不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征

【背景】绝大多数海洋微生物不可培养,为挖掘海洋生态系统中可培养的微生物资源,研究者尝试寡营养培养等方法。【目的】比较不同寡营养培养条件下南海水体细菌数量、群落结构及其对碳源的利用特征差异。【方法】采用原2216E培养液(Y)、稀释10倍(Y-10)和稀释50倍(Y-50)的2216E培养液培养南海海水样品,用荧光定量PCR法和16S rRNA基因检测细菌数量和菌群结构;利用平板计数法计数异养细菌的数量,纯化鉴定可培养细菌;采用Biolog EcoPlateTM微板法分析不同培养基中细菌群落对碳源的利用特征。【结果】Y组细菌总数高于Y-10组和Y-50组,差异不显著(P0.05),但异养细菌数量显著高于Y-10组和Y-50组(P0.05)。16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,不同稀释倍数下的细菌群落结构差异明显,Y组检测出10门193属,优势类群为Proteobacteria(56.44%)和Bacteroides (37.27%);Y-10组检测出15门220属,优势类群为Proteobacteria (40.30%)、Bacteroides(36.91%)和Firmicutes (17.30%);Y-50组检测出14门226属,优势类群为Proteobacteria (45.19%)、Bacteroides(25.29%)、Planctomycetes (13.58%)和Firmicutes(11.21%)。通过平板培养,Y组和Y-10组均分离到6属14株优势菌,Y-50组分离到7属13株优势菌,其中,Bacillus为其共有的优势菌属,稀释10倍培养液筛得的Microbacterium(1株)、Vibro(1株)、Idiomarina(1株)、Halobacillus(1株)共4株优势菌和稀释50倍培养液筛得的Alcanivorax(1株)、Sulfitobacter(1株)、Alteromonas(1株)、Pseudomonas (1株)、Exiguobacterium (2株)、Vibro (3株)共9株优势菌不同于原培养液。通过寡营养培养,可培养细菌群落的代谢活性和McIntosh指数显著增加(P0.05),其对聚合物、羧酸、氨基酸、糖类的利用率也显著提高(P0.05)。【结论】通过寡营养培养能增加细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,提高可培养细菌的代谢活性和对碳源尤其是聚合物、羧酸、氨基酸和糖类的利用率,分离纯化可获得原培养基未筛选得到的细菌。因此,在南海远洋海域可培养细菌样品的采集及复苏时,可通过寡营养培养法获得更丰富的南海可培养微生物资源。     

厌氧菌预还原琼脂平板培养方法

为简化厌氧菌分离培养方法,使其在普通实验条件下于固体培养基上形成单菌落,本研究增加庖肉培养基无氧溶液体积,用作无氧倍比稀释液,在琼脂柱下进行倍比稀释,将皿盖带有胶塞孔的厌氧琼脂平板进行预还原,注射接种倍比稀释菌液,通过厌氧指示剂监测无氧效果,初步试用于肠道厌氧菌分离培养。结果显示,该方法整个操作过程厌氧效果良好,无需专门厌氧设备即可以分离纯化培养肠道乳酸杆菌,甚至无芽胞专性厌氧菌,如双歧杆菌和韦荣球菌。     

一种能同时富集沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单增李斯特菌的培养基

摘要：【目的】设计制备一种能够同时富集沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及单增李斯特菌的复合增菌肉汤。【方法】挑选合适的添加剂进行单因素实验,确定增菌肉汤的成分及配比,采用平板计数法及三重荧光PCR技术验证肉汤的增菌效果。【结果】结果得到一种能同时富集沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及单增李斯特菌的选择性增菌肉汤（SSL）,经验证SSL可使得3种目标菌以相对一致的速度进行富集,经过37℃ 150r/min 振荡培养24h后,菌体浓度到达107~108CFU/mL,非目标菌生长受到抑制。应用荧光PCR扩增样品,可同时得到3种     

适用于分离人肠道中双歧杆菌的选择性培养基

【目的】比较并评价5种双歧杆菌选择性培养基对人源双歧杆菌的分离效果,试图筛选出一种适用于人肠道中双歧杆菌分离培养的选择性培养基。【方法】采集6份健康人粪便样品稀释涂布于5种选择性培养基上,厌氧培养后计数菌落并挑选单菌落进行鉴定。同时提取样品中细菌宏基因组DNA,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(Denaturing Gel Gradient Electrophoresis,DGGE)和荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,q-PCR)揭示样品中双歧杆菌种类和数量,并以此为依据,客观评价上述5种选择性培养基的分离效果。【结果】BSM培养基和BLM培养基上双歧杆菌的计数结果与q-PCR的定量结果最为接近,并显著高于其它3种培养基。BLM培养基上分离到双歧杆菌的种类与DGGE图谱多样性分析的结果最为接近。【结论】BLM培养基是一种适用于人肠道中双歧杆菌分离培养的选择性培养基。     

