法国产夏枯草中的两个新的乌索烷型三萜皂甙

从法国产夏枯草（ＰｒｕｎｅｌｌａｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓＬ．）的甲醇提取物中分离得到两个新的乌索烷型三萜皂甙：夏枯草甙（ｐｒｕｖｕｌｏｓｉｄｅ）Ａ和Ｂ;同时还分离到５个已知化合物：ｎｉｇａ－ｉｃｈｉｇｏｓｉｄｅＦ＿２,ｓｅｒｉｃｏｓｉｄｅ,槲皮素（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ）,槲皮素－３－Ｏ－葡荡糖甙（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ３－Ｏ－ｇｌｕｃｏｓｉｄｅ）,山奈酚－３－Ｏ－葡荡糖甙（ｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｏｌ－３－Ｏ－ｇｌｕｃｏｓｉｄｅ）,及ａｒｊｕｎｇｌｕｃｏｓｉｄｅⅠ和ｎｉｇａ－ｉｃｈｉｇｏｓｉｄｅＦ＿１的混合物。它们的结构是通过波谱的方法证明的。     

鞭打绣球中的苯丙素甙和环烯醚萜甙

从鞭打绣球（ＨｅｍｉｐｈｒａｇｍａｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＷａｌｌ．）（玄参科）的全草中分离到２个新的苯丙素甙,命名为鞭打绣球甙Ａ和Ｂ（ｈｅｍｉｐｈｒｏｓｉｄｅＡａｎｄＢ）,２个已知的苯丙素甙,ｐｌａｎｔａｍａｊｏｓｉｄｅ和ｐｌａｎｔａｉｎｏｓｉｄｅＤ,以及３个已知的环烯醚萜甙,ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｉｃｉｓｉｎ,ｇｌｏｂｕｌａｒｉｎ和ｉｓｏ－ｓｃｒｏｐｈｕｌａｒｉｏｓｉｄｅ．通过化学和光谱分析,鞭打绣球甙Ａ和Ｂ的结构分别鉴定为２－（３－羟基－４－甲氧基苯基）乙基０－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖基（１→３）－４－Ｏ－反式阿魏醚基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖试和２－（３,４－二羟基苯基）乙基Ｏ－［６－Ｏ－乙醚基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖基（１→３）］－４－Ｏ－反式咖啡醚基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖甙．     

中药玄参的化学成分

从中药玄参（ＳｃｒｏｐｈｕｌａｒｉａｎｉｎｇｐｏｅｎｓｉｓＨｅｍｓｌ．）中分离得到１个新化合物：４－Ｏ－（对甲氧基肉桂酰基）－α－Ｌ－鼠李糖［４－Ｏ－（ｐ－ｍｅｔｈｏｘｙｃｉｎｎａｍｏｙｌ）－α－Ｌ－ｒｈａｍｎｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｅ］;同时还分离到４个已知的环烯醚萜甙：爪钧草甙（ｈａｒｐａｇｉｄｅ）,爪钩草酯甙（ｈａｒｐａｇｏｓｉｄｅ）,Ｏ－甲基梓醇（Ｏ－ｍｅｔｈｙｌｃａｔａｌｐｏｌ）,士可玄参甙Ａ（ｓｃｒｏｐｏｌｉｏｓｉｄｅＡ）和１个已知的苯丙素甙：安格洛甙Ｃ（ａｎｇｏｒｏｓｉｄｅＣ）。新化合物的结构通过化学降解和光谱分析得到证明。     

长果升麻的化学成分研究

从长果升麻（Ｓｏｕｌｉｅａ ｖａｇｉｎａｔａ）根茎中分离出６种皂甙,经光谱（ＦＡＢ－ＭＳ、１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、１Ｈ－１Ｈ－ＣＯＳＹ、１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ、１Ｈ－１３Ｃ－ＣＯＳＹ）分析,分别鉴定为２７－ｄｅｏｘｙａｃｔｅｉｎ（１）,ａｃｔｅｉｎ（２）,２５－０－乙酰升麻醇木糖甙（３）,２５－甲基升麻醇木糖甙（４）,升麻醇木糖甙（５）,２４－ａｃｅｔｙｌｈｙｄｒｏｓｈｅｎｇｍａｎｏｌ ｘｙｌｏｓｉｄｅ（６）,其中     

