蜥蜴目同工酶表型效应与目内物种及种群间亲缘关系的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳技术和特异性的组织化学染色方法对分布于香港的Gekko chinensis、广东南澳岛和四川成都地区的Gekko subpalmatus 2个种群、以及香港和南澳岛的Hemidactylus bowringii 2个种群蜥蜴目动物肝脏、骨骼肌的乳酸脱氢酶 （LDH） 和酯酶 （EST ）进行电泳分析。研究结果表明：属内种间具有明显的酶谱差异,每个种都有其特征酶带,据酶谱排序结果可以将5个种群分为2个类群,其中Hemidactylus bowringii的2个种群为一类群,Gekko chinensis和Gekko subpalmatus的2个种群为另一类群。 Studies of the Phenotypic Character and Consanguinity of Isozymes in Species and Population HAN Ya-li1,XIAO Xiang1,JAMES Lazell2,LU Wen-hua2 1.Department of Biology,Science Institute,Shantou University,Santou,Guangdong Pvovince 515063,China; 2.Department of Herpetology,Museum of Comparative Zoology,Harvard University,Massachusetts 02138,U.S.A. Abstract:Using discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and histochemistry methods,lactate and esterase isozyme of three species and five popalation of Lacertiformes were analysed.The interspecific zymogramatic differences are obvious.Each species possesses its specific zymogram.According to the zymogramatic similarity among these species calculated with the method of polar ordination,they can be grouped into 2 categories.Gekko chinensis and the two population of Gekko subpalmatus fall into one category.The second category contains the two population of Hemidactylus bowringii.The congsanguinity of the species and popalation has been drawn from the results. Key words：isozyme; phenotype; Lacertiformes; consanguinity     

应用酯酶同工酶对甘草属长荚果系的不同种亲缘关系的研究

对甘草属的长荚果系,采取聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳法,分析它们的酯酶同工酶。结果表明：每个种具有明显的酶谱差异,有其特征酶带;从酶谱的相似度指数来看,６．６ａ、８、８ａ的相似度指数较高,亲缘关系较近。而２、４、５、８ｂ的相似性度指数较低,它们之间的亲缘关系较远。经过簿层色谱扫描,根据各酶谱的峰面积的百分率,用系统聚类法,最短距离法进行聚类分析,以欧氏距离４．０为分类线,把甘草属长荚果系分为二类,Ⅰ类：１、５、６、６ａ、７、８、８ｂ;Ⅱ类２ａ、４、８ａ、３、２．     

姜黄属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析姜黄属14种(28个样品)植物的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明属内种间有明显的酶谱差异,各种都有特征酶谱。根据酶谱特征及酶谱距离,结合根茎颜色,可把14个种分成三群:第一群,根茎黄色至深红色,有姜黄、毛姜黄、郁金、印尼莪术、C.petiolata和C.sP.(2);第二群,根茎灰白色,有广西莪术、大莪术和温郁金;第三群,根茎浅黄而间淡蓝色或深蓝色,有莪术、顶花莪术、细莪术、C.aeruginosa及C.zedoaria。研究结果还表明:1.国产莪术的酶谱与从美国引入的C.zedoaria和C.aeruginosa均不相同,而与引自新加坡的C.Phaeocaulis一致;2.不同形态的广西莪术具有完全一致的酶谱;3.温郁金与郁金的酶谱有差异。     

Biochemical Systematics of Gymnosperms (I) Peroxidases of Pinaceae

By means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peroxidases of 59 species and 4 varieties, belonging to ten genera of Pinaceae, were analysed. Though intraspecific zymogramatic variation may be observed within a few species, each species possesses its specific zymogram, distinguishable from the others. In order to measure divergence between two taxa, we have defined “zymogram distance” as follows: number of different bands between two taxa zymogram distance= —————————————— total number of bands in the same two taxa Similar tendencies are shown among average intergeneric zymogram distances, antigenic distances (Prager et al. 1976), and generic divergence time. Molecular evidences support classical taxonomy of Pinaceae. Agreed with the data from Populus, the evolutionary rate of plant peroxidase seems stable. The possible contribution of zymogram to investigation of molecular and morphological evolution of plants is discussed.     

