非水介质中辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）荧光活性测定法

建立了一种分析ＨＲＰ催化活力的新方法。该方法基于单体（底物）、聚合物（产物）的荧光发射光谱不重叠,使用荧光光谱仪,通过测量底物荧光淬灭来检测ＨＲＰ在非水介质中（二氧六环一水、乙醇－水、丙酮－水体系）催化酚类、芳香胺类物质聚合的活力。此方法迅速、简便,结果是定量并可重复的,并能定量地计算底物转化率。     

反相胶束体系对辣根过氧化物酶结构与功能的影响

在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（ＣＴＡＢ）／异辛烷－正戊醇反相胶束中,研究了含水量（Ｗ０）和表面活性剂对辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）和活力的影响机制。在测定不同含水量（Ｗ０）和ＣＴＡＢ不同浓度下的ＵＶ－Ｖｉｓ光谱（即Ｓｏｒｅｔ吸收光谱）及活力的变化的基础上,发现含水量不同时,反相胶束主要通过影响ＨＲＰ的活性中心而影响酶的活力,但ＣＴＡＢ对酶活性中心没有明显影响。此外通过反相胶束与水相中的ＨＲＰ与Ｈ２Ｏ２复合物     

用凝集素和非同位素标记底物测定核心α－1，6－岩藻糖转移酶及其应用

报道了一个不需同位素和ＨＰＬＣ的α－１,６－岩藻糖转移酶（α１,６ＦｕＴ,又称核心岩藻糖转移酶）的测定法,包括从正常人血浆提纯运铁蛋白,消化成带有天冬酰胺（Ａｓｎ）的二天线Ｎ－糖链,去除外端唾液酸和半乳糖后,用生物素酰胺乙酰基团标记其Ａｓｎ,并以此生物素衍生物标记的Ａｓｎ－七糖的Ｎ－糖链为受体底物,ＧＤＰ－Ｌ－岩藻糖为供体底物,用ＬＣＡ柱吸附法分离岩藻糖化后的产物,再用ＨＲｐ－Ａｖｉｄｉｎ交联物与柱上带有生物素的产物结合,此ＨＲＰ－Ａｖｉｄｉｎ－生物素。岩藻糖化产物从柱上洗脱后测定ＨＲＰ活力可代表α１,６ＦｕＴ活力。此法在较宽的范围内,产物量与酶量和反应时间成正比．人肝细胞癌、亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝癌后期或用佛波酯（ＰＭＡ）处理人肝癌细胞后,α１,６ＦｕＴ增高,而用视黄酸或ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ处理人肝癌细胞后,则该酶活力降低。     

非水介质中辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）催化酚类底物聚合反应速度的影响因素

利用荧光测活法研究了非水介质中不同的对位取代基团对酚类底物ＨＲＰ催化聚合的反应速度的影响,发现反应速度既同对位取代基团的空间位阻效应有关,又同反应中间态的自由基活性有关,两者共同影响反应速度。同时还考察了有机溶剂对反应速度的影响。     

辣根过氧化物酶在一种新型有机介质中的催化反应

选择合适的酶反应介质体系,是酶应用于有机合成的一个重要环节。利用适宜分子量的聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）可以将辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）分散在甲苯中,摸索了ＨＲＰ在聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）－甲苯互溶体系反应的适宜条件,即ＰＥＧ／甲苯的比例、含水量、ｐＨ值、底物浓度等对酶活性影响,结果发现ＰＥＧ含量越低,含水量越高,酶的活力越高;酶在此体系中的最适ｐＨ值为７．０,最适过氧化氢浓度为２０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,愈创木酚的浓度为０     

一种新的末端转移酶活力测定法——荧光底物掺入法

本文介绍了一种末端脱氧核苷酰转移酶(TdT)活力的荧光底物掺入测定法。本法基于合成一种荧光物质εdATP(1,N-ethenodeoxyadenosine triphosphate)以代替放射性标记底物,在含εdATP与oligo(dA)₂₅的反应体系中,使TdT催化εdATP加接至oligo(dA)₂₅的3′-OH末端可得聚合产物,经分离、酶解后,测定游离εdATP的荧光强度并根据εdATP的掺入量测定TdT活力。方法简便、灵敏,测定范围较宽、重现性好及无需放射性底物。适用于临床定量检测白血病患者白细胞中TdT酶活力及基因工程中TdT工具酶活力的测定。     

