疲劳的现代研究

作为21世纪危害人类健康的重要因素,疲劳正逐渐引起人们的关注.通过对Pub Med数据库进行检索,共检索文献4652篇,系统地围绕疲劳的定义、中医药学对疲劳的认识、疲劳的临床诊疗、疲劳的生物学机制和动物模型的研制及疲劳研究的展望方面展开述评,以对几十年来疲劳的相关研究进行回顾和展望.目前,有关疲劳的机制研究更多的关注中枢神经系统和内分泌系统.近10年来,随着神经影像学技术的发展,依靠脑功能成像技术等新技术的临床研究数量增多.然而疲劳的发病机制不仅是中枢内分泌系统失调的单纯作用结果,其涉及神经-内分泌-免疫网络的功能协调,并且其形成是从初始感受器经过脊髓、中枢神经、特定功能脑区、呼吸以及循环系统,最终到达终端线粒体的一个周而复始的循环链式反应,每一个环节都可以影响到疲劳的发生和严重程度,临床也可针对不同的反应位点和机制开展干预研究.总而言之,疲劳的研究已经从整体、笼统、单纯的躯体功能等方面,发展到了局部、具体、涉及中枢-神经-内分泌系统以及免疫系统等多方面的实验和临床探索,基因学和细胞器是今后研究的热点和方向.     

应用基因芯片技术对疲劳性运动小鼠脑组织脂肪酸代谢相关基因表达的初步研究

目的:采用基因芯片技术分析硬脂酰基-辅酶A去饱和酶2(Scd-2)基因和脑型脂肪酸结合蛋白(B-FABP)基因在疲劳小鼠脑组织中的表达,从基因水平探讨脂类代谢对运动性中枢疲劳产生影响的分子生物学机制.方法:建立疲劳性运动动物模型,应用基因芯片技术对运动性疲劳小鼠脑组织中基因的表达进行分析.结果:疲劳性运动小鼠脑组织中与脂肪酸代谢相关的基因Scd-2和B-FABP显著差异表达.结论:产生运动性中枢疲劳与脂肪代谢相关的蛋白分子基因表达有关联,具有高通量、并行性、快速、准确等优点的基因芯片技术在运动性疲劳机制研究中有广阔的应用前景.     

肠道病毒71型致神经元病变的机制研究进展

中枢神经系统感染是由病原体侵犯中枢神经系统引起的一类具有较高的发病率和死亡率的疾病。病毒是引起中枢神经系统感染的重要病原体之一,其中肠道病毒71型在继发神经系统症状的重症手足口病患儿中较为常见。EV71致神经元病变是其感染中枢神经系统的基础,阐明肠道病毒71型致神经元病变的机制,不仅可以促进基础病毒学研究,也能为抗病毒药物的开发提供思路,对临床肠道病毒71型致中枢神经系统感染的治疗提供支持。本文主要从肠道病毒71型侵入神经元的受体途径、损伤神经元的线粒体途径、诱导凋亡与自噬、感染胶质细胞后对神经元的旁观者效应、免疫病理机制以及病毒自身因素等多个方面,对肠道病毒71型致神经元病变机制展开综述。     

长航人员心理疲劳与GABA机制相关性探讨

心理疲劳指由于长期从事某项工作而出现的心理耗竭感,以及对任务的不能胜任感,并伴有情绪,认知,学习记忆力等方面的功能减退。长航人员作为一种特殊群体,其面对和承担的问题和压力都更加严峻,其心理疲劳的发病更具针对性,严重影响了我国海军整体实力。本文对长航人员心理疲劳从概念,表现等方面深入讨论,并进一步分析心理疲劳发病机制与GABA的相关性。心理疲劳的发生可能和中枢神经系统内抑制作用密切相关,而GABA作为脑内的经典抑制性神经递质在整个反应过程中起到关键和标志性作用。然而该结论还有待进一步分子生物学实验研究的证明。     

糖尿病肾病动物模型的研究进展

糖尿病肾病是终末期肾衰的主要原因,也是糖尿病致命的重要原因。但是糖尿病肾病的致病机制迄今尚不完全明了,理想的动物模型无疑可对糖尿病肾病的研究提供重要线索。糖尿病肾病动物模型包括诱发性、自发性和转基因等多种类型的动物模型,各种类型的动物模型在疾病的发生发展、病理生理变化等多个方面与人类糖尿病肾病具有相似的特征。应用这些模型有助于开展对糖尿病肾病的防治、发病机理、相关药物的开发等多方面的研究。     