一次性肠道菌群分析培养瓶的研制和应用

目前国内外进行肠道菌群分析多一般使标本称重连续１０倍稀释后用选择性培养基和非选择性培养基,选择一定稀释度滴种（接种）于厌氧菌和需氧菌的有关培养基上分别进行培养,最后以活菌计数方法分析肠道菌群基本情况。这种常规的肠道菌群分析方法,不仅操作繁锁,且每次菌...     

“99%难培养”微生物的概念与初步评价：以固氮菌为例

【目的】以固氮菌为例,厘清"99%难培养"的概念,定量评价土壤中可培养固氮菌的比例。【方法】直接提取土壤中所有微生物DNA,同时,利用传统微生物富集技术获得固体和液体培养基第一代和第二代菌体及其DNA,高通量测序nifH和16S rRNA基因,通过系统发育分类方法,明确固氮菌富集物的物种组成及可培养比例。【结果】文献分析表明,"99%难培养"并未有严格的定量实验证据,是"平板计数异常"的同义词,即采用显微计数法的微生物数量远高于平板计数法。针对典型旱作潮土中的固氮菌,微生物属水平的nifH基因分析发现,可培养固氮菌占比为(22.4±4.5)%–(28.4±6.3)%,而16SrRNA的结果为(31.6±3.4)%–(41.4±13)%。nifH基因分析发现土壤中固氮菌共67属,其中39属可在固体和液体培养形成菌落,但仅有4属得到显著富集,固体培养基富集了Proteobacteria门Azotobacter属,相对丰度高达(98.2±0.94)%;而液体培养基极显著富集了Firmicutes门的Paenibacillus和Clostridium属,相对丰度高达(76.7±3.9)%和(21.7±4.0)%。16S rRNA基因分析发现,土壤中所有固氮菌共计14门、255属,其中248属可在固体和液体培养基形成菌落被培养,但高达6门、226属尚未获得纯菌株或固氮生理报道,并且固体培养基仅显著富集了Proteobacteria门6个属;液体培养基则富集了Firmicutes门5个属。【结论】"99%难培养"是"平板计数异常"的同义词。nifH基因发现土壤中58.2%固氮菌属可培养;而16S rRNA基因则发现高达97.3%固氮菌属可在培养基上形成菌落,但其中91.1%的固氮菌尚未获得纯菌株或固氮生理报道。同时,绝大部分固氮菌为数量占弱势的稀有属,69.5%的nifH基因属丰度0.1%;而78.5%的16S rRNA基因属丰度0.1%,导致传统富集培养传代过程中,定向富集了常见的Proteobacteria和Firmicutes门的固氮菌,遗漏了绝大部分已形成菌落但尚未被分离纯化的固氮菌属。"不可培养"微生物的表述并不合理,未来亟需创新培养策略,定向分离传统培养基上被遗漏的微生物,获得更多"难培养"或"尚未培养"微生物。     

聚赖氨酸和1-MCP联合处理对草菇贮藏期间表面细菌变化的影响

【背景】草菇具有很高的营养价值和药用价值,草菇采后品质易劣变主要是由其表面腐败菌引起的。保鲜处理条件下草菇表面菌的研究目前未见相关报道。【目的】探究聚赖氨酸(ε-polylysine,ε-PL)和1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)联合处理对草菇贮藏期间表面细菌变化的影响。【方法】采用平板培养与16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术两种方法,分离、鉴定ε-PL和1-MCP联合处理后草菇贮藏期间的表面微生物,确定草菇贮藏期间菇体表面优势腐败菌。【结果】平板培养法结果表明,草菇子实体表面的菌落总数随着贮藏时间的延长逐渐上升。贮藏6d时,处理组(PC)草菇表面菌落总数为7.16 lg (CFU/g),极显著(P<0.01)低于CK组[7.42 lg (CFU/g)];从PC组、CK组分离鉴定的细菌分别为16株和19株,以假单胞菌属、金黄杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属和寡养单胞菌属为主;16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明,PC组共鉴定出370个属的细菌隶属于27个门;CK组共鉴定出366个属的细菌隶属于25个门;寡养单胞菌属为相对丰度最高的优势菌。【结论】寡养单胞菌...     