德钦红景天的化学成分

从云南产德钦红景天Ｒｈｏｄｉｏｌａ ａｔｕｎｔｓｕｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｒａｅｇ．） Ｆｕ 的根及根茎中首次分离得到８ 个化合物。根据各项光谱数据及化学反应鉴定其中一个新黄酮甙的结构为３ , ５ , ７ , ８ － 四羟基－黄酮４′－ 氧－ α－ Ｌ－ 鼠李糖吡喃甙, 命名为德钦红景天甙（ｒｈｏｄｉｏｌａｔｕｎｔｏｓｉｄｅ, ２） , 另外７ 个已知化合物分别是草质素－ ８ － 甲醚（ｈｅｒｂａｃｅｔｉｎ － ８ － ｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｔｈｅｒ,１） , 槲皮素（ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ ,３） , 芦丁（ｒｕｔｉｎ,４） , 酪醇（ｔｙｒｏｓｏｌ,５） , 红景天甙（ｓａｌｉｄｒｏｓｉｄｅ,６） , 没食子酸（ｇａｌｌｉｃ ａｃｉｄ,７） 和β－谷甾醇（ － ｓｉｔｏｓｔｅｒｏｌ,８） 。     

多荚草中的新三萜皂甙

从石竹科植物多荚草（Ｐｏｌｙｃａｒｐｏｎ ｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔｕｍ（Ｆｏｒｓｓｋ．）Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ．ｅｔ Ｓｃｈｗｅｉｎ．ｅｘ Ａｓｃｈｅｒｓ）中分离得到３个新的柴胡皂甙类化合物：ｐｒｏｓｔｒａｔｏｓｉｄｅ Ａ￣Ｃ（１￣３）。它们的结构通过波谱方法分别鉴定为：３－Ｏ－｛β－Ｄ－ｘｙｌｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－（１→２）－β－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙｌ－（１→４）－「β－Ｄ－ｇｌｕｃｏｐｙｒａｎｏｓｙ     

滇重楼地上部分的配糖体

从滇重楼ＰａｒｉｓｐｏｌｙｐｈｙｌｌａＳｍ．ｖａｒ．ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｆｒ．）Ｈ－Ｍ,地上部分,分离出４个微量的配糖体,经光谱分析和化学降解证明其化学结构分别为２５Ｓ－异钮替皂甙元－３－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１→２）［α－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１→４）］－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃甙（Ａ）,２６－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖基－纽替皂甙元－３－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１→２）［α－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基（１→４）－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖甙（Ｂ）,山奈酚－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖基（１→６）－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃甙（Ｃ）,７－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－鼠李吡喃糖基－山奈酚－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖基（１→６）－β－Ｄ－葡萄糖甙（Ｄ）。     

广东冬青中的三萜及三萜皂甙成分

从广东冬青（Ｉｌｅｘ ｋｗａｎｇｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）的叶中分离得到四个三萜皂甙和三个三萜成分,通过光谱解析及化学方法,三个三萜成分分别鉴定为齐墩果酸（１）、熊果酸（２）和常春藤皂甙元（３）;四个三萜皂甙成分分别鉴定为齐墩果酸３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基－（１→３）－α－Ｌ－吡喃阿拉伯糖甙（４）、齐墩果酸３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖基－（１→２）－α－Ｌ－吡喃阿拉伯糖甙（５）、齐墩果酸３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－     

柴胡皂甙s的结构鉴定

从南柴胡（ＢｕｐｌｅｕｒｕｍｓｃｏｒｚｏｎｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍＷｉｌｄ．）根中分得５个三萜皂甙。根据理化性质和波谱数据,鉴定其中新皂甙为３β,１６α,２３,２８四羟基齐墩果烷１１,１３（１８）二烯３ＯβＤ吡喃葡萄糖基（１→６）［αＬ吡喃鼠李糖基（１→４）］βＤ吡喃葡萄糖甙,命名为柴胡皂甙ｓ（ｓａｉｋｏｓａｐｏｎｉｎｓ）。另４个皂甙分别为柴胡皂甙ａ、ｃ、ｂ１、ｂ２。     

藏药黑边假龙胆的化学研究

龙胆科植物黑边假龙胆（Ｇｅｎｔｉａｎｅｌｌａａｚｕｒｅａ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｈｏｌｕｂ）是治疗肝胆湿热的１种藏药,从西藏日喀则产的全草中分离得到９个化合物,其中１个Ｃ一甙黄酮,异荭草素（ｉｓｏｏｒｉｅｎｔｉｎ）;１个山酮甙,獐牙菜酚甙（ｓｗｅｒｔｉａｎｏｌｉｎ）;１个木质体甙,橄榄脂素４一Ｏ一β－Ｄ－葡萄糖甙（ｏｌｉｖｉｌ４一Ｏ一β一ｇｌｕｃｏｓｉｄｅ）;３个环烯醚萜甙,龙胆苦甙（ｇｅｎｔｉｏｐｉｃｒｏｓｉｄｅ）,獐牙菜甙（ｓｗｅｒｔｉａｍａｒｉｎ）和马钱子酸（ｌｏｇａｎｉｃａｃｉｄ）;１个三萜,齐敦果酸（ｌｏｅａｎｏｌｉｃａｃｉｄ）１个甾醇,β谷甾醇葡萄糖甙（ｄａｕｃｏｓｔｅｒｏｌ）以及１个长链脂肪醇,三十烷醇（ｎ一１一ｔｒｉａｃｏｎｔａｎｏｌ）。它们的结构通过光谱和化学的方法得到了鉴定。上述结果,从次生代谢产物的角度为假龙胆属在系统分类上与龙胆属和獐牙菜属有着密切的联系提供了旁证。     

