昼夜变温幅度对小菜蛾不同发育阶段生活史性状的影响

【目的】昼夜变温幅度对昆虫的发育、存活、寿命、繁殖等核心生命活动有非常重要的影响。以往研究主要以恒温为主,温度设置不符合自然界中昼夜温度波动变化,无法明确温度波动幅度与恒温之间的生物效应差别。【方法】本研究采用了二步变温,模拟了不同的昼夜温度波动幅度(25±2℃,25±4℃,25±6℃,25±8℃,25±10℃和25±12℃)与相应恒温25℃,研究了不同变温幅度对十字花科世界性害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella不同生活史阶段中发育、存活、寿命与繁殖的影响。【结果】结果表明,变温幅度对小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖影响存在显著差异。25±2℃,25±4℃和25±6℃对小菜蛾生活史性状的影响与恒温(25℃)相似,但25±10℃和25±12℃却产生了显著的负面影响。【结论】我们发现,较大的昼夜变温幅度显著影响小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖,而适宜夜低温在一定程度上修复了日高温胁迫对小菜蛾的不利影响;并且认为昼夜变温幅度作为影响昆虫核心生命活动一种重要决定因素,必需纳入到昆虫种群数量预测模型中,才能真实地反映自然界中复杂变温模式对昆虫生态学效应的影响,才能提高昆虫田间发生预测预报的准确性。     

高压静电胁迫对麦长管蚜种群生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了探究高压静电场对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabriciusde的影响。采用特定年龄生命表的方法,设置2、4、6 k V/cm辐射强度处理小麦种子和出生24h内的1龄若蚜。统计连续20代电场胁迫后麦长管蚜生命表种群参数、繁殖参数以及存活率的变化。结果表明:(1)经高压静电场处理后麦长管蚜的内禀增长率(r)在2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm强度时受影响显著(P0.05),但两者表现的世代不同,2 k V/cm和4 k V/cm的最低值分别出现在第20代和第10代。(2)麦长管蚜的净增值率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、繁殖力(F)、成虫寿命和产仔天数等参数均呈现前期受高压静电场影响各处理组均显著低于对照组(P0.05),随着世代的增加高压静电处理组与对照组无显著差异。(3)麦长管蚜的特定年龄阶段存活率曲线受世代和高压静电场强度的影响显著。研究结论:麦长管蚜的生长发育和繁殖受世代和高压静电场强度的双重影响,且两者具有交互效应。研究的创新点在于:模拟自然条件下(同时对植物和昆虫进行高压静电场辐射处理)高压静电场对麦长管蚜的影响,为蚜虫生态遗传进化和生态控蚜提供理论依据。     

UV-B与重金属Cd双重胁迫对麦长管蚜种群生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】为探究UV-B和重金属Cd双重胁迫对麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)生长发育和繁殖的影响,以及UV-B和重金属Cd两因素间的交互作用。【方法】在室内,不同辐射强度UV-B（0, 0.1, 0.2和0.7 mW/cm²）与不同浓度重金属Cd (0, 20, 40, 80 和160 mg/kg）处理后,采用特定年龄生命表方法,统计麦长管蚜种群参数、繁殖参数、存活率和繁殖力的变化。【结果】麦长管蚜种群的生命表各参数受UV-B与重金属Cd双重胁迫影响显著,且UV-B对麦长管蚜的生命表各参数影响要大于重金属Cd;UV-B和重金属Cd两因素间存在交互作用。同一重金属Cd浓度时,随着UV-B辐射强度的增加,麦长管蚜种群的内禀增长率r、周限增长率λ、净增殖率 R₀ 、繁殖力 F、产仔天数和成虫寿命均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,且均在UV-B辐射强度为0.2 mW/cm²时下降至最低点;而麦长管蚜种群的平均世代周期T则呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且在UV-B辐射强度为0.1 mW/cm²时上升至最高点。同一UV-B辐射强度下,随着重金属Cd浓度的增加,麦长管蚜种群生命表各参数均呈现波动变化;双重胁迫处理组麦长管蚜种群内禀增长率 r、周限增长率 λ、净增殖率R₀ 、繁殖力F、产仔天数和成虫寿命均显著低于单一重金属Cd处理组,而其平均世代周期 T 显著高于单一重金属Cd处理组,且双重胁迫处理组生命表各参数的峰值点较单一因素重金属Cd处理组均呈现不同程度的提前。【结论】UV-B与重金属Cd影响麦长管蚜种群的生长发育和繁殖,且由于这两因素间存在交互作用,二者双重胁迫对麦长管蚜种群的生长发育和繁殖影响更加严重。     