黑龙江大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌多样性

【目的】了解黑龙江省大豆田大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用稀释平板法和16SrDNA基因序列的系统发育分析对胞囊可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用NA培养基从胞囊上分离90株具有不同菌落形态的细菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明:90株菌株分属于7个属22个种。46株属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria),32株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),10株属于变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria),2株属于变形菌门ɑ亚群(Alphaproteobacteria)。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。【结果】黑龙江省大豆胞囊线虫胞囊中存在丰富的细菌物种多样性,这些细菌对大豆胞囊线虫可能具有一定的生理生态作用。     

繁茂膜海绵中可培养稀有放线菌的多样性

摘要：【目的】本文旨在尝试改进分离培养方法从大连海域繁茂膜海绵中筛选稀有放线菌,并对其多样性进行研究。【方法】根据繁茂膜海绵元素组成配制微量元素溶液,加入到放线菌分离培养基中,同时将部分培养基稀释成寡营养培养基,结合富集培养法,对繁茂膜海绵中放线菌进行分离培养。采用16S rDNA的限制性片断长度多态性(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP)分析和序列分析,揭示其多样性。【结果】共获得可培养放线菌59株,通过形态、颜色观察,将其归为27个类群。RFLP分析表现为15种不同的图谱类型。16S rDNA序列分析表明：它们分别属于放线菌的10个属,其中布劳氏菌属（Prauseria）和糖单胞菌属（Saccharomonospora）是首次报道从海绵中分离培养。【结论】改进的分离培养基适合于繁茂膜海绵中稀有放线菌的分离培养,进一步揭示了该海绵中丰富的稀有放线菌,同样的方法有可能应用于其他海绵放线菌的分离培养。     

西沙石珊瑚共附生放线菌的分离培养及抗菌活性评价

【背景】珊瑚礁生态系统是海洋中一类极其重要的生态系统,健康珊瑚礁中丰富的共附生放线菌群体是珊瑚抵御各种致病菌的重要防线,因此,这类放线菌是寻找抗菌活性分子的重要资源,其药用潜力巨大。【目的】从西沙石珊瑚样品中分离共附生放线菌,并从中筛选具有良好抗菌活性的菌株。【方法】通过稀释涂布法分离珊瑚共附生放线菌,并根据16S rRNA基因序列构建系统发育树进行菌种鉴定;通过平板对峙法对放线菌进行抗菌活性筛选并确定目标菌株;将目标菌株涂布于不同氯化钠浓度的ISP2固体培养基上培养,测试其盐度耐受能力;通过平板对峙法对该菌株发酵产物的热稳定性和光稳定性进行测试;采用NanoPore和Illumina方法完成目标活性放线菌全基因组测序,并通过antiSMASH在线分析预测其次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇及其结构类型。【结果】从6份西沙石珊瑚样品中分离得到104株可培养放线菌,根据菌落形态和分离来源去重后对其中27株放线菌进行16S rRNA基因序列测序,通过序列比对和系统发育树分析将菌株初步鉴定为盐孢菌属(Salinispora)(25株)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)(1株)和戈登菌属(Gord...     

不同培养基组合提高土壤细菌可培养性的研究

为选择性采用多培养基组合以提高土壤细菌可培养性,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了贫营养、富营养和自然营养培养基在3种培养方式下获得细菌种群的差异。结果表明:平板培养条件下,细菌在贫营养培养基上生长较慢,菌落连续稳定形成。培养5d后,富营养的LB培养基和贫营养的R2A培养基获得菌落数最多,分别是贫营养的0.1×LB培养基获得菌落数的5.1倍和5.3倍。7种培养基中,LB培养基获得细菌种群数目最多,营养成分适当稀释后,培养物中有新的种群出现。贫营养培养基和富营养培养基培养物DGGE图谱相似性低,条带互补性强。三角瓶静置培养时,R2A和LB培养基获得细菌种群数目较多,其它几种培养基获得的细菌类群都能在这2种培养基中找到。试管静置培养条件下,LB培养基获得细菌种群数目最多,某些种群也只出现在R2A培养基和TSB培养基上,R2A及LB培养基与TSB培养基获得的细菌种群差异较为明显。研究结果为特殊培养基设计及选用合适培养基分离土壤细菌提供参考。     

Comparison of various culture methods (Skirrow medium, a blood-free medium and a filtration system enriched in Bolton and Preston broths) for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from raw meat samples