菘蓝属植物的同工酶分析及其系统学意义

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,比较了菘蓝属（Isatis L.)5种2变种1多倍体品种及1外类群种共计20个样本的酯酶同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶的酶谱差异,并运用数量分类学的原理和方法对酶谱数据进行了聚类分析。20个样本的酯酶同工酶酶谱共有18条酶带,可分为慢带区（A区）、中带区（B区）和快带区（C区）3个区,其中A区的Rf0.09酶带为所有样本共有,而B区和C区不仅酶带数多,而且活性较强,并表现出很大差异。20个样本的超氧化物歧化酶同工酶酶谱有8条酶带,略有差异。聚类分析结果表明,20个样本被明显分成10组,与形态性状分类结果基本一致。利用酶带的有无、酶带的活性差异以及聚类分析结果,可以初步作出菘蓝属类群间亲缘关系的判定。     

安徽产石蒜属植物三种酶同工酶的分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分离同工酶,首次分析了安徽产石蒜属６种植物十一个居群的过氧化物酶、酯酶、苹果酸脱氢酶三种酶同工酶,比较了居群间酶谱差异,并用数量分类方法,对酶谱资料进行了聚类分析（ＵＰＧＭＡ法）。结果表明：１、过氧化物酶、酯酶同工酶酶谱均显示出居群间的差异,而苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱居群间共性很大。２、酶谱特征显示,三种酶系统在居群间或居群间的差异,但种间居群的酶谱差异明显大于种内居群的差     

安徽产石蒜属植物三种酶同工酶的分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,首次分析了安徽产石蒜属11个居群6种植物的过氧化物酶、酯酶、苹果酸脱氢酶三种酶同工酶,初步探讨了种间亲缘关系。从分子水平上为石蒜属的分类及系统发育研究提供了有价值的资料。     

A Study on Isozymes of Peroxidase of 10 Species in Juglans L.

Isozymes of peroxidase of 10 species in Juglans L. were analyzed by using polycrylamide gel electrophoresis, and, as a result, 16 different patterns of isozymes were observed. Polymophism of isozymes patterns appears within species and more significant differences in pattern between species have been found. “Zymogram distance” was measured for each species pair and section pair. The ten species may be divided into 4 groups according to their “zymogram distance” and specific bands, which accords with the classical taxonomy of Juglans L.. Evolutionary relationship among species and rate of evolution for Juglans L. are discussed.     

陕北黄土高原蒿属植物的分类与分析

陕北黄土高原有蒿属植物30种1变种,居该地产种子植物属中所含种数的首位。所产蒿属植物在不同的植被带中梯度变化明显,替代现象显著。在生态类型上,旱生类型从南向北递增,中生类型从南向北递减。在区系组成上可分为6种分布区类型,即:我国特有分布,3种;温带亚洲分布,14种1变种;北温带及中亚分布各4种;旧世界温带分布,3种;东亚分布的2种。可见陕北黄土高原蒿属植物种类丰富,梯度变化明显,旱化现象显著,地理成分复杂,但以温带亚洲分布类型为主,兼有其它成分,属典型的温带性质。     

福建中亚热带常绿阔叶林壳斗科树种的水平分布特点

福建中亚热带闽北部、闽中部两亚地带,气候条件与植被类型特征均有一定的差异,而其常绿阔叶林中占绝对优势的壳斗科树种的分布,具较明显的水平地带性规律。本文为进一步探讨其分布特点,据该地带12个县(市)的共69处调查样地、15000m2面积的壳斗科树种数据,采用调查县(市)间及其树种间的重要值相似性指数作聚类分析,将全地带壳斗科主要树种的分布划分为闽北部与闽中部两个区域类群。用调查县(市)及树种作极点排序表明,不同地理分布区各树种的数量和长势等特征反映出纬度与降水量呈显著正相关而与温度呈显著负相关。它显示出福建地理因素中的温度与降水量对树种分布的综合作用效果。树种分布的生态幅分析表明,全地带的甜槠等4个树种属于较均匀广布种,而苦槠、乌楣栲与米槠、赤枝栲等,分别属于该地带的闽北部与闽中部亚地带的区域代表种。     

甘南亚高山草甸群落的物候谱研究──兼论群落种多样性维持的机制

本文研究了亚高山草甸群落中常见的４２种植物的物候期。研究结果表明,此４２种植物在返青时间顺序、进入生殖生长的个体数量比例和进入生殖生长阶段的起始时间、历期上各不相同。根据返青顺序可将４２种植物分为三类。以单子叶禾莎草的返青时间为最早,多年生双子叶植物的返育时间较晚。根据进入生殖生长的个体占种群总个体数量的比例可分为：（１）生殖生长的个体比例在２０％以下,主要靠营养繁殖的种类;（２）具有双重繁殖特性的种类;（３）生殖个体占５０％以上的种类和（４）完全依靠有性繁殖的种类共四类。根据进入生殖生长的起始时间可分为三类。以上结果在一定程度上说明了植物种间由于在生长发育时间上的错位,减缓了种间对资源（如土壤矿物质营养）的竞争,使得群落中有多个种共存。     

