荧光假单胞菌香兰素脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达

对荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC13525)香兰素脱氢酶基因vdh进行了克隆、序列分析以及表达。PCR扩增获得了长度为1 449 bp的核苷酸序列,该序列编码含438个氨基酸,分子量约为50 ku的多肽。序列分析表明该基因与GenBank提供的部分已知vdh基因具有高度的同源性。该基因在大肠杆菌DH5α中能高效表达,而在野生型P.fluorescens ATCC13525中本身并不表达出功能。Vdh基因表达产物香兰素脱氢酶(Vdh)在细胞中主要以可溶性蛋白的形式存在。同时研究表明诱导剂IPTG对vdh基因在大肠杆菌中的表达并不起作用。     

酮古龙酸菌山梨醇脱氢酶的原核表达及活性检测

目的：克隆酮古龙酸菌Y25的山梨醇脱氢酶基因sldh,在大肠杆菌中进行表达并检测表达产物的活性。方法：以酮古龙酸菌Y25基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增sldh基因,连接到表达载体pTIG,转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,IPTG诱导表达;取表达菌体、菌体裂解上清和沉淀进行SDS-PAGE分析;以山梨醇为底物,通过活性电泳、体外转化及休止细胞转化进行sldh基因表达产物的活性检测。结果：扩增得到1740 bp的山梨醇脱氢酶基因,构建了表达质粒pTIG-sldh并在大肠杆菌中获得表达,SDS-PAGE结果显示表达产物为可溶性形式,相对分子质量约58×10^3;活性电泳结果说明表达产物在以山梨醇为底物时表现出脱氢酶活性,而经体外转化和休止细胞转化后薄层层析检测出转化产物山梨糖的存在。结论：在大肠杆菌中实现了酮古龙酸菌山梨醇脱氢酶的可溶性表达,且表达的重组脱氢酶能将山梨醇脱氢生成山梨糖。     

VD_3羟化酶及其电子传递链的体外构建及活性研究

活性维生素D_3具有广泛生理活性及药用价值,利用分子操作技术,在大肠杆菌细胞中重组表达VD_3羟化过程的关键酶体系,是实现活性维生素D_3生物法合成的有效手段。构建了来源于自养无枝酸菌(Pseudonocardia autotrophica)VD_3羟化酶(Vdh,EC 1.14.13.159)及来源于不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.OC4)的铁氧还蛋白Fdx及铁氧还蛋白还原酶FdR的重组表达载体p ET28b-Vdh、p ET28b-FdR-Fdx,以大肠杆菌为宿主细胞,体外诱导表达并通过镍柱纯化三种蛋白质,通过CO差光谱法评价羟化酶Vdh体外活性,并利用2,6-二氯靛酚钠(DCIP)和细胞色素c作为电子受体评价电子传递链FdR-Fdx对NADH和NADPH的氧化活性及与羟化酶Vdh的偶联作用,最后利用Vdh及其电子传递链催化维生素D_3的选择性羟化合成25(OH)VD_3。     

酮古龙酸菌山梨酮脱氢酶的原核表达及活性鉴定

目的:克隆酮古龙酸菌Y25的山梨酮脱氢酶基因sndh2,在大肠杆菌中进行表达,并检测表达产物的活性。方法:以酮古龙酸菌Y25基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增sndh2基因,连接到pET22b表达载体后转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导表达;对菌体裂解液进行SDS-PAGE分析;以D-木糖为底物,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后活性染色及DCIP检测法鉴定表达产物的脱氢酶活性。结果:扩增得到1290 bp的山梨酮脱氢酶基因;构建了表达质粒pET22b-sndh2,SDS-PAGE结果显示获得相对分子质量为43.1×103的可溶性表达产物;非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳胶上出现的蓝黑色条带及DCIP检测液颜色的变化说明表达产物在以D-木糖为底物时表现出脱氢酶活性。结论:在大肠杆菌中表达的山梨酮脱氢酶具有生物活性。     

山梨醇脱氢酶的克隆、表达及活性检测

目的:从氧化葡糖杆菌H24中克隆山梨醇脱氢酶基因进行表达并检测其活性。方法:以氧化葡糖杆菌H24基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包括启动子、结构基因及其后的终止序列在内的山梨醇脱氢酶基因;将PCR产物插入pMD18T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α;通过活性电泳检测山梨醇脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性。结果:从氧化葡糖杆菌H24中扩增得到山梨醇脱氢酶基因并在大肠杆菌中实现表达,重组菌株经活性电泳检测具有醇糖转化活性。结论:原核表达的山梨醇脱氢酶具有很强的醇糖转化活性。     