New triterpenoid saponins from cacti and anti-type I allergy activity of saponins from cactus

The research in our laboratory focuses on the isolation of saponins from cactus. In this study, we report five new triterpenoid saponins, dumortierinoside A methyl ester (1), pachanoside I1 (2), pachanoside D1 (3), gummososide A (4), and gummososide A methyl ester (5). Compounds 1-3 isolated from Isolatocereus dumortieri Backbg., and compounds 4 and 5 were isolated from Stenocereus alamosensis A. C. Gibson & K. E. Horak. Compound 2 possessed a new pachanane-type triterpene skeleton, pachanol I, in its aglycon. The aglycon of 3 was pachanol D, while those of 4 and 5 were both gummosogenin, which we have previously reported, but this is the first report of pachanol D and gummosogenin in their aglycon forms. Additionally, we evaluated the anti-type I allergy activity of the saponins with RBL-2H3 (Rat basophilic leukemia) cells by measuring the β-hexosaminidase release inhibitory activity. As a result of these studies, gummososide A methyl ester (5) was found to show activity (IC(50)=99.5 μM) and thurberoside A exhibited mild activity (IC(50)=166.9 μM).     

New Cytotoxic Saponins from Lysimachia davurica Ledeb.

To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia davurica Ledeb., two new saponins named davuricoside I （compound 1） and E （compound 2） were isolated. Their chemical structures were elucidated as 3β, 16α, 28, 29-tetrihydroxy-olean-12-en-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucuronopyranoside （compound 1） and 3β, 16α, 29-trihydroxy-13, 28-epoxy-oleanane-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1→2）-β-D-glucuronopyranoside （compound 2） on the basis of their one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data, and chemical methods. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against human A2780 cells.     

Rat growth-hormone release stimulators from fenugreek seeds

Bioassay-guided fractionation of MeOH extract from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds resulted in the isolation of two rat growth-hormone release stimulators in vitro, fenugreek saponin I (1) and dioscin (9), along with two new, i.e., 2 and 3, and five known analogues, i.e., 4-8. The structures of the new steroidal saponins, fenugreek saponins I, II, and III (1-3, resp.), were determined as gitogenin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, sarsasapogenin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and gitogenin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. Fenugreek saponin I (1) and dioscin (9) caused ca. 12.5- and 17.7-fold stimulation of release, respectively, of rat growth hormone from rat pituitary cells, whereas gitogenin (5) showed moderate activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that steroidal saponins stimulate rat growth-hormone release in rat pituitary cells.     

The structure of jujubosides A and B,the saponins isolated from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba

Stepwise chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses of jujubosides A and B, the saponins of the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba, afforded prosapogenins I, II and III. The sequence and configuration of the sugar linkages in the saponins and the pro-sapogenins were determined from the PMR data and the application of Klyne's rule of molecular rotations and structures were assigned to jujubosides A and B.     

New acylated triterpenoid saponins from Maesa lanceolata

Ten new acylated triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the leaves of Maesa lanceolata. For their structure elucidation extensive use was made of homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR techniques such as COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC. All saponins identified contained the same tetraglycosidic side chain, but the triterpenoid moiety showed a variable esterification pattern. Monoester, diester and triester derivatives were present. Maesasaponin I was a 21-monoester derivative, i.e. ?3 beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl- (1-->3)]-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl+ ++?-21 beta-angeloyloxy-13 beta, 28-oxidoolean-16 alpha, 22 alpha, 28 alpha-triol. Maesasaponins III, IV3, V3 and VI2 had an additional acetyl, propanoyl, n-butanoyl and angeloyl substituent, respectively, in position 22. Maesasaponins II, IV2, V2, VI3 and VII1 were characterised as the 16-acetyl derivatives of maesasaponins I, III, IV3, V3 and VI2, respectively. Structures of saponins previously reported in M. lanceolata had to be revised.     