柏木属的核型及细胞地理学研究

本文对柏木属Cupressus的绿干柏C. arizonica,C. bakeri ssp．mathewsii、岷江柏木C. chengiana、干香柏C. duclouxiana、柏木C．funebris、加利福尼亚柏木C. goveniana、墨西哥柏木C．lusitanica、大果柏木C. macrocarpa、C. pygmaea和C．sargentii等10个种的核型作了分析,其中除绿干柏、岷江柏木和大果柏木外,其他7个种的核型为首次报道。它们的核型公式均为K(2n)=22=22m,皆属Stebbins的1A类型。作者比较了柏木属13个代表种的核型,并结合地理分布、化石、古地理、古气候等资料,认为地中海地区的地中海柏木C．sempervirens可能最原始,分布于东亚-中国的种类居中,北美洲的较进化,墨西哥、危地马拉的墨西哥柏木可能最进化。柏木属可能在侏罗纪或更早时代起源于地中海地区后在中新世或上新世由东亚经白令地区迁移至北美,加利福尼亚州、新墨西哥州、墨西哥及危地马拉等现代分布区是该属的现代分布中心及分化中心。     

鹅观草属与披碱草属属界划分的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶比较研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法对鹅观草属6种2变种、披碱草属6种以及作为对照的冰草属5种植物的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶进行了比较研宄,并根据酶谱的相似性指标,用数量分类中常用的排列方法对所分析的植物进行了二维排序。实验结果表明,尽管鹅观草属与披碱草属表现出具有较冰草属更近的亲缘关系,但二者之间仍存在着明显的界限。因此,本文资料支持将该二属分别作为独立的属对待。本文还讨论了同工酶资料与上述三属植物属下组的划分以及将排序的方法应用于同工酶谱定量分析的分类学意义。     

Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty-two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower-type clones in one species.     

POD同工酶在酸枣、枣分类中的应用

运用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术,对来自不同产地的８３个酸枣类型（品种）,及３６个枣品种的叶片过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）同工酶扫描数据,进行了主因子分析和聚类分析研究。结果表明,运用距离系统的类平均法（ＵＰＧＭＡ）可将全部试材划分为六大类群和３个特殊型,且聚类结果与地理位置直接相关。此外,依同工酶带的有无,可将全部供试枣品种叶片ＰＯＤ同工酶合并为５种谱型,全部酸枣类型（品种）合并为２２种谱型。大马     

应用同工酶进行沙拐枣属植物亲缘关系和分类的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术．对沙拐枣属(Calligonum L．)19个种的3种酶：过氧化物酶(PER)、酯酶(EST)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的同工酶进行了测定分析．结果表明3种酶的同工酶在19个沙拐枣种间表现出明显差异。通过对酶谱特征进行数量化分级,根据种间欧氏距离,应用类平均法(UPGMA)对l9个沙拐枣种进行系统聚类。结果表明：所有种明显聚为4组,第1组包括泡果沙拐枣(C．junceum);第2组包括心形沙拐枣(C．cordatum)、密刺沙拐枣(C．densum)、昆仑沙拐枣(C．roborowskii)、白皮沙拐枣(C．1eucotladum)、红皮沙拐枣(C．rubicundum)和奇台沙拐枣(C．klementzii);第3组包括头状沙拐枣(C．caput-medusae)、乔木状沙拐枣(C．arborescens)、艾比湖沙拐枣(C．ebi-nuricum)、三列沙拐枣(C．trifarium)、蒙古沙拐枣(C．mongolicum)和小果沙拐枣(C．pumilum);第4组包括柴达木沙拐枣(C．zaidamense)、若羌沙拐枣(C．rouqiangense)、阿拉善沙拐枣(C．alaschanicum)、河西沙拐枣(C．potaninii)、戈壁沙拐枣(C．gobicum)和甘肃沙拐枣(C．chinense)。同工酶资料聚类结果与传统的形态学分类结果相比,有一定的差异。     