中枢神经系统去甲肾上腺素分泌的实时检测

为了探讨与中枢神经系统单胺类递质分泌失调有关疾病的中枢机制,人们对单胺类递质分泌动力学的研究越来越有兴趣。去甲肾上腺素是中枢神经系统重要的递质和调质,本文介绍了我们实验室最近发展的实时检测中枢神经系统去甲肾上腺素分泌的一些技术方法,并比较了电化学微碳纤电极（carbon fiber electrode,CFE）测量与电生理、荧光显微测量技术优缺点,阐述了CFE技术在神经科学研究中的一个基本应用。     

多发性硬化实验动物模型的研究与应用进展

多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一种中枢神经系统慢性炎症性脱髓鞘疾病,为临床神经系统的疑难重病,基本病理特征包括炎症浸润,原发性脱髓鞘和胶质细胞活化等。其病理过程、发病机制的研究以及治疗药物的筛选和评价都需要合适的动物模型。本文从其发病机制、致病特点与适应范围等方面对MS模型研究进展进行介绍。     

SARS病毒感染动物模型

SARS-CoV感染动物模型的建立可加深对SARS病原学的了解和发病机制的研究,加速实验室诊断技术的建立、抗病毒药物的筛选和疫苗的开发,同时也有助于给该病一个更精确的定义。可以说SARS动物模型的建立,不但是SARS研究的瓶颈问题,其应用更是贯穿SARS研究的整个过程。到目前为止,已经报道有4种非人灵长类动物(恒河猴、食蟹猴、绒猴、非洲绿猴)和6种啮齿类动物(大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠、田鼠、仓鼠、转基因鼠),以及雪貂、家猫等可以作为SARS动物模型用于实验研究,并已经开始利用动物模型进行疫苗和药物的安全性和有效性评价。本文就已报道的各类SARS动物模型进行综述,并根据动物模型和SARS患者的比对,提出动物模型建立的技术要点。     

常染色体隐性遗传小头畸形相关蛋白研究进展

脑发育相关疾病是一类影响大脑或中枢神经系统生长和发育的疾病。常染色体隐性遗传小头畸形(autosomal recessive primary microcephaly, MCPH)是一种神经系统发育障碍疾病,病人主要表现为头围减小,并伴随一定程度的智力衰退。迄今为止已发现至少有25个基因突变都会导致MCPH,根据它们发现的顺序分别命名为MCPH1～25。MCPH蛋白作为重要的成份参与调控大脑发育相关信号通路。本文对目前发现的25个MCPH相关蛋白的表达模式、细胞定位、分子生物学功能、表型及动物模型进行了综述,旨在提升人们对脑发育相关疾病的致病机制的认知,促进对神经元生成、脑尺寸大小及脑功能调控等分子机制的研究。     

模式动物斑马鱼在中枢神经系统疾病研究中的应用

斑马鱼作为一种新兴的模式动物,被广泛应用于神经、心血管、消化、造血等各生理系统的发育及相关疾病的研究。中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)疾病是困扰人类健康的重大疾病之一。神经损伤后不易再生和修复等特点,导致了临床上诸多CNS疾病迄今仍无有效疗法。斑马鱼作为脊椎动物,因其与哺乳动物在遗传及生理上有很高的同源性和功能保守性,近年来成为研究CNS疾病的理想动物模型。基于斑马鱼构建的许多疾病研究模型对深入揭示CNS疾病的治病分子机制及对应疾病的靶向治疗等具有重要的启示作用。本文将综述近年来斑马鱼作为模式动物在CNS疾病研究中的应用进展。     

A look inside the diabetic brain: Contributors to diabetes-induced brain aging

Central nervous system (CNS) complications resulting from diabetes is a problem that is gaining more acceptance and attention. Recent evidence suggests morphological, electrophysiological and cognitive changes, often observed in the hippocampus, in diabetic individuals. Many of the CNS changes observed in diabetic patients and animal models of diabetes are reminiscent of the changes seen in normal aging. The central commonalities between diabetes-induced and age-related CNS changes have led to the theory of advanced brain aging in diabetic patients. This review summarizes the findings of the literature as they relate to the relationship between diabetes and dementia and discusses some of the potential contributors to diabetes-induced CNS impairments.     

Hyperthermia and fatigue.

The present review addresses mechanisms of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue during short intense activities and prolonged exercise in the heat. Inferior performance during physical activities with intensities that elicit maximal oxygen uptake is to a large extent related to perturbation of the cardiovascular function, which eventually reduces arterial oxygen delivery to the exercising muscles. Accordingly, aerobic energy turnover is impaired and anaerobic metabolism provokes peripheral fatigue. In contrast, metabolic disturbances of muscle homeostasis are less important during prolonged exercise in the heat, because increased oxygen extraction compensates for the reduction in systemic blood flow. The decrease in endurance seems to involve changes in the function of the central nervous system (CNS) that lead to fatigue. The CNS fatigue appears to be influenced by neurotransmitter activity of the dopaminergic system, but may primarily relate to inhibitory signals from the hypothalamus arising secondary to an increase in brain temperature. Fatigue is an integrated phenomenon, and psychological factors, including the anticipation of fatigue, should not be neglected and the interaction between central and peripheral physiological factors also needs to be considered.     

