应用柱层析法纯制Vero细胞肾综合征出血热疫苗

从Vero细胞培养液中提纯培养的汉滩病毒,将细胞冻融后上清液过Sepharose4FF凝胶层析柱,经紫外线280nm波长检测到三个吸收峰,RPHA证实仅第一峰为病毒抗原峰,另二个峰为杂蛋白,实验说明Sepharose4FF凝胶过滤对于提纯HFRS汉滩病毒是非常有效的,能去除98%的杂蛋白。     

乙型脑炎病毒及其疫苗的研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎是由乙型脑炎病毒引起的、经蚊虫传播的严重危害中枢神经系统的人畜共患急性传染病,其重症病死率高,易造成永久性的神经系统后遗症,严重威胁着人类的健康。目前尚无特效的治疗流行性乙型脑炎的方法,控制蚊虫传播和免疫接种是当前的主要防御手段。简要综述了乙型脑炎病毒的基因组结构、结构蛋白与非结构蛋白功能、基因分型,以及流行性乙型脑炎疫苗的研究进展。     

乙型脑炎病毒侵染细胞机制的研究进展

乙型脑炎病毒是一种蚊媒致病病毒,能引发严重的病毒性脑炎。乙脑病毒入侵细胞是导致乙型脑炎发生的先决条件,入侵机制的阐明将为乙型脑炎的治疗提供更多途径。近年来,乙脑病毒侵染细胞机制的研究不断深入,其他黄病毒的研究成果也拓展了乙脑病毒入侵机制的研究方向。E蛋白抗体的研制以及侵染过程抑制物的发现为乙脑病毒入侵的有效阻断提供了更多的可能。本文就近年来乙脑病毒入侵及膜融合的相关研究进展做一综述。     

逆转录-聚合酶链反应在乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生物反应罐清洁验证中的应用

为了对乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗生物反应罐清洁后乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)检测方法进行探讨,从GenBank中收录的乙型脑炎病毒的E蛋白基因序列设计一对引物,以乙型脑炎减毒株SA14-14-2培养物提取RNA作为模板,进行逆转录和PCR扩增。结果表明乙型脑炎减毒株SA14-14-2扩增出预期的特异性条带,阴性对照没有扩增出任何条带。聚合酶链反应与血吸附试验比较,有灵敏、快速、稳定性的特点,可用于生物反应罐清洁后乙型脑炎残留病毒的检测。     

乙型脑炎病毒及其疫苗最新研究进展

流行性乙型脑炎(Japanese encephalitis,JE)简称乙脑,是由乙脑病毒感染,流行在亚洲和太平洋地区重要的病毒脑炎,近年乙脑流行地区在不断扩大。目前尚无特效的治疗流行性乙型脑炎的方法,控制蚊虫传播和免疫接种是当前的主要防御手段。随着对乙脑病毒研究的深入,利用基因工程技术研制新型候选疫苗已成为预防乙脑新的发展方向。简要综述了乙型脑炎病毒的基因组结构及其蛋白功能,以及国内外乙型脑炎疫苗的最新研究进展。     

稳定表达乙脑病毒结构蛋白的细胞系的建立

以乙型脑炎病毒SA14-14-2疫苗株全长基因组克隆质粒pBR-JTF为模板,通过PCR分别扩增prM-E及C-prM-E基因片段,构建表达乙型脑炎病毒结构蛋白的真核表达质粒pCJE-ME及pCJE-CME。将这2种重组质粒用脂质体法转染BHK-21细胞后,质粒pCJE-ME表现明显的细胞毒性,转染细胞不能存活;质粒pCJE-cME可导致筛选到表达JEV结构蛋白的稳定细胞系,这种稳定表达JEV结构蛋白的细胞系通过PCR扩增细胞系基因组、ELISA、Western Blot、间接免疫荧光等方法得到鉴定。研究结果表明在C蛋白存在下,乙型脑炎病毒C-prM-E蛋白可以在BHK细胞中稳定表达,为研制JEV新型复制子颗粒疫苗提供了便利工具。     

用PAGE-银染法分析乙型脑炎病毒的结构蛋白

本文采用SDS-PAGE银染法,分析了蔗糖梯度纯化的乙型脑炎病毒SA14株(JEV-SAl4)的结构蛋白。证明JEV-SAl4有三个结构蛋白:VP_1,VP_2和VP_3,分子量分别为9200;12,200和53,000。用非还原和还原双向电泳证明,它们都是以分子单体的形式存在于病毒颗粒上。     

N-糖基化对乙型脑炎病毒prME和NS1基因免疫效果影响的研究

prME和NS1为乙型脑炎病毒两个主要的免疫保护蛋白,且均为N-糖蛋白。为研究N-糖基化对乙型脑炎病毒免疫保护的作用,本研究用PCR介导的定点突变方法,分别消除乙型脑炎病毒prME和NS1基因的不同N-糖基化位点,并构建了prME和NS1突变基因的真核表达质粒。将质粒免疫四周龄雌性小白鼠,经两次免疫后,采集血清检测体液免疫反应,最后对小鼠用强毒进行攻击,观察并记录免疫保护力。研究结果显示,与野生型prME基因免疫组相比,消除单个糖基化位点后prME基因诱导的ELISA抗体、中和抗体和免疫保护力均略有升高,而同时消除两个糖基化位点的则会降低。NS1基因消除单个糖基化位点后保护率高达到100%,但消除两个糖基化位点后则免疫保护率略有降低(75%)。通过本研究证明,N-糖基化在维系乙型脑炎病毒prME和NS1蛋白的免疫保护中具有重要的作用,单个糖基化的缺失可增强蛋白的免疫原性,而两个糖基都缺失后,则造成了免疫效率的降低。     

