行比较 ,不利于我国 CWD的长期深入研究。另外 ,有关 CWD的分类一直以来也没有形成一个完整的分类系统 ,我国也缺少 CWD分类方法的介绍。鉴于以上情况 ,综合国内外近年来在 CWD方面的研究动态 ,综述了 CWD的概念和分类情况 ,并初步提出较综合的 CWD概念及其分类系统 ,以供相关研究者讨论和参考 ,为我国的 CWD研究起到推动作用     

Concept and Classification of Coarse Woody Debris in Forest Ecosystems

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered as dead woody materials in various stages of decomposition,including sound and rotting logs,snags,and large branches.CWD is an important functional and structural component of forested ecosystems and plays an important role in nutrient cycling,long-term carbon storage,tree regeneration,and maintenance of heterogeneous environmental and biological diversity.However,the definition and classification of CWD have been the subject of a long debate in forest ecology.CWD has not been precisely defined.Recently,with the rapid development of landscape ecology in CWD,the USDA Forest Service and the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER)have provided a standardized definition and classification for CWD,which makes data comparison in landscape scale possible.Important characteristics of their definition include:(1) a minimum diameter (or an equivalent crosssection) of CWD≥10 cm at the widest point (the woody debris with a diameter from 1 to 10 cm should be defined as fine woody debris,and the rest is litterfall);and (2) sound and rotting logs,snags,stumps,and large branches (located above the soil),and coarse root debris (larger than 1 cm in diameter).This classification has greatly facilitated CWD studies.Therefore,it has been widely applied in some countries (particularly in North America).However,this classification has long been a source of confusion for forest ecologists in China.Furthermore,different definitions and criteria are still adopted in individual studies,which makes the interpretation and generalization of their work difficult.This article reviewed recent progress in classifying CWD,with an emphasis on introducing the classification system of the USDA Forest Service and the LTER.It is expected that this review will help facilitate the development of standardized definition and classification suitable to forest ecosystems in China.     

Concept and Classification of Coarse Woody Debris in Forest Ecosystems

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is generally considered as dead woody materials in various stages of decomposition, including sound and rotting logs, snags, and large branches. CWD is an important functional and structural component of forested ecosystems and plays an important role in nutrient cycling, long-term carbon storage, tree regeneration, and maintenance of heterogeneous environmental and biological diversity. However, the definition and classification of CWD have been the subject of a long debate in forest ecology. CWD has not been precisely defined. Recently, with the rapid development of landscape ecology in CWD, the USDA Forest Service and the Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) have provided a standardized definition and classification for CWD, which makes data comparison in landscape scale possible. Important characteristics of their definition include: (1) a minimum diameter (or an equivalent cross-section) of CWD ≥10 cm at the widest point (the woody debris with a diameter from 1 to 10 cm should be defined as fine woody debris, and the rest is litterfall); and (2) sound and rotting logs, snags, stumps, and large branches (located above the soil), and coarse root debris (larger than 1 cm in diameter). This classification has greatly facilitated CWD studies. Therefore, it has been widely applied in some countries (particularly in North America). However, this classification has long been a source of confusion for forest ecologists in China. Furthermore, different definitions and criteria are still adopted in individual studies, which makes the interpretation and generalization of their work difficult. This article reviewed recent progress in classifying CWD, with an emphasis on introducing the classification system of the USDA Forest Service and the LTER. It is expected that this review will help facilitate the development of standardized definition and classification suitable to forest ecosystems in China. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(1) (in Chinese)     

Can 'continuity indicator species' predict species richness or red-listed species of saproxylic beetles?

This study investigates the relationship between the abundance of wood-rotting fungus suggested as 'continuity indicator species' and environmental variables for the assemblage of saproxylic (wood-living) beetles associated with Fomitopsis pinicola fruiting bodies in a mature spruce forest in southeastern Norway. The presence of species thought to indicate continuity in old growth is one of the criteria used when finding and delineating small protected areas ('woodland key habitats') in Scandinavian forestry. Although it is clear that remnants of old-growth forest are important for many taxa, documentation as to which entities or species the indicator species indeed indicate is scarce. If stands with a continuous and unbroken input of dead wood have a unique assemblage of wood-rotting fungi, it seems relevant to ask if these stands also have a unique assemblage of rare saproxylic beetles. I find that the indicator species exhibit no significant correlations with beetle species richness or with the presence of red-listed saproxylic beetles as a group. The different characteristics of dead wood conditions are the most important environmental variables that explain both the species richness and the presence of red-listed beetles. Single-species analyses reveal contrasting relationships. The red-listed beetle Atomaria alpina shows a significant and positive association to the abundance of indicator species. Contrary, a group of three red-listed species with similar ecology in the family Cisidae exhibits a significant and negative association to indicator species abundance. This indicates that important patterns are concealed when considering general measures such as overall presence of red-listed beetles. Single-species studies are necessary in order to correctly understand how rare beetles respond to forestry activities and to develop a policy that can secure their continuing existence in the boreal forest.     

Exploring potential biodiversity indicators in boreal forests

The present study evaluates indicators in Swedish spruce forests. We ask whether different species groups co-vary in their occurrence and to what extent species richness and composition is predictable from habitat structures. We studied 10 boreal spruce forest stands constituting a gradient in degree of selective logging. Occurrences of vascular plants, bryophytes, epiphytic lichens and wood-inhabiting fungi as well as habitat structures was inventoried. In addition, in five of the stands, beetles were sampled with windows traps. Total species richness was correlated with several habitat factors, mainly particular substrates and degree of forestry impact. However, the richness of a set of species regularly used as indicators did not correlate with habitat factors. Correlation in species richness among different organism groups were few and scale dependent. Only lichens and vascular plants formed nested subset patterns (i.e. species composition at poorer sites is subsets of the species present at richer sites) among the study sites. The study shows that in this forest type one cannot a priori assume that richness in one group of species correlated with richness in other, and measures of single habitat features may be relevant only to particular groups of species. Instead, monitoring and inventories should be based on a set of factors reflecting important aspects for different groups of organisms and if indicator species are to be used these should be chosen from several species groups.     

中国海南省木生大型真菌多样性研究

本研究于2010至2021年对海南省各自然保护区、森林公园和植物园内的木生大型真菌进行了调查,共采集标本2 212份,经形态和分子系统研究,发现木生大型真菌702个种,根据最新分类系统隶属于19个目、68个科、256个属。其中多孔菌科、锈革菌科、炭角菌科、炭团菌科和丝齿菌科等16个科为优势科,共529个种,约占总数的75%;炭角菌属、锈革菌属、木层孔菌属、环纹炭团菌属、褐孔菌属、多年卧孔菌属、栓菌属和灵芝菌属等32个属为优势属,共357个种,约占总数的51%。此外,共有3个新属和92个新种是本研究根据采自海南省的模式标本发现发表的。这些物种中22种为食用菌,71种是药用菌,6种是有毒菌类。