云南紫胶虫种群数量对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响

为了弄清云南紫胶虫种群数量对地表蚂蚁多样性的影响,于2009年12月至2010年5月,采用陷阱法调查了云南省墨江县雅邑乡不同紫胶虫种群数量样地(样地Ⅰ有效枝条寄生率为60%、样地Ⅱ为30%、样地Ⅲ为10%、样地Ⅳ不放养紫胶虫)地表蚂蚁多样性。1)物种组成及相对多度:在样地Ⅰ中采集蚂蚁标本1136头,26种,常见种为棒刺大头蚁(Pheidole spathifera)、伊大头蚁(Pheidole yeensis)和贝卡盘腹蚁(Aphaenogaster beccarii),样地Ⅱ中共采集蚂蚁标本984头,24种,常见种为中华小家蚁(Monomorium chinensis)、棒刺大头蚁、伊大头蚁和皮氏大头蚁(Pheidole pieli),样地Ⅲ中采集蚂蚁标本607头,24种,常见种为粗纹举腹蚁(Crematogaster macaoensis)、中华小家蚁和棒刺大头蚁,样地Ⅳ中采集蚂蚁标本419头,12种,常见种为横纹齿猛蚁(Odontoponera transversa)、中华小家蚁和伊大头蚁;2)多样性:相对多度大小为Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ;蜜露仅提高地表蚂蚁个体数及出现频次,而对物种丰富度无显著影响;3)群落相似性:不同紫胶虫种群数量影响地表蚂蚁群落结构组成;4)指示物种:样地Ⅰ中指示物种为长足光结蚁(Anoplolepis gracilipes)和沃尔什铺道蚁(Tetramorium walshi),样地Ⅲ中指示物种为二色狡臭蚁(Technomyrmex bicolor),样地Ⅱ和Ⅳ中无指示物种。紫胶虫种群通过蜜露资源能维持较高的地表蚂蚁多度,并影响地表蚂蚁活动,改变地表蚂蚁群落结构。     

蚂蚁对不同土地利用的物种响应及生物指示——以云南为例

为了揭示不同土地利用状态下蚂蚁群落在物种层面的变化,采用陷阱法调查了云南省绿春县天然次生林、桉树林、紫胶林、紫胶-玉米混农林、橡胶林、旱地和农田7种类型样地地表蚂蚁群落。共采集地表蚂蚁16704头,隶属于8亚科44属106种。不同类型样地地表蚂蚁群落结构有差异(ANOSIM Global R=0.786,P=0.01),桉树林、紫胶林和紫胶玉米混农林地表蚂蚁群落结构与天然次生林相似,与橡胶林和农田不相似。不同样地具有各自的特有种,旱地和农田中各为1种,其余样地有5-8种。在多个样地中均有出现的物种在不同类型样地中的多度变化明显。对群落结构相似性贡献率≥5%的特征物种分析显示,天然次生林中的特征物种明显与旱地和农田不同。天然次生林中的指示物种为毛发铺道蚁Tetramorium ciliatum,桉树林中为亮褐举腹蚁Crematogaster contemta,紫胶林中为飘细长蚁Tetraponera allaborans,旱地中为伊大头蚁Pheidole yeensis。不同特征物种及指示物种的生物学特性与不同样地特征相关联。地表蚂蚁通过物种组成及多度变化响应土地利用变化,蚂蚁特征物种可以作为指示物种的补充。     

蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对蚂蚁群落多样性的影响

为了探讨蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对树冠上蚂蚁群落多样性的影响,作者于2009年12月至2010年5月,采用目光搜寻的方法调查了不同紫胶虫数量样地(样地Ⅰ有效枝条寄生率为60％、样地Ⅱ为30％、样地Ⅲ为10％、样地Ⅳ不放养紫胶虫)中钝叶黄檀(Dalbergia obtusifolia)树冠蚂蚁群落的多样性.结果显示,兼性互利关系能够显著提高树冠蚂蚁群落多度及物种丰富度,改变树冠上蚂蚁的群落结构;由紫胶虫数量高低导致的蜜露产量的多寡对树冠上蚂蚁的多度和群落结构均具有显著影响,但对物种丰富度无显著影响;同时紫胶虫的个体发育阶段也是影响树冠上蚂蚁多度的重要因素.本研究证明,紫胶虫对于提高树冠上蚂蚁的多样性具有显著的正面影响,紫胶林对蚂蚁多样性保护有利.     