We compared six procedures and investigated the optimal method for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from raw meat samples. Ninety-nine meat samples were enriched in Bolton broth and Preston broth, followed by plating on Skirrow, mCCDA, and blood agar (a membrane filter on its surface) media, respectively. Thirty-nine of 99 samples were positive and 71 Campylobacter were isolated by one or more methods. More than one species of Campylobacter were obtained in 8 (20.5 %) of 39 positive samples and two genotypes were yielded on the same medium (11 samples, 28.2 %) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping. Enrichment by Preston broth was significantly better than by Bolton broth (P?<?0.05). Moreover, the latter failed to detect Campylobacter jejuni strains. Skirrow medium was significantly less efficient than mCCDA medium and membrane filtration method (P?<?0.05). Overall, the combination of PC (primary enrichment in Preston broth, followed by selective enrichment on mCCDA agar), PF (primary enrichment in Preston broth, followed by membrane filtration culture onto blood agar), and BF (primary enrichment in Bolton broth, followed by membrane filtration culture onto blood agar) methods provided the optimum isolation rate of Campylobacter spp.     

(S)-雌马酚对肠道菌群的体外调控作用及其可代谢性研究

[目的]研究(S)-雌马酚对人体肠道菌群的体外调控作用和人体肠道菌群对(S)-雌马酚的代谢衍生作用。[方法]采用人体肠道菌群体外批量发酵、细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序、气相色谱、液相色谱和质谱等检测(S)-雌马酚与人体肠道菌群体外相互作用。[结果]体外添加(S)-雌马酚对总体人肠道菌群结构和短链脂肪酸产量影响不明显。添加0.45 mmol/L (S)-雌马酚组与对照组相比,未检测到相对丰度发生显著变化的细菌;添加0.90 mmol/L (S)-雌马酚组与对照组相比,显著增加了肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)等条件致病菌的相对丰度,减少了潜在益生菌粪球菌属(Coprococcus)的比例。代谢分析发现,发酵培养液中(S)-雌马酚的浓度降低了约15%−30%,推测可能被微生物进一步降解或衍生修饰。[结论]从体外调控肠道菌群的角度判断,0.45 mmol/L (S)-雌马酚相对较安全,而0.90 mmol/L (S)-雌马酚可能会破坏肠道菌群平衡。(S)-雌马酚可以被人体肠道菌群进一步代谢,其特定代谢产物的结构与功能及其体内生物安全性有待进一步研究。     

Isolation of Salmonellae from Foods Samples: V. Determination of the Method of Choice for Enumeration of Salmonella

Comparison of three methods by which salmonellae may be isolated and enumerated from dried albumen, direct inoculation of enrichment media, centrifugation of samples, and pre-enrichment in noninhibitory media, reveals pre-enrichment to be the method of choice.

The superiority of pre-enrichment manifests itself in replicate aliquots of the same sample by producing a statistically significant increase in numbers of isolations of salmonellae and in empirical use with various albumen samples by consistently higher values of most probable numbers (MPN).

The primary factor involved in this superiority appears to be the greater ability of small numbers of salmonellae to initiate growth in the nonselective mannitol purple sugar broth than in the inhibitory enrichment media.

The method of analysis recommended entails inoculation of mannitol broth pre-enrichment medium, transfer of 24-hr culture aliquots to tetrathionate broth, and streaking on brilliant green agar for isolation of salmonellae.

     

肠道微生物菌群共存网络的构建与分析

【目的】将网络分析应用到肠道微生物的分析之中,探究肠道微生物共存网络拓扑结构等相关网络系数的分析,从而展现肠道微生物共存网络的特性。【方法】将之前研究中的肠道微生物数据根据雌马酚代谢能力划分成雌马酚产生者和非产生者两组,计算两组微生物相对丰度,得出菌种之间的相关系数,构建肠道微生物的共存网络,分析两组间共存网络参数的差异;运用随机网络检验现实网络拓扑结构的特异性,分析两组网络中菌种间的差异。【结果】共存网络中两组节点数分别为45个和47个,即分别有45个和47个不同菌种。比较两组网络结构的差异,发现雌马酚产生者组中的共存网络菌群具有更复杂的连接,且两组之间的其他网络参数存在一定的差异。通过将现实网络与随机网络对比可知,现实网络的拓扑结构具有一定的特异性。将具有代谢雌马酚相关物质能力的菌种在两组网络中标出,发现它们在雌马酚产生者组共存网络中更趋向与来自不同门的菌种产生相互联系。【结论】将网络分析应用于肠道微生物分析之中,可以发掘菌种之间的相互作用和网络拓扑结构的复杂性与差异性,展现肠道菌群结构中之前较少被认识到的一些特征。因而,网络分析的方法可以为未来肠道微生物的研究提供新的视角。     

