应用反向间接血凝法早期诊断流行性出血热

1985年我们研制了流行性出血热(EHF)抗体致敏的诊断血球,建立了检测EHF抗原的R-PHA方法。用此法检测本所分离的EHF病毒株感染的VeroE_6细胞培养上清液,以及人工感染EHFV的小白鼠乳鼠脑悬液等,均获得良好结果。以后又应用此法检测了EHF早期病人血清、白细胞冻融液及人工感染EHFV的小白鼠乳鼠血清等,并作了特异的EHF抗体阻断试验,现将结果报告如下:     

乳鼠感染流行性出血热病毒的研究

用获自病人的流行性出血热(EHF)病毒H8205株感染Vero-E6细胞的培养液,感染1日龄小白鼠,自第3代起,感染鼠出现规律发病,潜伏期13～18天,个体瘦小,后肢麻痹,最后死亡。病理检查感染鼠脑有典型病毒性脑炎改变,免疫荧光及酶标抗体染色证实脏器中存在特异性抗原,血内有特异性抗体,感染鼠的血,尿及脏器悬液经Vero-E6细胞培养出病毒。电镜检查脑神经原细胞高尔基氏器内有病毒颗粒。实验结果说明1日龄小白鼠对流行性出血热病毒是敏感的,可以作为该病毒的实验动物模型。     

流行性出血热动物实验的病毒抗原检测及病理组织学观察

已证实流行性出血热(EHF)是一种多宿主的自然疫源性疾病。我们将EHF病毒接种于BALB/C乳鼠,引起明显发病。本文报道感染乳鼠病理组织学检查的结果及酶标spA染色法检测病毒抗原在动物体内的分布情况。     

流行性出血热病毒感染金黄地鼠的实验研究

本文证明金黄地鼠对于流行性出血热病毒包括家鼠型和野鼠型毒株均敏感。除口饲外,多途径接种均可使地鼠感染。流行性出血热病毒浙5株10001D_(50)接种3周龄地鼠,五天后即可在肺、脾、肠、肝等多种组织中检出病害抗原,至8—10天达最峰,其中肺最强,抗原持续时间至少50天。接种病毒后10天左右,可在血中检出抗体,后缓慢上升,至第50天达1:1280—1:5120。乳鼠感染EHF病毒后可引起全身播散性感染,病毒抗原可在全身软组织中找到。乳鼠感染强毒株可发病致死,但幼鼠和成鼠不表现症状为健康带毒者。     

真核藻类的病毒和病毒类粒子（VLPs）

真核藻类的病毒和病毒类粒子（ＶＬＰｓ）赵以军石正丽（中国科学院水生生物研究所,武汉４３００７２）（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）ＶｉｒｕｓｅｓａｎｄＶｉｒｕｓ－ｌｉｋｅＰｅａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｏｆＥｕｋａｒｙｏｔｉｃＡｌｇａｅＺｈａｏＹｉｊ...     

四种动物病毒的细胞培养及血凝检测的比较研究

四种动物病毒的细胞培养及血凝检测的比较研究李天宪,赵林,罗怡珊,冯锋（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）关键词细小病毒,细胞培养,细胞病变,血凝试验云豹肠炎病毒（ＬＰＶ）、水貂肠炎病毒（ＭＥＶ）、犬肠炎病毒（ＣＰＶ）和猫泛白细胞减少症病毒（...     

柏毒蛾核型多角体病毒的分离鉴定

柏毒蛾核型多角体病毒的分离鉴定李崇荣,彭辉银,周显明,陈新文,谢天恩（贵州省铜仁地区林科所,铜仁５５４３００）（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）（贵州省林业科学研究院,贵阳５５００１１）关键词柏毒蛾,核型多角体病毒柏毒蛾（Ｐａｒｏｃｅｎｅ...     

我国一种鹦鹉新病毒的分离

我国一种鹦鹉新病毒的分离冯烽,夏苇,赵林,陈绳亮（中国科学院武汉病毒研究所,武汉４３００７１）龚少宇（湖北省云梦县畜牧局,湖北云梦４３２５００）关键词鹦鹉病毒,病毒分离,长尾小鹦鹉国外有关鹦鹉病毒的研究不少,１９８１年Ｐｅｒｒｙ从澳大利亚鹦鹉体内分离...     

