汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹——拐棍竹竹笋生长发育的影响

为了了解汶川地震对大熊猫主食竹生长发育的影响,2009年10月—2011年4月,在地震重灾区四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内设置150个样方,就地震强度、中度、轻度干扰对大熊猫主食竹拐棍竹(Fargesia robusta)竹笋生长发育的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示:(1)发笋物候上,地震强度干扰的发笋时间(Julian时间)较中度和轻度干扰显著推迟,而发笋期不受影响。(2)发笋量和当年生幼竹数是拐棍竹更新生长的数量指标。地震强度和中度干扰样方的发笋量都显著高于轻度干扰,而发笋量在强度和中度干扰间差异不显著;地震强度干扰样方的当年生幼竹数显著高于中度和轻度干扰,中度和轻度干扰样方间差异不显著。这说明地震的强度和中度干扰都有利于拐棍竹竹笋和当年生幼竹数量的更新。(3)基径和株高是拐棍竹更新生长的质量指标。强度干扰下拐棍竹的基径和株高都显著小于中度和轻度干扰,中度干扰样方的基径与轻度干扰差异不显著,但株高显著矮于轻度干扰样方。表明强度干扰下拐棍竹的质量最差,中度干扰的基径已基本得到恢复,但株高仍受到抑制。(4)地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因划分为:外力机械损伤、动物取食、生长停止、其他4种。对地震不同干扰等级拐棍竹退笋原因比率的分析发现,强度干扰样方因外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋的比率显著高于中度和轻度干扰样方,而因动物取食退笋的比率显著低于中度和轻度干扰样方。证明强度干扰样方的竹笋更容易受到外力机械损伤和生长停止退笋,而中度和轻度干扰的竹笋更倾向于动物取食致退,揭示了拐棍竹的生长是与震后不同程度的干扰相适应的。     

钩梢强度对麻竹生物量分配和生理特性的影响

以不钩梢为对照,对笋期内麻竹进行轻度、中度、重度钩梢处理,研究各钩梢处理立竹构件生物量分配、当年生枝条和商品叶生长,以及净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶片水势(LWP)等的变化,分析麻竹对营林措施中钩梢强度的适应机制和生存策略.结果表明: 与对照相比,钩梢处理对麻竹生物量及分配影响显著,3个处理麻竹立竹的叶/枝、叶/秆、枝/秆生物量比均显著高于对照.轻度钩梢和中度钩梢处理当年生枝条数量、基径、长度均显著大于对照,其中,中度钩梢处理当年生枝条基径、数量、长度和商品叶数量分别比对照增加43.0%、53.3%、29.8%和39.5%.各钩梢处理麻竹P_n、T_r、WUE、LWP在笋期内大小为出笋盛期>末期>初期;钩梢后麻竹的P_n、T_r和WUE显著提高,其中,各处理出笋盛期和末期的P_n大小为中度钩梢>轻度钩梢>重度钩梢>对照,且出笋盛期和末期的P_n分别是对照的1.4和1.3倍.各处理出笋初期、盛期和末期的T_r均为重度钩梢>中度钩梢>轻度钩梢>对照.中度钩梢处理对麻竹立竹的生物量分配、商品叶产量和生理特性均有明显优势,并能有效提高麻竹立竹的水分可获得性.     

采笋对八月竹生长和大熊猫活动的影响研究

采笋是大相岭山系大熊猫栖息地内一种传统的资源利用活动。为了了解采笋活动对大熊猫活动以及不同采笋管理方式对八月竹Chimonobambusa szechuanensis生长的影响,2008—2012年在大相岭山系对大熊猫的活动情况进行了调查和监测,2013年对规模性采笋的四川省洪雅县和限制规模性采笋的四川省荥经县内的八月竹生长状况进行了调查。结果表明:(1)洪雅县一年生八月竹密度显著高于荥经县(P=0.002),荥经县多年生八月竹的株高显著高于洪雅县(P=0.005);(2)八月竹种群密度与海拔呈正相关。洪雅县八月竹的多年生基径、多年生株高和一年生株高与海拔均呈显著负相关,而荥经县八月竹的多年生基径、多年生株高和一年生株高则与海拔呈显著正相关;(3)大相岭山系大熊猫主要活动于海拔1 400~2 700 m,85%的痕迹点出现在2 000 m以上;(4)采笋期间未在八月竹林发现大熊猫活动痕迹,而采笋期前、后均能在八月竹林发现大熊猫痕迹。规模性采笋对八月竹的株高、基径和密度都有影响,并且采笋活动对大熊猫活动产生影响,应进一步规范采笋行为,协调保护与社区经济的可持续发展。     