乙型脑炎疫苗研究进展

乙型脑炎（乙脑）的流行是世界性的公共卫生问题之一,其流行范围正逐步扩大。目前对于乙脑尚无特效治疗手段,因此预防乙脑的发生尤为重要。随着对日本脑炎病毒研究的深入,利用基因工程技术研制新型候选疫苗已成为预防乙脑新的发展方向。我们简要综述了乙型脑炎病毒的基因组结构及其蛋白功能,以及国内外乙型脑炎疫苗研发的新进展。     

流行性乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白结构域Ⅲ的抗原表位鉴定与功能研究

流行性乙型脑炎病毒(Japanese encephalitis virus,JEV)是一种严重危害人畜健康的虫媒病毒.表面囊膜蛋白(E蛋白)是该病毒的主要结构蛋白.E蛋白在介导病毒与宿主细胞的吸附、融合,决定病毒的血凝活性、细胞嗜性以及决定病毒毒力和诱导宿主产生保护性免疫反应中起重要作用.E蛋白结构域Ⅲ(EⅢ)是诱导中和抗体的重要区域.为确定乙型脑炎EⅢ的抗原表位,实验首先克隆了JEV疫苗株SA14-14-2的EⅢ区域,并用pGEX-6P-1载体进行融合表达,免疫印迹分析表明,该融合蛋白能被抗JEV血清识别.为了进一步对该结构域进行抗原表位作图,设计了14个覆盖该区域且部分重叠的短肽.将各短肽与GST进行融合表达与纯化.短肽融合蛋白经JEV阳性血清免疫印迹和EUSA免疫反应性扫描分析,结果鉴定出,E39(306TEKFSFAKNPVDTGHG320)、EA5-l(355VTNPFVATSSA366)、FA8-1(377FGDSYIV384)和E49(385VGRGDKQINHHWHKAG400)4个线性抗原表位.分别将4个抗原表位融合蛋白免疫小鼠,制备各抗原表位单因子血清,结果经体外病毒中和试验表明,E39为具有病毒中和活性的抗原表位.试验结果为进一步分析JEVE蛋白结构与功能以及诊断试剂和表位疫苗的研究提供了重要工作基础.     

人抗乙脑病毒IgG抗体检测试剂盒的研制和应用

乙脑病毒SA14-14-2株疫苗原液经β丙内酯灭活Sepharose 4FF纯化后作为包被抗原,制备阳性替代品,应用间接ELISA法检测人血清中乙脑病毒抗体。建立内部质量控制血清标准,比较蚀斑减少中和试验(PRNT)与ELISA的相关性。检测46份乙脑相关血清的结果与国内同类试剂进行比较,阳性符合率为93.1%,阴性符合率为89.5%。在咸安地区3万多名2~14岁人群中进行乙脑病毒IgG抗体水平普查,阳性率22.5%,与国内同类试剂的符合率为95.7%,使用效果很好。     

Inhibition of macrophage migration by virus-induced interferon preparations.

It was found that a preparation of mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possessed not only interferon activity but also inhibitory activity upon migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (MIF activity). These activities were also observed in a preparation of human leukocyte interferon induced by NDV. The interferon and MIF activities shared common characteristics in the dose response, time course of in vitro production, thermal stability, sensitivity to trypsin and periodate, and elution pattern in CM-Sephadex column chromatography. However, gel filtration pattern with Sephadex G-100 showed two separate peaks. Fractions collected from the first peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 45 000, had only the MIF activity, while those collected from the second peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 30 000, had both the interferon and MIF activities. A preparation of mouse brain interferon induced by Japanese encephalitis virus had a much weaker MIF activity than the L cell interferon, although these preparations were equal in interferon activity (5000 units/ml).     

Novel method for purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A

A novel single-step procedure for the purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), namely, dye ligand affinity chromatography with the triazine dye Red A, was developed. SEA purified by this method produced a single band when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield from 5 liters of culture supernatant was 0.113 g, corresponding to an overall yield of 55%. In some instances, purification of SEA from culture supernatants by dye ligand affinity chromatography produced two enterotoxin peaks that could be eluted from the column with 300 and 500 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Enterotoxin from these peaks produced a single band when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but multiple bands were observed on isoelectric focusing gels. This method of purification represents a significant improvement in time, yields, and purity of enterotoxin over previously published purification methods.     

Novel method for purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A.