(s)-DHPA在小白鼠乳鼠体内对流行性出血热病毒抑制作用的初步观察

本文报道了(s)—9—(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)adenine(简称(s)-DHPA)对流行性出血热(EHF)病毒J_(10)株感染小白鼠乳鼠的影响。实验表明,两个(s)-DHPA治疗组感染乳鼠的发病率(44.44％、55.17％)和感染率(44.44％、55.17％)均较对照组的发病率(83.33％)和感染率(86.96％)明显降低。实验结果提示,(s)-DHPA具有一定的抑制EHF病毒在小白鼠乳鼠体内复制的作用,为临床开发治疗EHF的抗病毒新药提供了实验室依据。     

流行性出血热病毒感染NIH裸鼠免疫组织化学研究

流行性出血热病毒（ＥｐｉｄｅｍｉｃＨｅｍｏｒｒｈａｇｉｃＦｅｖｅｒｖｉｒｕｓ,ＥＨＦＶ）感染ＮＩＨ裸鼠后,濒死状态取材,应用免疫组织化学方法（ＡＢＣ）检测各组织中的特异性病毒抗原。结果表明,ＮＩＨ裸鼠对ＥＨＦＶ感染敏感,感染后其脑、肺、肝、肾和心脏组织实质细胞浆内均可检出特异性抗原。     

双单克隆抗体ELISA间接夹心法检测流行性出血热病毒抗原

建立了检测流行性出血热(EHF)病毒抗原的双单克隆抗体(McAb)ELISA同接夹心法,用本法和间接荧光抗体技术(IFAT)相比较,IFAT检出感染细胞内病毒抗原的高峰在感染后第8天,而ELISA检测感染上清中病毒抗原的高峰在第14天,两方法检测179份人工感染EHF病毒的乳鼠脑和肺组织标本,阳性检出率分别为72.1％和68.2％,实验结果表明,本法特异,敏感,简便,不仅可用于EHF病原学研究,也适用于流行病学调查检测大量鼠肺标本。     

Method for Accelerated Identification of Arboviruses After Inoculation of Mice

Sequential titration of infective virus and complement-fixing antigen in brain and liver of suckling mice infected with the following virus strains-Dugbe (a new arbovirus), Congo (related to Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus), yellow fever, dengue 1 and dengue 2-showed a progressive increase in titer after infection. High titers of both infective virus and complement-fixing antigen were demonstrated long before the mice showed clinical signs of infection. It is suggested that earlier isolation and identification of arboviruses from clinical and field specimens can be made if serological tests are done before mice are moribund.     

Propagation of nephropathia epidemica virus in Mongolian gerbils.

Nephropathia epidemica virus, the etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Scandinavia, was serially propagated in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Intracerebrally inoculated suckling gerbils developed subclinical infections, with viral antigen found in lung, brain, liver and spleen. The distribution of viral antigen was similar to that seen in experimentally infected bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), the principal wild rodent reservoir of nephropathia epidemica virus. This model provides a readily available animal host for the study of experimental nephropathia epidemica virus infection.     

Selection for virulent dengue viruses occurs in humans and mosquitoes

Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. The spread of both mosquito vectors and viruses has led to the resurgence of epidemic dengue fever (a self-limited flu-like syndrome) and the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (severe dengue with bleeding abnormalities) in urban centers of the tropics. There are no animal or laboratory models of dengue disease; indirect evidence suggests that dengue viruses differ in virulence, including their pathogenicities for humans and epidemic potential. We developed two assay systems (using human dendritic cells and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes) for measuring differences in virus replication that correlate with the potential to cause hemorrhagic dengue and increased virus transmission. Infection and growth experiments showed that dengue serotype 2 viruses causing dengue hemorrhagic fever epidemics (Southeast Asian genotype) can outcompete viruses that cause dengue fever only (American genotype). This fact implies that Southeast Asian genotype viruses will continue to displace other viruses, causing more hemorrhagic dengue epidemics.     

Etiological relation between Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Japan.

The first case of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Japan was seen in Osaka in 1960. The etiologic agent of this disease has not yet been isolated, but a close etiologic relation between Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Japan has been suspected because of similarities in the clinical and pathological pictures of the two diseases. This relation has now been confirmed serologically by demonstrating specific immunofluorescent antibodies to Korean hemorrhagic fever virus in 19 of 20 sera obtained from subjects 7 to 17 years after an acute attack of epidemic hemorrhagic fever.     