在大鼠发育过程中β1,4半乳糖基转移酶的组织分布及其变化的研究

用ＨＰＬＣ纯化了荧光标记的底物用β－１,４－半乳糖基转移酶的荧光标记底物的ＨＰＬＣ测定方法,测定了在发育过程中大鼠肝,肾,脑中的酶活性的变化,结果表明,（１）在正常成年大鼠中,各组织酶活性具有组织特异性,（２）不同的发育期,其酶活性不同,胎地最高,以后就渐渐下降,各组织酶活力变化幅度是不一致的,这些变化的生理意义有待于进一步研究。     

反相胶束体系中辣根过氧化物酶的活力和动力学性质

本文系统研究辣根过氧化物酶在ＣＴＡＢ／Ｈ２Ｏ／ＣＨＣ．３－ｉｓｏｏｃｔａｎｅ（１∶１,Ｖ／Ｖ）反相胶束体系中的催化行为。在一定条件下酶反符合Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ动力学。研究水含量、底物浓度、ＰＨ、温度、表面活性剂的浓度等对酶反应的影响,结果表明表面活性剂对酶表现非竞争性抑制作用,高浓度的过氧化氢抑制酶活,最适ＰＨ为７．０。在低水含量（Ｗ０＜５）的胶束体系中保温后,酶的活力发生不可逆的改     

大鼠杏仁基底外侧核腹侧部向杏仁中央核的纤维投射──HRP逆行示踪结合免疫组织化学法研究

本实验采用ＨＲＰ逆行示踪结合免疫组织化学方法,对大鼠杏仁底基底外侧核腹侧部向中央杏仁核的纤维投射特征及其化学特性进行了研究。一侧杏仁中央核（Ｃｅ）内注射ＨＲＰ后,于双侧杏仁基底外侧核腹侧部（ＢＬＶ）观察到大量ＨＲＰ标记神经元,以对侧为主;在杏仁基底外侧核前（ＢＬＡ）、后（ＢＬＰ）部及梨状皮质内侧部（ＰＣＭ）第Ⅱ、Ⅲ层仅观察到少量ＨＲＰ标记神经元。当注射范围局限于杏仁中央核内侧部（ＣｅＭ）,ＢＬＶ的标记神经元相对多．当注射范围局限于杏仁中央核外侧部（ＣｅＬ）,ＢＬＶ的标记神经元相对少。将有ＨＲＰ标记神经元的切片分别与生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）、脑啡呔（ＥＮＫ）、Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）抗血清按ＡＢＣ法完成免疫组织化学反应,结果在ＢＬＶ、ＰＣＭ第Ⅱ、Ⅲ层观察到ＨＲＰ－ＳＯＭ免疫阳性双标记神经元,但未发现ＨＲＰ－ＳＰ、ＨＲＰ－ＥＮＫ免疫阳性双标记神经元;在ＢＬＡ和ＢＬＰ未发现ＨＲＰ－ＳＯＭ、ＨＲＰ－ＥＮＫ、ＨＲＰ－ＳＰ免疫阳性双标记神经元。本文着重讨论了ＢＬＶ与内脏功能活动的关系,认为ＢＬＶ不同于ＢＬＡ与ＢＬＰ,它参与“内脏环路”。此外,还分析了ＰＣＭ投射到Ｃｅ的神经元的功能学意义。     

兼具SOD和GPX活力的双功能酶的制备及性质研究

用苯甲基磺酰氟（ＰＭＳＦ）和Ｈ_２Ｓｅ相继处理铜锌超氧化物岐化酶（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ－ＳＯＤ）,将酶分子中的丝氨酸（Ｓｅｒ）转化为硒代半胱氨酸（ＳｅＣｙｓ）,从而引入了谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰＸ）的催化基团,使其在ＳＯＤ酶活性大部分保留的情况下,具有ＧＰＸ活性,其ＧＰＸ活力是ＰＺ５１活力的３０倍。研究了双功能酶的最佳制备条件,包括ＰＭＳＦ的剂量、反应最适温度及Ｈ_２Ｓｅ处理时间等,并用电子能谱、ＤＴＮＢ等方法测定了双功能酶的硒含量;测定了双功能酶对不同底物的米氏常数及双功能酶的荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱及稳定性。     

A hydrophilic and hydrophobic organic solvent mixture enhances enzyme stability in organic media