酮古龙酸菌醇醛脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达

目的：从酮古龙酸菌SCB329株中分离山梨糖生物氧化相关酶的基因并进行表达验证。方法：根据酮古龙酸菌SCB329株基因组序列设计引物,通过PCR从SCB329株基因组中扩增醇醛脱氢酶基因aadh;构建载体pBMP3-aadh并在大肠杆菌中表达,经活性染色、体外转化反应等方法考察表达产物的活性。结果：目的产物能够催化山梨糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖等多种含羟基及羰基化合物脱氢,并能将L-山梨糖直接转化为2-酮基-L-古龙酸。结论：从酮古龙酸菌SCB329株中分离到一种醇醛脱氢酶基因,可为该菌株糖酸转化机制的研究提供帮助。     

山梨糖脱氢酶在乙酸钙不动杆菌中的表达

目的:在乙酸钙不动杆菌Y2004中表达山梨糖脱氢酶。方法:将酮古龙酸菌山梨糖脱氢酶基因sdh以及从pWH1266质粒上扩增的复制原点ori先后酶切连接到pBBR1MCS2质粒上,构建pBBR1MCS2-ori-sdh穿梭质粒;再以pBBR1MCS2-ori-sdh/DH5α为供体菌、乙酸钙不动杆菌Y2004为受体菌、pRK2013/HB101为辅助菌进行三亲本接合转移;从氨苄青霉素和卡那霉素双抗平板上挑取转化子进行培养,通过菌落PCR和提取质粒复转筛选阳性克隆,再通过活性电泳和体外糖酸转化实验检测阳性克隆的山梨糖脱氢酶活性。结果:构建了pBBRMCS2-ori-sdh质粒并转入乙酸钙不动杆菌Y2004中,活性电泳和体外实验证实阳性克隆具有山梨糖脱氢酶活性。结论:实现了山梨糖脱氢酶在乙酸钙不动杆菌Y2004中的表达,为单菌糖酸转化的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

S-扁桃酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及表达

S-扁桃酸脱氢酶能够选择性催化S-扁桃酸生成苯甲酰甲酸。通过PCR扩增获得Pseudomonas p utida NUST的S-扁桃酸脱氢酶全长基因(mdlA),并构建了表达载体pET30a(+)-mdlA,转化大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)后,经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导获得表达,SDS-PAGE结果显示表达蛋白为43kDa。所以工程菌细胞具有转化S-扁桃酸生成苯甲酰甲酸能力。     

水牛睾丸特异LDHC基因的原核表达及生物学活性研究

目的:克隆水牛睾丸特异Ldhc基因全长在大肠杆菌中原核表达,研究其生物学活性.方法:以水牛睾丸组织为材料提取总RNA,RT-PCR扩增Ldhc cDNA,PCR获得水牛全长Ldhc基因;连接pET-32b构建表达质粒pET-32b-Ldhc;转化BL21(DE3)大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达并利用SDS-PAGE分析.体外Ni离子柱纯化目的蛋白,Western印迹鉴定其抗体结合活性,同工酶谱鉴定其生物学活性.结果:成功制备了表达质粒pET-32b-Ldhc;IPTG诱导得到56KDa目的蛋白;Ni柱纯化获得纯度90%以上的蛋白;Western印迹显示目的蛋白具有特异的抗体结合活性;同工酶活性染色证明其具有乳酸脱氢酶活性.结论:试验成功制备了水牛睾丸LDH-CA蛋白,并初步验证了其生物学活性,为我们进一步探讨LDH-G4的功能及免疫节育疫苗的制备等奠定了基础.     

