听觉对拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)定位猎物的影响

为探明蜘蛛的听觉感受器在寻觅定位猎物中的作用,在实验室内比较拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)对有果蝇振翅声源端和无声源端的反应。结果表明:近距离内,拟环纹豹蛛对有声源端选择指数显著高于无声源端,但距离增大至15 cm后,拟环纹豹蛛选择指数无显著差异;拟环纹豹蛛停留时间也呈类似变化,距离12 cm内,拟环纹豹蛛在有声源端停留时间较长,多于总观察时间的1/2,且拟环纹豹蛛在有声源端停留时间显著高于无声源端,距离增加后,拟环纹豹蛛对声音敏感程度下降,停留时间无显著差异;总之,离声源距离越近,拟环纹豹蛛对声音的敏感性越高,随着距离增加,敏感性逐渐降低,声源间距与拟环纹豹蛛成功定位猎物有明显负相关性,拟环纹豹蛛在一定距离下可以依靠听觉定位猎物;另外,拟环纹豹蛛性别对听觉感受器的敏感度有一定影响,雌性拟环纹豹蛛对果蝇振翅声音更为敏感,选择指数更高。     

Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态和化学物质含量变化的影响

利用稻田蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛为研究对象,检测Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛卵囊内的含量及Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态特征的变化、化学物质含量和卵粒内4种保护酶活性的影响。结果表明：在胚胎发育过程中,卵粒中Cry1Ab蛋白含量随发育时间延长而减少,通过对卵粒中的化学物质的测定,发现蛋白质含量水平对照组要显著高于实验组（P〈0.05）,糖和脂肪含量对照组和实验组之间无显著差异。卵粒内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）4种酶活力除了GSH-Px酶活力实验组高于对照组外,其余3种酶活力均低于对照组。通过石蜡切片和液体石蜡透明观察,实验组较对照组胚胎发育历期延长。该研究证明在胚胎发育时期Cry1Ab蛋白影响了卵粒内SOD、AchE、GSH-Px和CAT酶的活力,且Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛的胚胎发育产生了一定程度的影响。     

四种杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)肠黏膜通透性的影响

采用异硫氰酸荧光素-葡聚糖(FITC-D)作为示踪物质,通过检测拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)血液内的荧光素浓度,研究了两种生物源杀虫剂和两种化学源杀虫剂对拟环纹豹蛛肠黏膜通透性的影响.结果表明:4种杀虫剂处理后拟环纹豹蛛血液中的荧光素浓度远高于对照组,各个处理组拟环纹豹蛛血液样本中的荧光素浓度均与对照组存在极显著差异,可见4种杀虫剂均将对拟环纹豹蛛肠黏膜的屏障功能造成损伤,导致大分子物质易于通过;其中1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂三保奇花和Bt制剂强杀处理后拟环纹豹蛛中肠黏膜的通透性高于仿烟碱类化学杀虫剂吡虫啉处理组,差异达到显著水平,但与有机磷杀虫剂敌百虫处理组差异不显著.拟环纹豹蛛的肠黏膜组织亦具有一定的抗逆能力,接受单次杀虫剂处理后,存活的拟环纹豹蛛其肠黏膜的屏障功能约在6～10d内可以恢复.     

应用单克隆抗体评价拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的控制作用

应用褐飞虱的单克隆抗体 4 B8研究了 1999年浙江大学华家池校区农场汕优 6 3单季晚稻田中拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。采用盘拍法的调查结果表明 ,褐飞虱、拟环纹豹蛛种群数量高峰期均在水稻生长后期 (9月中旬 ) ,最大种群密度分别为12 6头 /丛和 1.83头 /丛。对每次捕获的每头拟环纹豹蛛样品的抗体夹心 EL ISA检测结果表明 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱单克隆抗体的阳性反应率与田间褐飞虱的生物量及拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的占有量显著相关。定量评估结果表明 ,在此密度条件下 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的最大捕食率仅为 2 .2 8%。拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的平均捕食量、总捕食量和捕食率与田间褐飞虱的生物量显著相关。总捕食量、捕食率与拟环纹豹蛛种群密度极显著相关     