紫胶生产系统对节肢动物不同功能群的影响路径和强度研究

土地利用方式的转换对农业生态系统中节肢动物不同功能群之间的相互作用关系有显著的影响.本研究通过调查不同经营方式的紫胶林中蚂蚁Formicidae和紫胶虫寄生蜂的多样性情况,探究紫胶生产系统对这两种功能群之间相互关系的影响路径和强度.于2018年4-9月,在临沧市云县两块不同的紫胶林样地中放置了树栖陷阱和地表陷阱用于收集蚂蚁,并用套笼法收集紫胶虫Kerria spp.的寄生蜂.结果表明:有地表覆盖的紫胶林样地(X2)中地表蚂蚁的多度显著高于无地表覆盖样地(X1)(F=7.256,P=0.011),而X2样地紫胶虫寄生蜂的物种丰富度(F=20.250,P=0.003)和多度(F=17.108,P=0.003)却显著低于X1样地.地表覆盖对树栖蚂蚁(β=0.787,P<0.001)和地表蚂蚁(β=0.652,P=0.004)均有显著的积极影响,而地表覆盖(β=-0.932,P<0.001)及地表蚂蚁(β=-0.362,P=0.039)对寄生蜂多度有显著的负面影响.本研究揭示了紫胶生产系统中,地表覆盖有利于维系蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系,抑制紫胶虫寄生蜂,从而对紫胶生产产生积极作用.     

地表蚂蚁在云南萨王纳地区植被恢复过程中的指示作用

为了查清地表蚂蚁在萨王纳地区人工植被恢复过程中的指示作用,采用陷阱法调查了云南省萨王纳地区人工林和自然植被地表蚂蚁多样性。(1)群落物种组成:采集蚂蚁40467头,隶属于5亚科19属47种。扁平虹臭蚁Iridomyrmes anceps是保护较好自然植被的常见种;而迈氏小家蚁Monomorium mayri是干扰较大的自然植被及多数人工林的常见种。(2)多度和α多样性:在人工林中,印楝林地表蚂蚁群落多度和α多样性最高,桉树林次之,新银合欢林最低。(3)群落相似性及β多样性:印楝林地表蚂蚁群落与自然植被灌草丛较接近,而其它人工林蚂蚁物种组成不相似;新银合欢林β多样性最高,βCs值在0.481—0.935;印楝林较低,βCs值在0.200—0.478。(4)相关性分析:地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度S值及ACE值和草本植物群落S值及ACE值均正相关。印楝林和桉树林具有较高的α多样性,在当地生物多样性保护中具有积极意义;而新银合欢林是生境极度退化区域的重要植被恢复模式之一,这3种人工林对于萨王纳地区植被恢复具有重要作用。蚂蚁群落α多样性能够作为生物多样性的指示物,指示云南萨王纳地区植被恢复中生物多样性的状况。     

喜马拉雅山错那段不同海拔梯度蚂蚁多样性

为了揭示喜马拉雅山不同海拔梯度蚂蚁的多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了喜马拉雅山错那段北坡、南坡和山间谷地的蚂蚁群落.共采集蚂蚁标本7516头,隶属于2亚科、5属、7种.利用EstimateS 9.1.0程序对该地区蚂蚁物种丰富度进行估计并绘制物种累计曲线,结果表明错那段的蚂蚁物种实际观察值等于或接近该地区蚂蚁丰富度的估...     