氧化葡糖杆菌sndh-sdh基因簇的克隆表达

目的:从氧化葡糖杆菌H763中克隆sndh-sdh基因簇,在大肠杆菌和氧化葡糖杆菌621H中分别表达山梨酮脱氢酶-山梨糖脱氢酶(SNDH-SDH),并检测其活性。方法与结果:以氧化葡糖杆菌H763基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增包括启动子、结构基因及终止序列在内的sndh-sdh基因簇,回收3533 bp的扩增产物,连入pMD18T载体,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中表达;以山梨糖或木糖为底物,DCIP法检测菌体裂解液,DCIP检测液颜色由蓝绿色变为黄色,表明大肠杆菌表达产物具有脱氢酶活性。构建pBBR1MCS2-sndh-sdh载体,通过接合转移导入氧化葡糖杆菌621H,重组葡糖杆菌在以山梨醇或山梨糖为底物的培养基中培养,采用薄层层析检测法检测其培养上清中的代谢产物,层析板上显示了2-酮基-L-古龙酸斑点。结论:重组大肠杆菌DH5α和氧化葡糖杆菌621H中均表达了有脱氢酶活性的SNDH-SDH。     

Amino acid catabolism and antibiotic synthesis: valine is a source of precursors for macrolide biosynthesis in Streptomyces ambofaciens and Streptomyces fradiae.

Targeted inactivation of the valine (branched-chain amino acid) dehydrogenase gene (vdh) was used to study the role of valine catabolism in the production of tylosin in Streptomyces fradiae and spiramycin in Streptomyces ambofaciens. The deduced products of the vdh genes, cloned and sequenced from S. fradiae C373.1 and S. ambofaciens ATCC 15154, are approximately 80% identical over all 363 amino acids and 96% identical over a span of the first N-terminal 107 amino acids, respectively, to the deduced product of the Streptomyces coelicolor vdh gene. The organization of the regions flanking the vdh genes is the same in all three species. Inactivation of the genomic copy of the vdh gene in S. fradiae and S. ambofaciens by insertion of a hygromycin resistance (hyg) gene caused loss of the valine dehydrogenase (Vdh) activity, and thus only one enzyme is responsible for the Vdh activity in these organisms. Analysis of the culture broth by bioassay revealed that the vdh::hyg mutants produce an approximately sixfold-lower level of tylosin and an approximately fourfold-lower level of spiramycin than the wild-type S. fradiae and S. ambofaciens strains, while maintaining essentially identical growth in a defined minimal medium with either 25 mM ammonium ion or 0.05% asparagine as the nitrogen source. The addition of the valine catabolite, propionate or isobutyrate, and introduction of the wild-type vdh gene back to each vdh::hyg mutant reversed the negative effect of the vdh::hyg mutation on spiramycin and tylosin production. These data show that the catabolism of valine is a major source of fatty acid precursors for macrolide biosynthesis under defined growth conditions and imply that amino acid catabolism is a vital source of certain antibiotic precursors in actinomycetes.     

Valine dehydrogenase from Streptomyces albus: gene cloning, heterologous expression and identification of active site by site-directed mutagenesis

A gene encoding valine dehydrogenase (Vdh) has been cloned from Streptomyces albus, a salinomycin producer, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The S. albus Vdh is composed of 364 amino acids that showed high homology with several other amino acid dehydrogenases as well as Vdhs from Streptomyces spp. and leucine and phenylalanine dehydrogenases (Ldh and Pdh) from Bacillus spp. A protein of 38 kDa, corresponding to the approximate mass of the predicted S. albus Vdh product (38.4 kDa) exhibiting specific Vdh activity, was observed when the S. albus vdh gene was overexpressed in E. coli under the controlled T7 promoter and was subsequently purified to homogeneity. Among branched- and straight-chain amino acids, L-valine and L-alpha-aminobutyrate were the preferred substrates for the enzyme. Lys-79 and Lys-91 of S. albus Vdh were highly conserved in the corresponding region of NAD(P)(+)-dependent amino acid dehydrogenase sequences. To elucidate the functional roles of the lysyl residues, the Lys residues have individually been replaced with Ala by site-directed mutagenesis. Kinetic analyses of the Lys-79 and Lys-91-mutated enzymes revealed that they are involved in the substrate binding site and catalysis, respectively, analogous to the corresponding residues in the homologous Ldh and Pdh.     