A pandemic strain of calicivirus threatens rabbit industries in the Americas

The filoviruses, Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV), cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever. Human isolates of MARV are not lethal to immmunocompetent adult mice and, to date, there are no reports of a mouse-adapted MARV model. Previously, a uniformly lethal EBOV-Zaire mouse-adapted virus was developed by performing 9 sequential passages in progressively older mice (suckling to adult). Evaluation of this model identified many similarities between infection in mice and nonhuman primates, including viral tropism for antigen-presenting cells, high viral titers in the spleen and liver, and an equivalent mean time to death. Existence of the EBOV mouse model has increased our understanding of host responses to filovirus infections and likely has accelerated the development of countermeasures, as it is one of the only hemorrhagic fever viruses that has multiple candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that serially passaging liver homogenates from MARV-infected severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice was highly successful in reducing the time to death in scid mice from 50–70 days to 7–10 days after MARV-Ci67, -Musoke, or -Ravn challenge. We performed serial sampling studies to characterize the pathology of these scid mouse-adapted MARV strains. These scid mouse-adapted MARV models appear to have many similar properties as the MARV models previously developed in guinea pigs and nonhuman primates. Also, as shown here, the scid-adapted MARV mouse models can be used to evaluate the efficacy of candidate antiviral therapeutic molecules, such as phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers or antibodies.     

流行性出血热患者皮肤组织内病毒抗原及免疫复合物检测与意义

应用常规病理、免疫病理及超微病理技术,对３３例流行性出血热（ＥＨＦ）患者皮肤活检标本的病理变化及病毒抗原、免疫复合物进行观察,同时与血清病毒抗原、抗体及循环免疫复合物检出情况进行比较。在２３例ＥＨＦ患者皮肤微血管内皮细胞中检出病毒抗原,部分组织中可同时检出免疫球蛋白及Ｃ３,少数组织仅能检出病毒抗原或免疫球蛋白。配对血清小也可检出ＥＨＦ病毒抗原、抗体及循环免疫复合物。组织及血清免疫复合物形成与血清补体Ｃ３水平下降有关,组织内肥大细胞脱颗粒与血清ＩｇＥ水平升高相关,提示多种变态反应参与了流行性出血热的发病机制。     

Dobrava, but not Saaremaa, hantavirus is lethal and induces nitric oxide production in suckling mice

Hantaviruses are the causative agents of HFRS and HCPS (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome), two severe, and often fatal human diseases. Mortality from HFRS varies between hantaviruses; Hantaan and Dobrava show the highest, Seoul intermediate, and Puumala low mortality. Saaremaa, genetically closely related to Dobrava, is also known to induce HFRS, with low or no mortality. In this study, mice were inoculated with Dobrava and Saaremaa viruses to test for infectibility, lethality, viremia, nitric oxide production and antibody responses. Out of suckling mice intracerebrally inoculated with 50, 500 and 5,000 focus-forming units of Dobrava virus, respectively, 1/8, 2/8 and 7/8 died within 18-26 days. In all but one of the lethally infected mice high levels of replicating virus were detected, and most were positive for neutralizing antibodies and showed elevated levels of nitric oxide production. All suckling mice intracerebrally inoculated with 50, 500, or 5,000 focus-forming units of Saaremaa virus survived and all seroconverted. Clearly lower viral titers were observed for the Saaremaa virus-inoculated mice, also when sacrificed at day 18 after infection, compared to those in mice that died following Dobrava virus infection. Dobrava, Saaremaa, Puumala and Hantaan virus infections of adult mice were asymptomatic, and the anti-nucleocapsid protein IgG2a/IgG1-titer ratio was higher in mice inoculated with Dobrava virus than in those inoculated with Saaremaa virus. Elevated nitric oxide production was not detected in asymptomatically infected mice, and iNOS-/- mice, like normal mice, cleared viremia. In conclusion, we show that Dobrava virus and Saaremaa virus induce distinct differences in terms of survival, viremia, nitric oxide production and antibody responses in mice.     

Passive transfer of antibodies protects immunocompetent and imunodeficient mice against lethal Ebola virus infection without complete inhibition of viral replication

Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe, usually fatal illness caused by Ebola virus, a member of the filovirus family. The use of nonhomologous immune serum in animal studies and blood from survivors in two anecdotal reports of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans has shown promise, but the efficacy of these treatments has not been demonstrated definitively. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of polyclonal immune serum in a mouse model of Ebola virus infection. Our results demonstrate that mice infected subcutaneously with live Ebola virus survive infection and generate high levels of anti-Ebola virus immunoglobulin G (IgG). Passive transfer of immune serum from these mice before challenge protected upto 100% of naive mice against lethal Ebola virus infection. Protection correlated with the level of anti-Ebola virus IgG titers, and passive treatment with high-titer antiserum was associated with a delay in the peak of viral replication. Transfer of immune serum to SCID mice resulted in 100% survival after lethal challenge with Ebola virus, indicating that antibodies alone can protect from lethal disease. Thus antibodies suppress or delay viral growth, provide protection against lethal Ebola virus infection, and may not require participation of other immune components for protection.