云南紫胶虫栖境蝽类昆虫多样性

在云南绿春县,采用网扫法调查了培育云南紫胶虫5年的天然次生林（样地Ⅰ）和培育3年（样地Ⅱ）、1年（样地Ⅲ）及未培育紫胶虫（样地Ⅳ）的人工林中的蝽类昆虫群落。共采集蝽类昆虫423头,隶属于7科,47种。4个样地蝽类昆虫群落的物种组成和多样性各不相同。天然次生林蝽类物种组成丰富,条棘缘蝽占有较突出优势而导致多样性不高;人工林中,样地IV蝽类物种最丰富,优势度最低,均匀度和多样性最高;样地III次之;样地II物种最贫乏,优势度最高,均匀度和多样性最低。可见,紫胶虫与其栖境内蝽类的竞争将导致蝽类昆虫群落物种丰富度及多样性下降。     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫群落多样性

在云南绿春县采用网扫法调查了紫胶林-农田复合生态系统中稻田、旱地、天然紫胶林和人工紫胶林的蝗虫群落.共采集蝗总科（Acridoidea）昆虫1426头,5科22属,计33种.4个样地的群落物种丰富度S分别为16.333、13.000、11.000和12.000,Margalef 指数分别为2.873、2.266、2.335和2.137,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.034、1.976、1.982和1.488,Simpson指数分别为0.196、0.189、0.174和0.323,Pielou指数分别为0.728、0.787、0.829和0.599.紫胶林-农田复合生态系统蝗虫多样性总体较低,系统内不同农业土地利用生境蝗虫群落具有不同的物种组成及多样性特点,农田中稻田比旱地能容纳更多的蝗虫种类和数量,其蝗虫群落多样性高,均匀性和稳定性一般;天然紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性较高,群落稳定性强;而人工紫胶林蝗虫群落多样性低、群落不稳定.系统内不同土地利用生境中蝗虫群落之间存在物种的交流.     

紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性——以云南绿春为例

为揭示紫胶林-农田复合生态系统地表甲虫多样性, 于2006-2007年在云南省绿春县牛孔乡采用陷阱法调查了天然紫胶林、人工紫胶林和旱地的地表甲虫群落。共采集标本1 678头, 分别隶属于24科120种, 其中步甲科(Carabidae)和金龟科(Scarabaeidae)种类最丰富, 均占全部种类的12.50%。拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)个体数量最丰富, 占个体总数的64.48%; 金龟科次之, 占个体总数的17.58%。大多数科的物种数和个体数在不同土地利用生境中的分布没有显著差异, 而步甲科、隐翅甲科(Staphylinidae)、叩甲科(Elateridae)、拟步甲科、瓢虫科(Coccinellidae)和小蠧科(Scolytidae)在不同土地利用生境中的分布有显著差异。天然紫胶林地表甲虫个体数量最少, 物种较丰富, 优势度最低, 多样性最高; 人工紫胶林个体数和物种数均丰富, 优势度和多样性居中; 旱地个体数量最多, 物种最贫乏, 优势度最高, 多样性最低。种级水平的聚类分析体现出人工紫胶林与旱地之间在种类组成上距离较近; 而科级水平的聚类反映出人工紫胶林和天然紫胶林更接近。结果提示, 紫胶林-农田复合生态系统具有区域内土地利用方式多样化的特点; 天然紫胶林在维持地表甲虫多样性水平上具有重要作用, 而人工紫胶林虽具有积极作用, 但仍需进一步恢复。     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