采笋对大熊猫主食竹八月竹竹笋生长的影响

采笋是大熊猫栖息地内一种持续的人类干扰活动。为了评估采笋对大熊猫主食竹竹笋生长发育的影响,2009年7—11月,在四川省洪雅县瓦屋山镇设置实验样方,对比研究了早期采笋、中期采笋、晚期采笋、一直采笋和不采笋5种采笋方式对大熊猫主食竹八月竹竹笋生长和发育的影响。结果表明:1)早期采笋、中期采笋和一直采笋样方的发笋量显著高于不采笋样方(P0.05),其发笋量分别是不采笋的1.53倍,1.57倍和1.62倍;晚期采笋样方发笋量与不采笋样方差异不显著(P0.05)。2)早期采笋使八月竹在发笋早期和发笋中期的发笋量增加,中期采笋仅使八月竹在发笋中期的发笋量增加,而一直采笋使八月竹在整个发笋期的各个阶段的发笋量均显著增加(P0.05)。3)一直采笋样方的幼竹数量、株高均显著低于其他采笋样方,其基径只显著低于不采笋样方(P0.05);早期、中期、晚期采笋和不采笋样方相互间仅幼竹株高差异显著(P0.05)。4)早期、中期和晚期采笋与不采笋样方的发笋总量、退笋总量和采笋总量相互之间均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。建议仅在八月竹发笋中期采笋,同时政府应加大对大熊猫栖息地周边社区经济发展的引导和扶持。     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群结构的影响

2003—2007年,采用样方法和定位观察法测量了卧龙自然保护区拐棍竹无性系种群密度、地径和高度,研究野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响;并用Weibull概率密度分布函数的尺度和形状参数比较分析了不同处理方式(大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照)对拐棍竹无性系种群结构(年龄、径级和高度级)的影响.结果表明:在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐有利于拐棍竹的无性系更新,经过3年多的自然恢复,竹子的种群密度趋于一致,并达到较稳定的状态.大熊猫采食样方的拐棍竹径级和高度级分布曲线、尺度参数和形状参数与对照样方无明显差异;而人为砍伐样方的分布曲线大多呈倒"J"型,且尺度参数和形状参数均明显小于大熊猫采食和对照样方,当年生竹笋和多年生竹的生长质量远不及大熊猫采食影响下的竹子种群,难以达到大熊猫取食的选择标准.     

缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)和拐棍竹(F.robusta)的饲用品质差异

缺苞箭竹(Fargesia denudata)和拐棍竹(F.robusta)分别是岷山和邛崃山山系野生大熊猫取食频率最高的竹种。本文以四川王朗自然保护区的缺苞箭竹和卧龙自然保护区的拐棍竹为研究对象,通过比较其营养成分、单宁和总酚含量,明确二者的饲用品质差异,以期为野生大熊猫潜在栖息地、廊道以及人工纯林等建设的竹种选择提供依据。结果表明:(1)缺苞箭竹的粗蛋白和粗纤维含量显著优于拐棍竹(P<0.05);(2)拐棍竹的笋、茎的钙和笋、叶磷含量显著优于缺苞箭竹(P<0.05);(3)氨基酸总量、单宁和总酚含量,拐棍竹的叶均更优(P<0.05),但缺苞箭竹的笋、茎单宁含量更优(P<0.05),且缺苞箭竹的笋总酚含量、茎氨基酸总量含量均更优(P<0.05);(4)粗脂肪含量,缺苞箭竹的茎、拐棍竹的笋和叶的含量稍优,但不显著(P>0.05)。两竹种在营养成分、单宁和总酚含量上的饲用价值各有优劣,配合食用,粗蛋白、氨基酸总量、钙和磷可形成互补,并减少单宁、总酚的摄入。鉴于两竹为大熊猫喜食竹种,可作为野生大熊猫潜在栖息地、廊道和人工纯林建设的竹种,在岷山和邛崃山山系的相关区域混合栽种。     