Application of a single‐colony coculture technique to the isolation of hitherto unculturable gut bacteria

Molecular studies have led to postulation of a relationship between gut microbiota and certain diseases. However, because studies of hitherto uncultured species in vivo are essential for characterizing the biology and pathogenic properties of gut bacteria, techniques for culturing and isolating such bacteria must be developed. Here, a technique is described that partially overcomes the obstacles that prevent detection of interbacterial communication in vitro and are thus responsible for the failure to culture certain bacterial species. For this purpose, a ring with a membrane filter at the bottom was designed and a relatively simple nutrient medium was used instead of conventional media. Gut bacteria were cocultivated in soft agar separated by the membrane filter to simulate interbacterial communication in vitro. Use of this soft agar coculture technique led to the successful isolation of hitherto uncultured bacteria and the demonstration of multistage interbacterial communication among gut bacteria in vitro. Cultivation and isolation of single colonies of bacteria that require other bacteria for growth will enhance efforts to better understand the physiological and pathogenic roles of gut microbiota.     

Heterotrophic plate counts and the isolation of bacteria from mineral waters on selective and enrichment media

M anaia , C.M., N unes , O.C., M orais , P.V. & da C osta , M.S. 1990. Heterotrophic plate counts and the isolation of bacteria from mineral waters on selective and enrichment media. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 , 871–876.
The heterotrophic plate counts of 15 brands of bottled non-carbonated mineral waters were examined and found to be generally high and variable. Four selective or enrichment media for the enumeration of coliforms (m-Endo LES and m-lauryl sulphate agar) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (cetrimide-nalidixic acid agar and malachite green broth) were used to isolate several species of Gram-negative bacteria. Strains identified as CDC gr IVc-2 and Comamonas (Ps.) acidovorans were the two most commonly isolated. Considerable variation in populations was seen between the brands, as well as between two batches of the same mineral water.     

柞蚕空胴病病原拮抗菌的分离、鉴定及防治效果研究

【目的】本研究从辽宁省蚕业科学研究所柞园土壤中分离筛选对柞蚕空胴病病原菌有显著拮抗作用的细菌,为该病的生物防治奠定研究基础。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离柞园土壤中细菌,利用抑菌圈法筛选拮抗效果显著的菌株;根据形态学、生理生化及分子生物学对拮抗菌进行鉴定;利用自然转化法对拮抗菌进行荧光蛋白标记,测定其在柞树叶片和柞蚕肠道内的定殖规律,并对其室内和野外防效进行测定。【结果】从柞园土壤中分离获得87株细菌,其中BF-49对柞蚕肠球菌的拮抗效果显著(P<0.001);鉴定结果显示该BF-49与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)的亲缘关系最近,故将该菌株鉴定为Bacillus velezensis,命名为B. velezensis BF-49。荧光蛋白标记菌株BF-49-GFP在柞蚕肠道中能定殖5d,在柞树叶片上接种20d后浓度仍达1.25×104CFU/g。BF-49发酵液的10倍稀释液对柞蚕空胴病的室内防效为78.25%,野外防效为74.42%,均显著高于对照药剂。【结论】筛选获得的B. velezensis BF-49对柞蚕空胴病防效显著,可作为开发柞蚕空胴病...     

Improved Method for Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Seafood

We have developed a new, effective procedure for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafoods using enrichment and plating onto a chromogenic agar medium. Samples were cultured in salt Trypticase soy broth, which is a nonselective medium, and then a portion of the culture was cultured with salt polymyxin broth, which is a selective medium for V. parahaemolyticus. This two-step enrichment was more effective than the one-step enrichment in salt polymyxin broth alone. The enrichment cultures were then plated onto a new chromogenic agar containing substrates for beta-galactosidase. The V. parahaemolyticus colonies developed a purple color on this growth medium that distinguished them from other related bacterial strains. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated more frequently from naturally contaminated seafood samples using the chromogenic agar than thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar medium, which is currently used for the isolation of V. parahaemolyticus. Our findings suggest that this new enrichment and isolation scheme is more sensitive and accurate for identifying V. parahaemolyticus in seafood samples than previously used methods.