Binary mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents were assessed for their ability to balance enzyme activity with the conservation of enzyme stability in organic media. Acetone, dioxane and dodecane were chosen as model organic solvents, and subtilisin Carlsberg and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were chosen as model enzymes. Residual enzyme activities were measured to monitor enzyme stability, and the fluorescence intensity of HRP was monitored to investigate structural changes due to the presence of an organic solvent. Enzyme stability increased with the increasing hydrophobicity of the solvent mixture used, and a solvent mixture with a high log P value (~ >4) was capable of conserving enzyme stability. Enzyme stability in organic media can be conserved therefore with a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents: this approach might be used as a general and practical strategy for optimizing enzyme activity and stability for industrial applications.     

A method of screening artificial substrates for proteolytic enzymes

A method of screening of proteolytic enzyme's substrates is proposed. An equimolar mixture of substrates consisting of peptide and easily detectable chromophore moieties (all chromophores in the mixture must be different) is subjected to enzymatic treatment. The cleaved chromophore groups, which are products of the substrate proteolysis, are quantitatively determined by chromatography. The Kcat/Km ratio is greater for substrates with higher initial rate accumulation of proteolysis products. The method is illustrated by screening of peptide derivatives of aminonaphtalene sulphonamides for trypsin assay. Proteolysis products are determined by HPLC with absorption detection or by TLC with fluorescence detection.     

Development of a near-infrared fluorescence ELISA method using tyramide signal amplification

In this study, we applied tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the detection enzyme. When used with a human epidermal growth factor ELISA kit, the TSA method led to a >100-fold increase in fluorescence signal intensity in comparison to an unamplified method. It also showed wider dynamic range and better sensitivity compared to a conventional method using tetramethylbenzidine as the HRP substrate.     

A new homogeneous enzyme immunoassay. Its application to measurement of alpha-fetoprotein

A rapid and sensitive homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (homogeneous EIA) was developed for determination of serum proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). There are two assay systems, one is a competitive system including horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled antigen, antibody and substrate, and the other is a non-competitive system including HRP-labeled antibody and substrate. When the aggregate was formed through the binding of HRP-labeled AFP and anti-AFP antibody or through the binding of HRP-labeled anti-AFP antibody and AFP, HRP of the aggregates, as compared with HRP of free conjugates, exhibited marked activity in the presence of 35 mM H2O2. The extent of stimulation of HRP activity depended on the amount of AFP. This new assay method is very simple and sensitive, and can be used for the determination of any kind of protein, hormone, or drug.     

Chemiluminescence assay of lipase activity using a synthetic substrate as proenhancer for luminol chemiluminescence reaction.

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) assay method for lipase (triacylglycerol lipase, E.C.3.1.1.3) activity was developed by using the lauric acid ester of 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole (HDI) as a substrate. The method is based on the enhanced CL reaction of luminol-hydrogen peroxide-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with HDI that is liberated from the substrate by enzymatic hydrolysis. To simplify the assay procedure, both the hydrolysis of the substrate and the enhanced CL reaction were performed in the same reaction mixture. Lipases from Candida cylindracea and porcine pancreas were successfully determined with the detection limits (blank signal + 3 SD) of 0.05 and 50.0 mU/tube, respectively. The method is simple and rapid, permitting the completion of single assay within 5 min. The reproducibilities obtained with replicate assays were relative standard deviations (RSDs) of <=> 4.7% for within-day and <=> 6.0% for between-day assays.     

Continuous assay of protein tyrosine phosphatases based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer

An assay method that continuously measures the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-catalyzed dephosphorylation reaction based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was developed as an improvement of our previously reported discontinuous version [M. Nishikata, K. Suzuki, Y. Yoshimura, Y. Deyama, A. Matsumoto, Biochem. J. 343 (1999) 385-391]. The assay uses oligopeptide substrates that contain (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl (Mca) group as a fluorescence donor and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) group as a fluorescence acceptor, in addition to a phosphotyrosine residue located between these two groups. In the assay, a PTP solution is added to a buffer solution containing a FRET substrate and chymotrypsin. The PTP-catalyzed dephosphorylation of the substrate and subsequent chymotryptic cleavage of the dephosphorylated substrate results in a disruption of FRET, thereby increasing Mca fluorescence. In this study, we used FRET substrates that are much more susceptible to chymotryptic cleavage after dephosphorylation than the substrate used in our discontinuous assay, thus enabling the continuous assay without significant PTP inactivation by chymotrypsin. The rate of fluorescence increase strictly reflected the rate of dephosphorylation at appropriate chymotrypsin concentrations. Since the continuous assay allows the measurement of initial rate of dephosphorylation reaction, kinetic parameters for the dephosphorylation reactions of FRET substrates by Yersinia, T-cell and LAR PTPs were determined. The continuous assay was compatible with the measurement of very low PTP activity in a crude enzyme preparation and was comparable in sensitivity to assays that use radiolabeled substrates.     