A novel single-step procedure for the purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), namely, dye ligand affinity chromatography with the triazine dye Red A, was developed. SEA purified by this method produced a single band when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield from 5 liters of culture supernatant was 0.113 g, corresponding to an overall yield of 55%. In some instances, purification of SEA from culture supernatants by dye ligand affinity chromatography produced two enterotoxin peaks that could be eluted from the column with 300 and 500 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). Enterotoxin from these peaks produced a single band when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but multiple bands were observed on isoelectric focusing gels. This method of purification represents a significant improvement in time, yields, and purity of enterotoxin over previously published purification methods.     

Inhibition of Macrophage Migration by Virus-Induced Interferon Preparations1

It was found that a preparation of mouse L cell interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possessed not only interferon activity but also inhibitory activity upon migration of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages (MIF activity). These activities were also observed in a preparation of human leukocyte interferon induced by NDV. The interferon and MIF activities shared common characteristics in the dose response, time course of in vitro production, thermal stability, sensitivity to trypsin and periodate, and elution pattern in CM-Sephadex column chromatography. However, gel filtration pattern with Sephadex G-100 showed two separate peaks. Fractions collected from the first peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 45 000, had only the MIF activity, while those collected from the second peak, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 30 000, had both the interferon and MIF activities. A preparation of mouse brain interferon induced by Japanese encephalitis virus had a much weaker MIF activity than the L cell interferon, although these preparations were equal in interferon activity (5000 units/ml).     

A highly efficient integrated chromatographic procedure for the purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Hansenula polymorpha

The high expression level of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen obtained from Hansenula polymorpha yeast cell (Hans-HBsAg) made it possible to produce HBsAg vaccine in a large scale and by cost-effective process. However, the present available purification process was somewhat tedious, time-consuming and difficult to scale up. To improve the purification efficiency and simplify the purification process, an integrated chromatographic process was developed and optimized. The downstream process included ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and gel filtration chromatography (GFC). A series of chromatographic adsorbents were evaluated for their performances on the purification of Hans-HBsAg, and then the suitable adsorbents for IEC and HIC were screened out, respectively. After clarification by centrifugation, the supernatant of cell disruption (SCD) was purified by standard chromatographic steps, IEC on DEAE Sepharose FF, HIC on Butyl-S-QZT and GFC on Sepharose 4FF. Furthermore, HBsAg recovery, purification factor (PF) and purity during the downstream process were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results demonstrated that in the scale of 550ml SCD, the total HBsAg recovery and PF of the whole procedure were about 21.0+/-0.9% and 80.7+/-8.4 (n=3) respectively, with the purity of above 99%. This new downstream process was efficient, reproducible and relatively easy to be scaled up.     

Immobilized 4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranoside as a matrix for affinity purification of an exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase

An alternative and fast method for the purification of an exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase has been developed using a 4-aminophenyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactofuranoside affinity chromatography system and specific elution with 10 mM D-galactono-1,4-lactone in a salt gradient. A concentrated culture medium from Penicillium fellutanum was chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B followed by chromatography on the affinity column, yielding two separate peaks of enzyme activity when elution was performed with 10 mM D-galactono-1,4-lactone in a 100-500 mM NaCl salt gradient. Both peaks behaved as a single 70 kDa protein, as detected by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies elicited against a mixture of the single bands excised from the gel were capable of immunoprecipitating 0.2 units out of 0.26 total units of the enzyme from a crude extract. The glycoprotein nature of the exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase was ascertained through binding to Concanavalin A-Sepharose as well as by specific reaction with Schiff reagent in Western blots. The purified enzyme has an optimum acidic pH (between 3 and 6), and Km and Vmax values of 0.311 mM and 17 mumol h-1 microgram-1 respectively, when 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactofuranoside was employed as the substrate.     

Analysis of acid invertase and comparison with acid phosphatase in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf and Kernan

Fractions of acid invertase and acid phosphatase of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan were compared by column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Acid invertase levels were measured during the exponential phase after 14 days growth in pure culture. Most acid invertase was wall associated (50%) with 41% forming an extracellular fraction and 9% a soluble, cytoplasmic fraction. The wall-bound fraction was partially solubilized by 1 M NaCl, bulked with the extracellular fraction and separated by gel filtration into two acid invertase activity peaks. These peaks corresponded closely to two acid phosphatase activity peaks measured in the same eluates. Anion exchange chromatography under a continuous salt gradient separated the invertase and phosphatase isoforms from each other. Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the more active isoforms of each enzyme have different electrophoretic properties and are high mannose-type glycoproteins with a high affinity for the lectin, concanavalin A. The results are discussed in terms of the functional aspects of the two enzymes and their cytochemical localization.     

人用精制Vero细胞狂犬病疫苗纯化方法选择

人用精制Ｖｅｒｏ细胞狂犬病疫苗为一种安全、有效的新型疫苗,我们在研制该种疫苗时首先比较了密度梯度离心法和凝胶过滤柱层析法,并发现后者最佳。我们选择了以Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ＦＦ为介质的凝胶过滤柱层析的工艺,并对该方法的上样量、流速等指标进行了选择,确定了最佳方法,并在研制中使纯化疫苗的杂蛋白去除率达到９９．８％以上,为大规模生产提供了工艺方法。