稻田两种狼蛛种间相互作用及对白背飞虱复合捕食作用的研究

室内研究结果表明,拟水狼蛛对白背飞虱的捕食作用小于拟环纹豹蛛,两种狼蛛种内种间均存在干扰作用,且主要表现为残杀作用,狼蛛密度越高,干扰作用越大;拟环纹豹蛛对拟水狼蛛的残杀作用大于对其身的残杀作用,拟水狼蛛只存在自相残杀作用,对拟环纹豹蛛无残杀作用。     

CrylAb蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内的富集及对其体内酶活性的影响

用Cry1Ab蛋白处理的果蝇喂养拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,在第1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、11d用酶联免疫(ELISA)检测技术测定实验组和对照组拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白含量,运用紫外分光光度法检测拟环纹豹蛛体内超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性,探讨拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白的富集作用与其体内3种酶活性的关系.结果表明,从第1d至第7 d Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内均具富集作用(p＜0 05),到第7d的时候达到最高值,达极显著差异(p＜0.01),然后逐渐降低,但仍显著高于对照(p＜0.05).SOD酶活性总体趋势是降低的,在第7d达到最低;用Cry1Ab蛋白处理拟环纹豹蛛后其体内的AChE和GSH-Px酶活性随饲养时间的延长而增加,并均高于对照组(p＜0.05).该研究证明Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内具有富集效应,并且其体内Cry1Ab蛋白对其体内GSH-Px、AChE具有一定诱导作用,对SOD酶具有一定程度的抑制作用.     

拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离和颜色选择

为了探明拟环纹豹蛛（Pardosa pseudoannulata）的视觉距离与环境颜色选择情况,通过采用死果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和拟环纹豹蛛为试验材料,自制试验设备,分别测定了拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离（3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6 cm、7 cm）和其对红、橙、黄、绿颜色的选择。第一组试验中,在拟环纹豹蛛饥饿的情况下,观察记录其对不同距离下果蝇的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的视觉距离。第二组试验中,观察记录拟环纹豹蛛对不同颜色的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的环境颜色选择情况。第一组试验结果表明,拟环纹豹蛛在视觉上可以感知距离,它们的视觉对于3cm,4cm,5cm,6cm这4个距离的果蝇都具有敏感性。拟环纹豹蛛对距离3 cm和距离4 cm的果蝇的视觉敏感性相近且最好,对距离5 cm和距离6 cm的果蝇仍具有视觉敏感性,且敏感性相近,但对距离5cm比距离4cm的果蝇的偏爱选择指数明显下降（P<0.05）,说明敏感性显著下降,对距离7 cm以上果蝇的视觉感知几乎不存在。通过拟环纹豹蛛选择停留在有果蝇处的标准曲线y=-9.6770x 118.74,R2=0.8378和选择停留在无果蝇处的标准曲线y=9.6750x-18.729,R2=0.8377,可知随着果蝇距离的增加,拟环纹豹蛛视觉的感知性逐渐减弱,甚至消失,说明果蝇的距离与拟环纹豹蛛视觉的敏感性呈负相关的关系。第二组拟环纹豹蛛对颜色选择的试验中,通过计算出拟环纹豹蛛对4种颜色的偏爱选择指数,即红色为35.40%±1.60%,绿色36.03%±1.60%,黄色18.01%±1.60%,橙色10.56%±1.60%,得出拟环纹豹蛛对黄色和橙色的敏感性显著低于对红色和绿色的敏感性（P<0.05）,它们对红色和绿色最敏感,说明拟环纹豹蛛对不同波长的光色敏感性存在差异。     

Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内的富集及对其体内酶活性的影响

用Cry1Ab蛋白处理的果蝇喂养拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,在第1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、11d用酶联免疫（ELISA）检测技术测定实验组和对照组拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白含量,运用紫外分光光度法检测拟环纹豹蛛体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性,探讨拟环纹豹蛛体内Cw1Ab蛋白的富集作用与其体内3种酶活性的关系。结果表明,从第ld至第7dC~IAb蛋F1在拟环纹豹蛛体内均具富集作用（P〈0．05）,到第7d的时候达到最高值,达极显著差异（p〈0．01）,然后逐渐降低,但仍显著高于对照（p〈0．05）。SOD酶活性总体趋势是降低的,在第7d达到最低;用Cry1Ab蛋白处理拟环纹豹蛛后其体内的AChE和GSH—Px酶活性随饲养时间的延长而增加,并均高于对照组（p〈0．05）。该研究征明Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内具有富集效应,并且其体内Cry1Ab蛋白对其体内GSH—Px、AChE具铂一定诱导作用,对SOD酶具有一定程度的抑制作用。     

拟环纹豹蛛对白背飞虱的嗅觉反应

采用视觉屏蔽法和Y型嗅觉仪法研究了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata.雌性成虫对水稻害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera嗅觉反应.在视觉屏蔽的条件下,拟环纹豹蛛对被刺死猎物的捕食成功率为78.95%,高于没有视觉屏蔽蜘蛛的捕食成功率(68.18%),但2者间差异不显著;而在Y型嗅觉仪中,34.38%拟环纹豹蛛雌性成虫能正确选择猎物的方向,显著高于错误的选择(6.25%).因此,拟环纹豹蛛能依靠嗅觉正确判断猎物的方向而进行捕食活动.     

用ELISA方法研究稻田节肢动物的食物关系

应用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法,研究了稻田节肢动物,包括19种捕食性天敌、4种主要水稻害虫及1种中性昆虫之间的食物关系。在检测的19种捕食者中,有15种捕食了白背飞虱,11种捕食了褐飞虱。其中食虫沟瘤蛛、拟水狼蛛、八斑鞘蛛、粽管巢蛛、四斑锯螯蛛和拟环纹豹蛛对两种稻飞虱的捕食阳性率较高。有7种捕食了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫,其中粽管巢蛛、褶管巢蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、青翅蚁形隐翅虫和印度细颈步甲的捕食阳性率较高。拟环纹豹蛛、浙江豹蛛和拟水狼蛛对稻蝗若虫有较高的阳性率。13种捕食者捕食了摇蚊,摇蚊作为替代或补充猎物,对稻田捕食性节肢动物亚群落的重建和发展具有重要意义。在实验检测的基础上,构建了被检测节肢动物猎物与捕食者间的食物关系图。     

粗糙沼虾卵巢发育的组织学

利用组织切片技术,对粗糙沼虾的卵子发生和卵巢发育周期进行了组织学研究。根据细胞的大小、细胞核和核仁的大小形态及卵黄积累等情况,将卵子发生划分为4个时期,卵原细胞、卵黄合成期的卵母细胞、成熟前期和成熟期。卵黄合成期的卵母细胞又可细划分为3个时期。粗糙沼虾卵巢发育具有一定的规律性。根据卵巢的大小和颜色及每种雌性生殖细胞在卵巢中所占的比例,将卵巢发育划分为7个时期。并通过卵巢发育规律的探讨,对粗糙沼虾的人工养殖提出了合理的建议。     