Introduction of a novel HRP substrate-Nanogold probe for signal amplification in immunocytochemistry.

Amplification of immunological signals with catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) allows improved detection of scarce tissue antigens in light and electron microscopy. The technique takes advantage of the oxidation ability of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, to yield the accumulation of one of its specific reporter-tagged substrates. This immunocytochemical approach continues to be improved by the introduction of new reporter molecules tagged to tyramine or to other HRP substrates. In this study we introduced a novel HRP substrate tagged to Nanogold particles. The amplification protocol is based on the application of a specific primary antibody, a biotinylated secondary antibody, streptavidin-HRP, and an HRP substrate coupled to Nanogold, followed by silver intensification. In addition to amplification of immunological signals of high resolution, direct accumulation of Nanogold particles at target sites by enzymatic activity of HRP improves the efficiency of the technique compared to other amplification protocols. Moreover, this approach combines the CARD amplification potentials with the ultrasmall gold probe and the silver intensification method. Immunolabeling obtained by light and electron microscopy, as well as immunodot assay using this new amplification strategy, appear to be highly sensitive, specific, and of enhanced intensity.     

Development of peptide substrates for trypsin based on monomer/excimer fluorescence of pyrene

An assay using fluorogenic peptides based on the monomer/excimer fluorescence features of pyrene was developed to measure the proteolytic activity of trypsin, a serine protease. Two pyrene moieties were incorporated into the respective N- and C-terminus of the peptides as (pyrene)-C-Xaa-C-(pyrene), where Xaa represents amino acid residues of 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-mer containing the cleavage site of trypsin. The proteolytic cleavage of the substrates led to an increase in monomer fluorescence and a decrease in excimer fluorescence of pyrene. Kinetic parameters (k(cat) and K(m)) for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrates were successfully determined. The parameters are dependent on the chain length of the substrate and optimal catalytic activity was obtained with substrates that consisted of 9 or 10 amino acid residues. The present assay system is sensitive and the preparation of the substrate is very simple. We suggest that this method may be suitable for high-throughput screening and also applicable to the characterization of other proteases.     

A model of peroxidase activity with inhibition by hydrogen peroxide

The rate of color formation in an activity assay consisting of phenol and hydrogen peroxide as substrates and 4-aminoantipyrine as chromogen is significantly influenced by hydrogen peroxide concentration due to its inhibitory effect on catalytic activity. A steady-state kinetic model describing the dependence of peroxidase activity on hydrogen peroxide concentration is presented. The model was tested for its application to soybean peroxidase (SBP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reactions based on experimental data which were measured using simple spectrophotometric techniques. The model successfully describes the dependence of enzyme activity for SBP and HRP over a wide range of hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Model parameters may be used to compare the rate of substrate utilization for different peroxidases as well as their susceptibility to compound III formation. The model indicates that SBP tends to form more compound III and is catalytically slower than HRP during the oxidation of phenol.     

Fluorometric assay for tissue transglutaminase-mediated transamidation activity

Herein, we report the development of a direct discontinuous fluorometric transamidation assay for determining tissue transglutaminase (TG2) activity. In the assay reaction, TG2 catalyzes the formation of a biotin-fluorophore conjugate, using a fluorescent, high affinity γ-glutamyl donor substrate and a biotinylated amine as a γ-glutamyl acceptor substrate. After the reaction, the conjugate is fixed on streptavidin-coated beads and excess substrate is washed away, allowing the transamidation activity to be quantified by fluorescence measurement. This method was used to detect the activity of as little as 0.6 mU of purified TG2, and can be used for detection of activity from crude cellular lysates. Furthermore, this assay can be used for screening potential inhibitors and synthetic substrates, the latter of which was demonstrated herein.