相岭山系大、小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹的生长发育与环境因子间的相互关系

1994～1996年,在相岭山系冕宁县治勒自然保护区设点,对大熊猫和小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹与其它环境生态因子间的相互关系进行了长达3a的研究。研究结果表明,峨热竹的生长发育与环境生态因子如海拔、郁闭度、坡度和坡向之间有极其显著的相关关系,环境因子对其株高、基径、密度、发笋率、老笋比例和成竹死亡率等有较大的影响。随海拔高度的增加,竹子变矮变细,老笋比例下降;上层乔木郁闭度增加,竹子变稀,发笋率、老笋比例和成竹死亡率均降低。坡度增大,竹子变稀并且细而矮。阳坡的竹子率发笋高于阴坡。     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群更新的影响

亚高山竹类占据着野生大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)食物组分的99%,竹子的生命周期与大熊猫的生活史密切相关,竹子的更新和生长直接影响着大熊猫的生存与保护.为了弄清大熊猫的采食利用和人为砍伐是否促进或制约竹子的繁殖更新,应用样方法、定位观察法,连续研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地内野化培训大熊猫采食、人为砍伐和对照样方中拐棍竹无性系种群的更新动态.结果表明,在相同种群数量和环境条件的基础上(p>0.05),被大熊猫采食竹子的比例为67.07%,致死率29.07%;人为砍伐竹子的比例为65.67%,致死率46.68%,可见与大熊猫采食相比,砍伐更为影响拐棍竹种群的生存.从出笋数量来看,不同处理方式有利于拐棍竹无性系种群的更新(p<0.05),尤其是人为砍伐措施大大提高了竹子的出笋率,但人为砍伐样方的竹笋质量(地径和株高生长)却远低于大熊猫采食和对照样方,未能达到大熊猫觅食的选择利用标准.不同年份之间,各种处理方式下的拐棍竹出笋数量波动较大(p=0.006～0.035),并随着恢复时间的延长,逐渐趋于相似(2007,p=0 825).不同处理方式之间,拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率,各年份均具有显著性差异(p<0.05,除2007年外),年死亡率仅2003年和2004年有明显的差异(p<0.05),2005～2007年均不显著(p>0.05).拐棍竹无性系种群的年补充率与年死亡率之间表现出年补充率﹥年死亡率的格局(p<0.05),唯有大熊猫采食样方的2004年和2005年、人为砍伐和对照样方的2005年的年死亡率略高于年补充率(p>0.05),这表明拐棍竹无性系种群对大熊猫采食和人为砍伐具有无性系整合的补偿效应.     

放牧对冶勒自然保护区大熊猫生境的影响

四川冶勒自然保护区周边村民的牲畜基本上都在保护区内放养。为研究放牧和大熊猫对竹类的利用及放牧强度与竹类的关系 ,利用Forageratio选择指数 ,Pearson相关分析和联列表独立性检验 ,对调查数据进行分析。结果表明 ,大熊猫活动区海拔为 2 870～ 390 0m ,并喜欢选择竹类盖度为 5 0 %～ 10 0 % ,竹类高度 2～ 3m ,竹类生长状况好的竹林。而放牧海拔为 2 70 0～ 4 0 0 0m ,放牧对竹类的盖度、高度、生长状况没有选择性 ,为随机利用。放牧海拔与大熊猫活动海拔无显著相关。大熊猫在放牧生境活动的频率较低 ;放牧生境中竹类的成竹平均密度和竹子平均密度都低于大熊猫活动生境 ,枯死竹比例高于大熊猫活动生境。放牧强度与竹类的有、无和竹类盖度是相关联的 ,大熊猫出现与否也与放牧活动相关联 (在 95 %的置信度 ,P <0 0 5 )。放牧强度强的生境没有大熊猫活动 ,竹子的盖度也较低。由于放牧活动对竹类的生长和盖度造成影响 ,从而影响大熊猫对放牧生境的利用 ,在保护区内应采取一定的措施控制放牧活动。     

相岭山系大,小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹的生长发育与环境因子的相互关系

１９９４－１９９６年,在相岭山系冕宁县治勒自然保护区设点,对熊猫和小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹与其它环境生态因子间的相互关系进行了长达３ａ的研究,研究结果表明,峨热竹的生长发育与环境生态因子的如海拔,郁闭度,坡度和坡向之间有极其显著的在关系,环境因子对其株高,基径,密度,发笋率,老笋比例和成竹死亡率等有较大的影响。     