Metabolic engineering of Pseudomonas fluorescens for the production of vanillin from ferulic acid

Vanillin is one of the most important flavors in the food industry and there is great interest in its production through biotechnological processes starting from natural substrates such as ferulic acid. Among bacteria, recombinant Escherichia coli strains are the most efficient vanillin producers, whereas Pseudomonas spp. strains, although possessing a broader metabolic versatility, rapidly metabolize various phenolic compounds including vanillin. In order to develop a robust Pseudomonas strain that can produce vanillin in high yields and at high productivity, the vanillin dehydrogenase (vdh)-encoding gene of Pseudomonas fluorescens BF13 strain was inactivated via targeted mutagenesis. The results demonstrated that engineered derivatives of strain BF13 accumulate vanillin if inactivation of vdh is associated with concurrent expression of structural genes for feruloyl-CoA synthetase (fcs) and hydratase/aldolase (ech) from a low-copy plasmid. The conversion of ferulic acid to vanillin was enhanced by optimization of growth conditions, growth phase and parameters of the bioconversion process. The developed strain produced up to 8.41 mM vanillin, which is the highest final titer of vanillin produced by a Pseudomonas strain to date and opens new perspectives in the use of bacterial biocatalysts for biotechnological production of vanillin from agro-industrial wastes which contain ferulic acid.     

Vanillin catabolism in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

Genes encoding vanillin dehydrogenase (vdh) and vanillate O-demethylase (vanAB) were identified in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 using gene disruption and enzyme activities. During growth on vanillin or vanillate, vanA was highly upregulated while vdh was not. This study contributes to our understanding of lignin degradation by RHA1 and other actinomycetes.     

Investigation of the Amycolatopsis sp. Strain ATCC 39116 Vanillin Dehydrogenase and Its Impact on the Biotechnical Production of Vanillin

The actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. strain ATCC 39116 is capable of synthesizing large amounts of vanillin from ferulic acid, which is a natural cell wall component of higher plants. The desired intermediate vanillin is subject to undesired catabolism caused by the metabolic activity of a hitherto unknown vanillin dehydrogenase (VDH_{ATCC 39116}). In order to prevent the oxidation of vanillin to vanillic acid and thereby to obtain higher yields and concentrations of vanillin, the responsible vanillin dehydrogenase in Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 was investigated for the first time by using data from our genome sequence analysis and further bioinformatic approaches. The vdh gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the encoded vanillin dehydrogenase was characterized in detail. VDH_{ATCC 39116} was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity and exhibited NAD⁺-dependent activity toward vanillin, coniferylaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. The enzyme showed its highest level of activity toward vanillin at pH 8.0 and at a temperature of 44°C. In a next step, a precise vdh deletion mutant of Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 was generated. The mutant lost its ability to grow on vanillin and did not show vanillin dehydrogenase activity. A 2.3-times-higher vanillin concentration and a substantially reduced amount of vanillic acid occurred with the Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 Δvdh::Km^r mutant when ferulic acid was provided for biotransformation in a cultivation experiment on a 2-liter-bioreactor scale. Based on these results and taking further metabolic engineering into account, the Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 Δvdh::Km^r mutant represents an optimized and industrially applicable platform for the biotechnological production of natural vanillin.     

Transportation mechanism for vanillin uptake through fungal plasma membrane

Protoplasts of the basidiomycete, Fomitopsis palustris (formerly Tyromyces palustris), were utilized to study a function of the fungal plasma membrane. Fungal protoplasts exhibited metabolic activities as seen with intact mycelial cells. Furthermore, the uptake of certain compounds into the protoplast cells was quantitatively observed by using non-radioactive compounds. Vanillin was converted to vanillyl alcohol and vanillic acid as major products and to protocatechuic acid and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene as trace products by protoplasts prepared from F. palustris. Extracellular culture medium showed no activity responsible for the redox reactions of vanillin. Only vanillic acid was detected in the intracellular fraction of protoplasts. However, the addition of disulfiram, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, caused an intracellular accumulation of vanillin, strongly suggesting that vanillin is taken up by the cell, followed by oxidation to vanillic acid. The addition of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, which dissipates the pH gradient across the plasma membrane, inhibited the uptake of either vanillin or vanillic acid into the cell. Thus, the fungus seems to possess transporter devices for both vanillin and vanillic acid for their uptake. Since vanillyl alcohol was only observed extracellularly, the reduction of vanillin was thought to be catalyzed by a membrane system.     