抑卵激素对家蝇卵巢周期性发育的调控

抑卵激素是调控家蝇Musca dorncstica vicina卵巢周期性发育的关键因子之一。在家蝇中,当第一个周期的卵母细胞处于卵黄发生期或卵黄发生后期时,其第二个周期的卵母细胞的发育不进入卵黄发生期。本文建立了家蝇抑卵激素的生物测定方法,即用一对卵巢提取物注射1头羽化后12h家蝇,并在羽化后60h观察卵母细胞的发育及卵黄蛋白的沉积情况。抑卵激素的作用首先是延缓了卵母细胞在卵黄发生前期的发育;其次,抑卵激素抑制脂肪体中卵黄蛋白的合成,导致血淋巴中卵黄蛋白含量的下降,从而抑制了卵母细胞的发育。抑卵激素并不抑制卵母细胞对卵黄原蛋白的摄取。卵发育神经激素可以颉抗抑卵激素的抑制作用。抑卵激素无种属特异性。     

Changes in ovarian follicles and in vitro sex hormone release in the lizard Podarcis sicula sicula

An in vitro superfusion method was used to test sex hormone release from different kinds of ovarian follicle (growing follicles, postovulatory follicles, and atretic follicles) in the lizard Podarcis sicula sicula. Sex hormone output changes with the stage of follicle evolution and sexual cycle. Previtellogenetic follicles prevail in early-spring quiescent ovaries and secrete mainly progesterone, which is probably utilized at that phase to delay ovarian resumption. In the active ovary, progesterone output from previtellogenetic follicles decreases, whereas vitellogenetic follicles produce a significant amount of 17β-estradiol, which is necessary for sustaining vitellogenin synthesis by the liver and oviduct growth. As follicles become ripe, progesterone production is resumed, and it increases in young postovulatory follicles. This is in line with the functions assigned to the hormone at that phase of the sexual cycle, i.e., the induction of oocyte maturation and the regulation of egg retention in the oviduct. Postovulatory follicles can also synthetize 17β-estradiol. After oviposition, this hormone, which is secreted by the old postovulatory follicles, can reinitiate vitellogenin synthesis, allowing the development of a new oocyte set. Our data confirm that active, although ephemeral, corpora lutea are also formed in oviparous species. A limited contribution to ovarian sex steroid production derives also from atretic follicles, at least at the early stages of the breeding cycle. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

拟目乌贼卵子发生与卵巢发育

为了丰富拟目乌贼(Sepia lycidas)生物学资料, 为人工育苗与养殖提供理论依据, 采用解剖学和组织学的方法, 对水泥池养殖条件下拟目乌贼卵子发生和卵巢发育进行了研究。结果表明: 经过6个月水泥池养殖, 平均体重为256.34 g, 最大体重达到457.08 g, 个别发育成熟, 绝大部分未达性成熟。卵子发生不同步, 根据细胞形态、细胞大小、滤泡细胞形态和卵黄形成情况可分为卵原细胞阶段(卵原细胞期)、原生质生长阶段(无滤泡期、单层滤泡期和双层滤泡期)、间质生长阶段(滤泡内折早期、滤泡内折中期和滤泡内折晚期)和营养质生长阶段(卵黄发生早期、卵黄发生晚期和成熟期), 共4个阶段10个时期。卵巢发育根据外观形态、性腺指数变化和切面上各期细胞所占的比例, 可分为形成前期、形成期、小生长期、大生长期、成熟前期和成熟期6个时期。拟目乌贼繁殖周期为一年。       

The development of oocytes in the ovary of a parthenogenetic tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis

Haemaphysalis longicornis is an important vector of various pathogens in domestic animals and humans. The tick is a unique species with bisexual and parthenogenetic races. Although mating induces oocyte development, it is possible in the parthenogenetic race to complete oogenesis without copulation. Here we examined the developmental process of oocytes from unfed to the oviposition period in parthenogenetic H. longicornis. We classified the developmental stages of oocytes into five stages: stage I, germinal vesicle occupies more than half of the cytoplasm; stage II, germinal vesicle occupies less than half of the cytoplasm; stage III, germinal vesicle migrates from the center in the oocyte to the vicinity of the pedicel cells; stage IV, the cytoplasm is filled with yolk granules of various sizes; stage V, the cytoplasm is occupied by large yolk granules. Oocytes at the unfed period were undeveloped and classified as stage I. Stage I and II oocytes were observed at the rapid feeding period, indicating that oocyte development began after the initiation of blood feeding. All developmental stages of oocytes were observed at the pre-oviposition period. At 10?days after the beginning of the oviposition period, the ratios of stage I and II oocytes were higher than those of the previous period, suggesting that the ovarian development and activity may be continuing. Based on these findings, we propose classification criteria for the oocyte development in the parthenogenetic H. longicornis. The criteria will be useful for understanding the mechanisms of tick reproduction and transovarial transmission of pathogens.     