紫胶林中蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系和寄主植物多样性对节肢动物各营养级的影响

【目的】昆虫之间的互利关系和植物多样性在生态系统中具有重要的作用,本研究旨在探讨蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系的下行效应以及寄主植物多样性的上行效应对节肢动物群落各营养级的影响。【方法】试验样地位于云南省普洱市墨江县雅邑乡的人工紫胶林中。通过随机裂区试验方法,于2016年8月和9月分两次用手捡法、网扫法和震落法采集了蚂蚁-紫胶虫3种互利关系处理(有互利关系、无互利关系和自然对照)以及3种植物多样性处理(单一种植、2树种混植和3树种混植,分别代表植物多样性1, 2和3)下样地寄主植物上所有的节肢动物,并按照不同营养级将其分类。【结果】蚂蚁-紫胶虫互利关系会显著降低消费者多度［有互利关系(14.2±0.95)<自然对照(18.57±1.13)<无互利关系(23.27±1.38), (F=4.290, P=0.017)］,植物多样性会显著提高消费者多度［植物多样性1(13.49±2.54)<植物多样性2(16.31±2.50)<植物多样性3(25.01±2.47), (F=56.03, P<0.001)］;在两者的交互作用下,无论哪个植物多样性水平上,有互利关系处理的消费者多度都显著低于无互利关系处理的消费者多度 (F=6.850, P<0.001)。互利关系对捕食者多度无显著影响(F=1.277, P=0.284),植物多样性会显著增加捕食者多度［植物多样性1 (1.72±0.49) <植物多样性2 (3.42±0.54) <植物多样性3 (3.59±0.55), (F=10.976, P<0.001)］,两者的交互作用对捕食者多度无显著影响(F=0.428, P=0.788)。互利关系和植物多样性会显著增加蚂蚁多度［自然对照(44.08±8.94) <有互利关系(324.82±65.35), (F=48.9, P<0.001)］, ［植物多样性1(86.31±12.51)<植物多样性3 (131.20±18.80) <植物多样性2(151.27±21.68), (F=137.85, P<0.001)］, 两者的交互作用也会显著增加蚂蚁多度(F=80.31, P<0.001)。【结论】蚂蚁与紫胶虫的互利关系显著降低植物上的植食性害虫,对捕食者不产生显著作用,但显著提高蚂蚁多度;而植物多样性对节肢动物各营养级都有积极作用;两者会产生一定的联合作用,对各营养级产生不同的影响。     

Ant diversity and bio-indicators in land management of lac insect agroecosystem in Southwestern China

The segregation of land-use intensity signifies an important change in land use in lac insect agroecosystem of Southwestern China. Farming conversions have led to a highly diversified landscape, with a mosaic made up of patches of land with different succession, from cultivated lands to closed forest. Our aim here is to characterize ant assemblages within this mosaic and identify key ant community metrics and species that can be used for bioindication. The habitats supported different level of ant species richness and abundance. For ants captured by pitfall trapping, the mean plot species richness in lac plantation was significantly higher than that in dry land (deforestation land-use). For ants captured by sweep netting and foliage shaking, there was significant difference among lac plantation, dry land and secondary forest occurring from afforestation of lac plantations, with lac plantation having greatest species richness. Ant species composition was different among the three land-use habitats. Seven of the fifteen most common species had statistically different abundances or occurrence within the three land-uses. Thirteen species had statistically significant different distributions among land-use habitats (among them three species were captured by sweep netting and foliage shaking). Ten species had statistically significant habitat associations determined by IndVal analysis. Among these ten species, five ant species were associated with secondary forest, two with lac plantation, and three with dry land. Lac plantation integrated with lac-production and farming is clearly an important land-use protecting ant diversity, and thus having great conservation potential. The use of ants as bio-indicators is a promising method for determining ecological responses to human land use in China.     

粗纹举腹蚁垄断蜜露对紫胶生产的影响

为了解粗纹举腹蚁垄断云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜露对紫胶生产的影响,于2008年10月至2 010年5月,在云南省墨江县雅邑乡调查了粗纹举腹蚁对蜜露的垄断方式,以及粗纹举腹蚁垄 断蜜露对云南紫胶虫的雌雄性比、死亡率、泌胶量和怀卵量的影响.结果表明：在云南紫胶 虫生活史周期内,被粗纹举腹蚁垄断的胶被上,该蚂蚁昼夜不停地取食云南紫胶虫分泌的蜜 露,每10 cm胶被上粗纹举腹蚁的平均数量在（168±23）～（393±100）头,并在 胶被 上建立保护膜,阻止其他动物访问云南紫胶虫.粗纹举腹蚁的垄断显著降低了云南紫胶虫个 体的泌胶量,但是垄断对云南紫胶虫的群体泌胶量没有显著影响;粗纹举腹蚁的垄断 显著降低了云南紫胶虫的死亡率,提高了云南紫胶虫的雌虫比例和个体怀卵量.粗纹举腹 蚁垄断紫胶虫分泌的蜜露有利于紫胶生产.     

Ecological effects of multi‐species,ant–hemipteran mutualisms in citrus

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Aphid‐tending ants on introduced fennel: can resources derived from non‐native plants alter the trophic position of higher‐order consumers?

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西双版纳橡胶盔蚧与蚂蚁的相互关系

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Patterns of Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Richness and Relative Abundance along an Aridity Gradient in Western Venezuela

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