UV-B长期胁迫对麦长管蚜子代种群动态的影响

为了探明UV-B长期辐射亲代麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae Fabricius后对其子代种群动态的影响。采用特定年龄生命表方法,设置不同强度(0,0.50,0.70 mW/cm~2)UV-B连续多代处理麦长管蚜成虫,统计麦长管蚜分别经历UV-B辐射一代,六代,十一代,十五代后其子代麦长管蚜存活率和繁殖力、繁殖参数、种群参数的变化。结果表明:(1)经UV-B处理亲代麦长管蚜后,其子代种群的内禀增长率r与周限增长率λ在低强度处理组各世代之间无显著差异,在高强度处理组各世代之间呈先上升后下降的趋势。(2)处理组麦长管蚜种群繁殖力F、净增殖率R_0、平均世代周期T、产卵天数和成蚜寿命均在G7代达到最大值,且与对照组无显著差异。(3)亲代麦长管蚜经UV-B胁迫处理后对子代种群的存活率影响显著。研究结论:亲代麦长管蚜经过不同代数的UV-B胁迫,可显著影响子代的生长发育与繁殖,且对处于不同世代的子代生态学指标产生不同影响。研究的创新点在于探究亲代麦长管蚜经历紫外胁迫后对其子代生长、发育与繁殖的影响,为逆境胁迫下蚜虫的生态遗传与进化机理提供理论依据。     

温度对麦长管蚜体色变化的影响

研究了温度对麦长管蚜体色变化的影响及不同温度下麦长管蚜种群数量变动的规律.结果表明:在21(CK)、23、26、29、31℃5个温度处理下,随着温度的升高,红色型麦长管蚜在实验种群中所占比例逐渐升高;绿色型麦长管蚜的种群增长的高峰先缩短后延长,而红色型麦长管蚜的种群增长的高峰逐渐延长;绿色型蚜虫的平均世代时间呈先缩短再延长的趋势,红色型蚜虫的平均世代时间仅仅呈延长的趋势.结论:麦长管蚜体色变化受温度影响,红色型蚜虫为高温诱导所产生的生物型.当温度为25.91℃时(T50 =25.91℃),麦长管蚜的后代中有50％的个体是红色型蚜虫.该结论为蚜虫生态遗传与进化提供理论依据.     

高温天数和吡虫啉互作对麦长管蚜世代内与世代间生态表型的影响

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae是麦类作物主要的害虫之一,严重影响麦类作物的质量和产量.为了探究不同高温天数和农药互作对麦长管蚜世代内与世代间生活史性状的影响,调查了成蚜经高温事件34℃/3 h持续1d、3d和5d与低剂量吡虫啉互作,对生活史性状的影响.结果 表明,在世代内,随着高温天数增加,存活率随之下降,仅高温处理下由67.5％下降为12.5％,与农药结合后由70％下降为10％,但对寿命、繁殖却没有影响(P＞0.05).不同高温天数和吡虫啉的互作延迟效应主要加剧了对繁殖的负面影响,尤其是在高温天持续3d和5d(P＜0.05),显著抑制了母代种群参数的增长.在世代间,母代单独经历不同高温天数后,对子代存活、发育、繁殖和寿命均没有显著影响(P＞0.05).高温天数和吡虫啉的互作主要对子代存活产生了负面影响,下降率可达33.3％,但两者的互作却对子代成蚜寿命、繁殖产生了正面刺激作用,大大减缓对子代种群参数的影响.上述结果将为气候变暖和农药双重胁迫下麦长管蚜种群动态的预测、防控提供一定的理论指导.     

吡虫啉亚致死剂量对禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响

室内测定了吡虫啉亚致死剂量对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)连续两个世代实验种群生长和繁殖的影响。结果发现,吡虫啉LC10剂量处理禾谷缢管蚜成蚜后,可导致亲代成蚜种群的存活率、平均寿命和产蚜量均低于对照种群,但差异不显著;F1世代吡虫啉处理组与对照组禾谷缢管蚜种群的存活率、寿命和繁殖水平无显著差异。结果表明,吡虫啉亚致死剂量对禾谷缢管蚜连续两个世代实验种群的生长和存活无明显影响,未发现亚致死剂量刺激禾谷缢管蚜当代和子代成蚜的增殖现象。     

麦长管蚜抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力比较

通过建立抗性品系和敏感品系的种群生命表,比较麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)抗吡虫啉品系和敏感品系的生殖力差异,结果表明,抗性品系适合度显著下降,世代历期延长,成蚜寿命缩短;在繁殖上表现为产仔量下降,生殖期缩短。以净生殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)来评价抗性品系的相对生物适合度,抗性品系分别是敏感品系的0.5200和0.7481。因此,麦长管蚜对吡虫啉的抗性品系存在显著的生殖劣势。     

小麦品种抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响

本研究采用室内、外结合的方法,分苗期和拔节期,对大田抗蚜性鉴定中表现不同的10个小麦品种的抗性对麦长管蚜种群增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示,品种抗性对麦长管蚜的存活率、发育进度、繁殖力有一致的抑制作用;品种间抗蚜性存在显著差异。同时通过组建不同品种上麦长管蚜繁殖特征生命表,从量的角度揭示了小麦品种抗性与麦长管蚜种群增长之间的关系。     

春小麦品种对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内25 ℃条件下研究了7种不同抗性的春小麦品种（系）对麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明,不同抗性品种（系）对麦长管蚜若蚜发育历期、存活率、成蚜寿命和生殖力有显著的影响,麦长管蚜在抗性强的品种上成蚜寿命短、产仔量少;以内禀增长率作为测定抗生性的指标,供试小麦品种（系）对麦长管蚜抗生性的大小依次为辽春10号>02C-MB >新春6号>巴丰1号>永良4号>内麦19>蒙花1号,与田间抗性鉴定结果基本相同.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.