Effects of 17 beta-estradiol on the vitellogenin synthesis and oocyte development in the ovary of kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus)

The effects of 17 beta-estradiol on induction of vitellogenin synthesis and oocyte development were investigated in previtellogenic ovary of immature kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus) incubated with Medium 199. After three days incubation of previtellogenic ovary, Vg concentrations in media containing 3.6 nM, 36.7 nM, 367 nm and 3671 nM 17 beta-estradiol were significantly (p<0.01) greater than that of Ringer solution or the pure ethanol vehicle. Furthermore, a more advanced stage of oocyte development at oil globule stage (primary vitellogenic stage), which is surrounded by round and greatly expanded follicle cells, was observed in previtellogenic ovarian pieces incubated in media containing 3.6, 36.7, 367 and 3671 nM 17 beta-estradiol. The results of these studies show that 17 beta-estradiol induces Vg synthesis and appearance of primary vitellogenic oocyte in the ovary of immature prawns.     

Characterization and expression of the putative ovarian lipoprotein receptor in the Kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus

Ovarian low density lipoproteins (LDL) such as vitellogenin (Vg) are the precursors of the major yolk protein vitellin, and constitute the major source of nutrients serving the developing embryo. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of crustacean egg development by focusing on the process of Vg internalization by its receptor (ovarian LDLR). First, an ovarian LDLR cDNA sequence in Marsupenaeus japonicus was determined. Ovarian LDLR mRNA expression was then examined, and was seen to be specific to the ovary, exhibiting highest levels during the previtellogenic stage. This pattern of ovarian LDLR expression is thought to signify preparation for yolk protein incorporation into the oocyte. Using immunoblotting techniques, an ovarian LDLR band was detected whose size was similar to that estimated from the deduced amino acid sequence. The ovarian LDLR protein was expressed only at the onset of vitellogenesis, and histological studies supported these observations. This is the first occasion that the ovarian LDLR and its expression dynamics during vitellogenesis have been fully characterized in a crustacean.     

Fine Structure of the Ovarian Development in the Orb-web Spider, Nephila clavata

ABSTRACT Fine structural changes of the ovary and cellular composition of oocyte with respect to ovarian development in the orb-web spider, Nephila clavata were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Unlike the other arthropods, the ovary of this spider has only two kinds of cells-follicle cells and oocytes. During the ovarian maturation, each oocyte bulges into the body cavity and attaches to surface of the elongated ovarian epithelium through its peculiar short stalk attachments. In the cytoplasm of the developing oocyte two main types of yolk granules, electron-dense proteid yolk and electron-lucent lipid yolk granules, are compactly aggregated with numerous glycogen particles. The cytoplasm of the developing oocyte contains a lot of ribosomes, poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. These cell organelles, however, gradually degenerate by the later stage of vitellogenesis. During the active vitellogenesis stage, the proteid yolk is very rapidly formed and the oocyte increases in size. However, the micropinocytosis invagination or pinocytotic vesicles can scarcely be recognized, although the microvilli can be found in some space between the oocyte and ovarian epithelium. During the vitellogenesis, the lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of oocytes increase in number, and become abundant in the peripheral cytoplasm close to the stalks. On completion of the yolk formation the vitelline membrane, which is composed of an inner homogeneous electron-lucent component and an outer layer of electron-dense component is formed around the oocyte.