秦岭大熊猫冬春季节对巴山木竹竹林生长指标的选择

2004~2005年冬季的12月、1月和春季的4月、5月,在秦岭山系南坡佛坪自然保护区内就大熊猫对构成其主要栖息地和食物来源的巴山木竹竹林的选择进行研究后的结果表明:在冬季,大熊猫栖息地多为幼竹与死竹比例基本持平、密度稳定的巴山木竹竹林,主要取食老竹;在春季,大熊猫更偏好选择竹子密度和盖度略低、竹子粗壮高大、幼竹与竹笋比例高的竹林活动,主要取食幼竹。大熊猫春季栖息地幼竹比例通常高过死竹比例,竹林密度处于增长期。竹林进入发笋期后,稀疏、高大的竹林下的粗大竹笋成为大熊猫的主要食物来源。     

Acridids as indicators of disturbance in dry deciduous forest of West Bengal in India

Acridid communities are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and the community structure of acridids plays vital role in functioning the forest ecosystem. They are potentially useful bioindicators for conservation planning and habitat disturbances. Acridid assemblages of three different habitat types based on degree of disturbance as follows five natural sites, five moderately disturbed sites and five highly disturbed sites in Chaupahari forest, West Bengal, India were studied. Diversity, abundance, equitability and species richness of acridid were observed in respect to undisturbed and disturbed habitats. The species richness and diversity of the sites tracked the intensity of disturbance, the greatest value being associated with the natural site followed by the moderately disturbed site and highly disturbed site. The highest species richness and diversity index indicate the suitable habitat for acridid population. Statistical analysis infers that different species show different behavior and the sites are also different in relation to different habitat types.     

Effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance on local pollinator diversity and species turnover across a precipitation gradient

Anthropogenic habitat disturbance can have profound effects on multiple components of forest biotas including pollinator assemblages. We assessed the effect of small-scale disturbance on local richness, abundance, diversity and evenness of insect pollinator fauna; and how habitat disturbance affected species turnover across the landscape and overall diversity along a precipitation gradient in NW Patagonia (Argentina). We evaluated the effect of disturbance on overall pollinator fauna and then separately for bees (i.e. Apoidea) and non-bee pollinators. Locally, disturbed habitats had significantly higher pollinator species richness and abundances than undisturbed habitats for the whole pollinator assemblage, but not for bees or non-bees separately. However, significant differences in species richness between habitats vanished after accounting for differences in abundance between habitat types. At a local scale Shannon–Weaver diversity and evenness did not vary with disturbance. A β diversity index indicated that, across forest types, species turnover was lower between disturbed habitats than between undisturbed habitats. In addition, rarefaction curves showed that disturbed habitats as a whole accumulated fewer species than undisturbed habitats at equivalent sample sizes. We concluded that small patches of disturbed habitat have a negligible effect on local pollinator diversity; however, habitat disturbance reduced β diversity through a homogenization of the pollinator fauna (in particular of bees) across the landscape.     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境恢复过程研究

保护与恢复生境是有效保护大熊猫的重要途径,通过样方调查法研究了卧龙自然保护区大熊猫（Ａｉｌｕｒｏｐｏｄａ　ｍｅｌａｎｏｌｅｕｃａ）恢复生境的群落结构特征,共调查了原始生境、２０世纪２０一３０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、４０一５０年代砍伐后自然恢复生境、７０年代以后自然恢复生境以及６０一７０年代人工林等５个生境类型,２１个样方。研究结果表明：各生境类型的物种丰富度、物种多样性、植株数（高度＞５ｍ）、乔木层的平均胸径和最大平均胸径,以及大熊猫的生境成熟度都存在显著差异,竹子的生物量及更新能力也有一定差异。人工林与原始生境的群落相似性低于其他自然恢复生境与原始生境的群落相似性。研究发现,大熊猫生境恢复包括大熊猫可食竹类资源的恢复以及生境群落结构的恢复。可食竹类资源恢复所需时间相对较短,仅需约２０一３０ａ;生境的植物群落结构的恢复则要长的多,一般恢复时间５０ａ左右才能成为大熊猫的适宜生境,恢复时间为７０一８０ａ的生境与原始生境的群落结构已十分接近。通过人工造林恢复生境,无论从竹子资源的恢复,还是从植物群落结构的恢复方面,均不是一种有效地恢复大熊猫生境的方式。     

带状间伐对巴山木竹林复壮更新及大熊猫取食的影响

间伐是竹林复壮更新的有效手段之一.以陕西佛坪国家自然保护区为研究区域,对大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)冬季栖息地非主要采食区域竹林老龄化严重且密度过大的巴山木竹(Bashania fargesii)林进行为期3年(2017至2019年)的带状间伐样方监测,研究间伐对竹林复壮更新以及大熊猫觅食选择...     