Microbial transformation of ferulic acid to vanillic acid by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces sannanensis</Emphasis> MTCC 6637

Streptomyces sannanensis MTCC 6637 was examined for its potentiality to transform ferulic acid into its corresponding hydroxybenzoate-derivatives. Cultures of S. sannanensis when grown on minimal medium containing ferulic acid as sole carbon source, vanillic acid accumulation was observed in the medium as the major biotransformed product along with transient formation of vanillin. A maximum amount of 400 mg/l vanillic acid accumulation was observed, when cultures were grown on 5 mM ferulic acid at 28°C. This accumulation of vanillic acid was found to be stable in the culture media for a long period of time, thus facilitating its recovery. Purification of vanillic acid was achieved by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex™ LH-20 matrix. Catabolic route of ferulic acid biotransformation by S. sannanensis has also been demonstrated. The metabolic inhibitor experiment [by supplementation of 3,4 methylenedioxy-cinnamic acid (MDCA), a metabolic inhibitor of phenylpropanoid enzyme 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4-CL) along with ferulic acid] suggested that biotransformation of ferulic acid into vanillic acid mainly proceeds via CoA-dependent route. In vitro conversions of ferulic acid to vanillin, vanillic acid and vanillin to vanillic acid were also demonstrated with cell extract of S. sannanensis. Further degradation of vanillic acid to other intermediates such as, protocatechuic acid and guaiacol was not observed, which was also confirmed in vitro with cell extract.     

Antioxidant properties of ethyl vanillin in vitro and in vivo

We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin, a vanillin analog, as compared with the activities of vanillin and other vanillin analogs using multiple assay systems. Ethyl vanillin and vanillin exerted stronger antioxidant effects than did vanillyl alcohol or vanillic acid in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, although the antioxidant activities of vanillyl alcohol and vanillic acid were clearly superior to those of ethyl vanillin and vanillin in the three model radical assays. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin was much stronger than that of vanillin in the oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay, but was the same as that of vanillin in the ORAC assay. Oral administration of ethyl vanillin to mice increased the concentration of ethyl vanillic acid, and effectively raised antioxidant activity in the plasma as compared to the effect of vanillin. These data suggest that the antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought in daily health practice.     

Antioxidant Properties of Ethyl Vanillin in Vitro and in Vivo

We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin, a vanillin analog, as compared with the activities of vanillin and other vanillin analogs using multiple assay systems. Ethyl vanillin and vanillin exerted stronger antioxidant effects than did vanillyl alcohol or vanillic acid in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, although the antioxidant activities of vanillyl alcohol and vanillic acid were clearly superior to those of ethyl vanillin and vanillin in the three model radical assays. The antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin was much stronger than that of vanillin in the oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay, but was the same as that of vanillin in the ORAC assay. Oral administration of ethyl vanillin to mice increased the concentration of ethyl vanillic acid, and effectively raised antioxidant activity in the plasma as compared to the effect of vanillin. These data suggest that the antioxidant activity of ethyl vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought in daily health practice.     

Aldehyde oxidoreductase as a biocatalyst: Reductions of vanillic acid

Aldehyde oxidoreductase (carboxylic acid reductase) catalyzes the Mg(2+), ATP and NADPH dependent reduction of carboxylic acids to their corresponding aldehydes. The identification of the gene from Nocardia sp. NRRL 5646 and its expression in E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pHAT305 provided an avenue to develop a biocatalyst for reduction of carboxylic acids. In addition to aromatic acids, the recombinant carboxylic acid reductase also accepts several aliphatic mono, di and tri carboxylic acids as substrates. A recently identified Nocardia sp., phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene (npt) enhanced the activity of carboxylic acid reductase. Coexpression of car and npt in E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pPV2.83 resulted in a purified recombinant carboxylic acid reductase with improved specific activity of 2.2U/mg protein. The utility of the recombinant carboxylic acid reductase as a biocatalyst has been demonstrated using vanillic acid as substrate. E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pHAT305 expressing Car reduced 50% of vanillic acid to vanillin in 10h. E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pPV2.83 resting cells expressing Car and Npt reduced 90% of vanillic acid to vanillin in 6h. Enhanced, in vivo cofactor NADPH regeneration by glucose dehydrogenase (gdh) was accomplished using E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pPV2.85, that carried car, npt, and gdh. Resting cell reactions using E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(?)(DE3)-RP/pPV2.85 with in situ product removal by XAD-2 resin efficiently reduced 5g/L of vanillic and benzoic acids within 2h.