杉科的细胞分类学和系统演化研究

根据杉科的核型资料,本文(1)提出“1B”可能是一个新的高等植物核型类型;(2)讨论了各属的有关分类学问题及相互亲缘关系,它们的进化顺序可能是柳杉属、水松属、落羽杉属、水杉属、巨杉属、红杉属、杉木属(密叶杉属与之近缘)、台湾杉属;(3)支持金松属分立成金松科,它可能比杉科各属原始;(4)红杉(AAAABB)的亲本可能是二个古代种水杉”和“巨杉”,它们的直接后裔或留下的近缘是水杉和巨杉;(5)杉科存在A和L两条进化路线,前者包括柳杉属、水松属、落羽杉属、台湾杉属,后者包括水杉属、巨杉属、红杉属、杉木属(密叶杉属);(6)提出一个杉科新系统(包括一个新亚科)：I．柳杉亚科(柳杉属),II．落羽杉亚科(水松属、落羽杉属),III．红杉亚科(冰杉属、巨杉属、红杉属),Ⅳ.杉木亚科(杉木属、密叶杉属),V．台湾杉亚科,新亚科(台湾杉属)。本文还对前人的杉科系统作了讨论。     

Real-time analysis of membrane permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins

Saponins are a group of plant and marine derived glycosides with numerous biological functions. Two important characteristics of certain plant saponins are their ability to enhance cytotoxicity of type I ribosome inactivating proteins and stimulation of the immune system. The main objective of the present study was to investigate in real-time the permeabilizing effects of saponins on cell membrane. A set of oleanane saponins (glycyrrhizinic acid, Gypsophila, Saponaria and Quillaja saponins) and a steroid saponin (digitonin) were tested. The effects of these saponins on lysosomal membranes and hemolysis, along with their charge were also studied. Real-time monitoring of cell membrane permeabilization facilitated a highly sensitive analysis of the cellular kinetics. Saponins showed variable permeabilizing effects on cellular and lysosomal membranes at concentrations from 6 μM and hemolysis from 3 μM. Further, the results suggest that charge of the saponin may be relevant for permeabilizing effects of oleanane saponins.     

Incorporation of [4-14C] cholesterol into steryl derivatives and saponins of oat (Avena sativa L.) plants

Sterols from both green and etiolated oat plants (Avena sativa) contain sitosterol, stigmasterol, cholesterol, ⁷-stigmastenol, ⁷-cholestenol and campesterol. In the saponin fraction avenacosides A and B and 26-desgluco-avenacosides A and B were detected. Etiolated plants incorporated [4-¹⁴C] cholesterol into steryl derivatives (esters, glycosides and acylated glycosides) and also into all of the 4 saponins. [4-¹⁴C] sitosterol, however, is incorporated only into steryl derivatives, but not in saponins. From this it is concluded that cholesterol, but not sitosterol is the in vivo precursor of oat saponins.Abbreviations GLC gas liquid chromatography - I.D. inner diameter - TMS trimethylsilyl - dpm decompositions per minute     

Protective effects of steroid saponins from Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis on ethanol- or indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats: structural requirement for activity and mode of action

The methanolic extract from the rhizomes of Paris polyphylla SM. var. yunnanensis (FR.) H-M. was found to potently inhibit ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Through bioassay-guided separation, four known spirostanol-type steroid saponins, pennogenin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl(1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), pennogenin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), diosgenin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl(1-->4)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), and diosgenin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), and a new furostanol-type steroid saponin, parisaponin I (5), together with two known furostanol-type steroid saponins, trigofoenoside A (6) and protogracillin (7), were isolated from the active fraction. Compounds 1-4 (1.25-10 mg/kg, po) strongly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin. With regard to structural requirement of steroid saponins, the 3-O-glycoside moiety and spirostanol structure were found to be essential for the activity and the 17-hydroxyl group in the aglycon part enhanced the protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric lesions. The protective effects of 1 and 3 against ethanol-induced gastric lesions were attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin and N-ethylmaleimide. Compounds 1 and 3 weakly inhibited acid secretions in pylorus-ligated rats. These findings suggested that endogenous prostaglandins and sulfhydryl compounds were involved in the protective activity.     

Molluscicidal saponins from Gundelia tournefortii

From the roots of Gundelia tournefortii seven saponins have been isolated mainly by DCCC. The main saponins (A and B) were characterized, mainly by ¹³C and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, as oleanolic acid 3-O-(2-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl(1 → 3) -β-d-gentiotriosyl(1 → 6) -β-d-glucopyranosyl]gb-d-xylopyranoside) (saponin A) and oleanolic acid 3-O-(2-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl] (1 → 3)-β-d-gentiobiosyl (1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl β-d-xylopyranoside) (saponin B). The other saponins are also derived from oleanolic acid and contain more sugar units. The saponin mixture and the saponins A and B possess strong molluscicidal activity against the schistosomiasis transmitting snail Biomphalaria glabrata.