Dung beetle assemblages in primary forest and disturbed habitats in a tropical dry forest landscape in western Mexico

Dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) are conspicuous components in most terrestrial ecosystems, performing important ecological functions and services. Being sensitive to several types of disturbance, they have been successfully used as indicators of habitat change. Dung beetle communities in tropical rainforests have been well studied, but considerably less information is available for tropical dry forests. In this study I sampled dung beetles in two undisturbed habitats, deciduous forest and semideciduous forest, and two disturbed habitats, secondary forest and open area habitat, in the Chamela-Cuixmala region of western Mexico. Dung beetle species with high indicator value for each habitat were identified. Beetle abundance, observed species richness and estimated species richness were similar in the three forest habitats, but significantly lower in the open area habitat. A more detailed analysis of species-specific abundances in the three forest habitats revealed some differences. Transects of one of the undisturbed habitats, the deciduous forest, were more similar to the non-adjacent transects of disturbed secondary forest, than to the adjacent undisturbed semideciduous forest transects. Unlike studies in other tropical sites that have found a decrease in equitability in Scarabaeinae assemblages between undisturbed forest and disturbed habitat (particularly open habitats), in the Chamela-Cuixmala region all four habitats showed similar low equitability in community structure, with two or three very dominant species.     

Territorial breakdown of black-capped chickadees, Poecile atricapillus, in disturbed habitats?

The propensity of males to behave territorially may be greatly affected by the perceived quality of the habitat. In suboptimal habitats, the cost of defence may be prohibitively large compared to the associated benefits, and territorial behaviour may be expected to decline. We tested this hypothesis in a population of black-capped chickadees breeding in adjacent habitats: one habitat consisted of an 85-ha patch of early seral forests regenerating after clear-cut logging (disturbed site), and the other consisted of an 85-ha patch of mature mixed-wood forests (undisturbed site). Breeding success of pairs in the disturbed site was significantly lower than in the undisturbed site, suggesting a difference in the relative quality of the two habitats. During the spring of 2000 and 2001, we mapped the actively defended areas and song posts of colour-marked chickadees and found that pairs occupying the disturbed site were subject to more territorial intrusions than pairs in the undisturbed mature woodlands. Five pairs of chickadees in the disturbed habitat and five pairs in the undisturbed habitat were radiotagged and we conducted repeated focal observations on the movement patterns of the birds. All five pairs in the disturbed habitat regularly intruded into areas actively defended by neighbouring birds; only one of the five pairs in the undisturbed habitat ever intruded onto the known territory of another pair during an observation period. Our results suggest that the quality of the disturbed habitat may have been sufficiently low so as to make normal levels of exclusive defence cost inefficient. Conversely, birds in disturbed habitat may have intruded more frequently into neighbouring territories because resource levels in their own exclusively defended territory were insufficient to meet energetic requirements during the breeding season.     

Behavioral plasticity and consistency in the naked-footed mouse (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Peromyscus nudipes</Emphasis>) with habitat disturbance

Very few studies have evaluated whether habitat disturbance affects behavioral consistency and plasticity. We measured shyness–boldness and exploration–avoidance for the first time in naked-footed mice (Peromyscus nudipes) in two adjacent habitats with differing level of disturbance in Costa Rica. Each habitat was measured in different, consecutive years. With these data, we explored the possibility of habitat differences in individual- and population-level behavioral plasticity, magnitude of behavior, and consistency. Mice in both habitats behaved consistently across time with high repeatability (i.e., showed personality). The strength of consistency of shyness–boldness and exploration–avoidance over time was higher in the disturbed habitat, and individuals in the undisturbed habitat were bolder and less exploratory. Behaviors were correlated with each other in both habitats, indicating that behavioral syndromes do not always break down in disturbed areas. Mice changed the magnitude of their response the second time they were tested, indicating population-level plasticity. There was also greater individual plasticity among mice in the undisturbed habitat. Our study suggests the possibility that habitat disturbance can affect behavioral plasticity and personality and that shyer/more exploratory individuals might colonize and/or persist in disturbed habitats. These results are preliminary and exploratory because we did not control for temporal differences between habitats.