Peroxidase Isozyme Study in the Interspecific Advanced Lines From Gossypium

By using thin-layer-isoelectrofocusing technique, the authors have been studied peroxidase isozymes activities of the true leaves (at the flower bud stage) and the anthers in the interspecific advanced lines (ALs) from Gossypiurn hirsuturn × G. arboreum, which have been steadily inherited from twenty generations. It was found that: 1. The peroxidase isozymes were similar in different varieties of plants from the same species, but some what different among species originated from the same genome group, and showed remarkably interspecific isozymes difference among species originated from different genome group. 2. The zymograms of the ALs were similar to those of the female parent G. hirsuturn "Keiyi 2”, and obviously different from those of the male parent G. arboreum "Wanzi”.     

六股尖自然保护区种子植物多样性研究及其保护对策

六股尖自然保护区是皖南山区中亚热带植被带的重要组成部分,其种子植物多样性丰富,具有种子植物134科,529属,994种,有珍稀保护植物35种,是一个天然的物种基因库。区系成分复杂,起源古老,南北成分过渡明显,替代性分布比较突出。属的分析显示529属可归为14个分布区类型,并与世界各地有广泛联系,温带分布占56.9%,热带分布占40.0%,其R/T（热带成分比温带成分）比值为0.70,比黄山（0.57）、清凉峰（0.53）、天堂寨（0.51）略高,与齐云山（0.77）相近,显示其热带性比黄山、清凉峰、天堂寨略强,与齐云山相似。植被分布从下至上依次为农耕林（次生）(海拔700 m以下)、常绿落叶阔叶混交林（700～1 100 m）、落叶阔叶混交林（1 100～1 300 m）、山地灌丛（1 300～1 500 m）、高山草甸（1 500 m以上）。其代表性植被常绿落叶阔叶混交林,群落多样性分析表明,其Simpson指数为8.82±2.70,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为2.62±0.27,种间相遇机率PIE为0.88±0.05,群落均匀度R为0.78±0.07,显示该群落物种多样性丰富,分布均匀,结构稳定。通过PCA排序可以将六股尖等21个山地划分为华南、华北、华东三大植物区系。为保护和修复该地的常绿阔叶林、中亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林以及一些重要的珍稀濒危植物资源如华东黄杉林等,提出了一些相应的保护措施。     

Comparison of species ordinations resulting from alternative indices of interspecific association and different numbers of included species

Summary Several measures of interspecific association are compared. Dispersion and covariance are limited in value because they respond to the commonness of the species compared. Correlation is not so limited but it responds to discrepancies in commonness among the species. The practical result of these relationships between commonness and association is that only the most common species can occupy periferal positions in a species ordination. Rare species are relegated to positions near the center not on the basis of their phytosociological pattern but simply because of their rarity. Both Cole's index of association and the tetrachoric correlation overcome the problem imposed by the relationship between ordination position and species commonness and they both produce very similar results. The effect of differing numbers of species on the ordination configuration is examined using both Pearson's correlation and Cole's index. The basic pattern of the ordination is set with the first few species when Cole's index is used, however, since rare species are given more weight in the analysis with this index, the addition of several very rare species can change the configuration of the ordination.Nomenclature of species is given in Table 1.Research supported by the Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome Project, US-IBP, funded by the National Science Foundation under Interagency Agreement AG-199, BMS69-01147 A09 with the Energy Research and Development Administration — Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Research also supported by the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation. Contribution No. 240 from the EDFB, US-IBP. Publication No. 790. Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL.     

崖柏群落优势乔木树种种间关系

采用样方调查法,对组成崖柏群落的乔木树种进行调查。通过计算重要值确定崖柏群落优势乔木树种,研究优势树种的总体联结性、2物种间的联结性和种间协变。结果表明:崖柏群落内的15个优势树种总体间存在负关联;2物种间具有显著正联结的种对有:高山栎-川陕鹅耳枥、高山栎-华中八角、大叶青冈-乌岗栎、铁杉-华西花楸、华千金榆-青榨槭、华千金榆-大叶青冈、大叶青冈-川鄂山茱萸、川陕鹅耳枥-华中八角;呈显著负联结的种对是高山栎-青榨槭;崖柏与其他优势树种的联结性均未达到显著程度;有26个种对表现出明显的正协变,12个种对表现出明显的负协变;种对正协变的存在是由于这些物种对环境资源的利用具有相似性所致。