Diet, central nervous system, and aging.

A variety of morphological, structural, and chemical changes have been described in the central nervous systems of aging humans and animals. Brain size and volume decline during senescence, and the brain atrophy is accompanied by changes in the number, size, and ultrastructural characteristics of nerve and glial cells. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the ability of central nervous system cells to communicate with one another via the release of neurotransmitter compounds might be impaired in the elderly. Nutritional factors may play important roles in the aging process of the central nervous system by influencing brain neurotransmission, or by accelerating or retarding geriatric changes in central nervous system structure.     

Central nervous system regulation of mammalian hibernation: implications for metabolic suppression and ischemia tolerance

Torpor during hibernation defines the nadir of mammalian metabolism where whole animal rates of metabolism are decreased to as low as 2% of basal metabolic rate. This capacity to decrease profoundly the metabolic demand of organs and tissues has the potential to translate into novel therapies for the treatment of ischemia associated with stroke, cardiac arrest or trauma where delivery of oxygen and nutrients fails to meet demand. If metabolic demand could be arrested in a regulated way, cell and tissue injury could be attenuated. Metabolic suppression achieved during hibernation is regulated, in part, by the central nervous system through indirect and possibly direct means. In this study, we review recent evidence for mechanisms of central nervous system control of torpor in hibernating rodents including evidence of a permissive, hibernation protein complex, a role for A1 adenosine receptors, mu opiate receptors, glutamate and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Central sites for regulation of torpor include the hippocampus, hypothalamus and nuclei of the autonomic nervous system. In addition, we discuss evidence that hibernation phenotypes can be translated to non-hibernating species by H(2)S and 3-iodothyronamine with the caveat that the hypothermia, bradycardia, and metabolic suppression induced by these compounds may or may not be identical to mechanisms employed in true hibernation.     

Effect of central thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pancreatic blood flow in rats

Central neuropeptides play a role in physiological regulation through the autonomic nervous system. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a neuropeptide distributed throughout the central nervous system and acts as a neurotransmitter to regulate gastric and hepatic functions through vagal-cholinergic pathways. In this study, the central effect of TRH on pancreatic blood flow was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Pancreatic blood flow was determined by laser Doppler flowmetery. After measurement of basal blood flow, a stable TRH analog, RX 77368 (1-50 ng) or saline was injected intracisternally. Pancreatic blood flow was observed for 120 min thereafter. In some experiments, pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate (0.15 mg/kg, i.p.), NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (10 mg/kg, i.v.), or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA;180 mg/kg, i.p.), or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was performed. Intracisternal injection of TRH analog dose-dependently increased pancreatic blood flow with a peak response occurring 30 min after injection. The stimulatory effect of TRH analog on pancreatic blood flow was blocked by vagotomy, atropine, and NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester, but not by 6-hydroxydopamine. Intravenous administration of the TRH analog did not influence pancreatic blood flow in the same animal model. These results indicate that TRH acts in the central nervous system to stimulate pancreatic blood flow through vagal-cholinergic and nitric oxide-dependent pathways.     

促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素及去甲肾上腺素对高原鼠兔体液免疫的抑制作用

采用第三脑室注入CRF 及N E 的方法观察对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae) 体液免疫的影响。结果表明: 第三脑室注入CRF 1 Lg 可抑制抗体生成, 比对照下降29.2%(P<0.01) , 而在第三脑室注入CRF 受体阻断剂α-helical CRF2 (9-41) 50 Lg 后再注入CRF 1 Lg 则可取消CRF 对抗体生成的抑制作用; 第三脑室注入5 nM NE, 与对照相比, 抗体水平下降38.85%(P < 0.01) , 而使用62OHDA 损毁脑内交感神经系统则使抗体水平升高24.31% (P <0.01)。这些结果表明, 高原鼠兔中枢CRF 升高对体液免疫有抑制作用, 中枢交感神经系统对体液免疫也具有紧张性抑制作用。     

中枢神经系统中的胃泌素释放肽：在厌恶性情绪记忆中的作用及机制研究

胃泌素释放肽(gastrin-releasing peptide,GRP)是蛙皮素(bombesin,BB/BN)在哺乳动物中的同系物,在中枢神经系统中广泛分布,是一种重要的脑内神经调质,参与动物的多种生理功能和本能行为,在大脑的高级功能方面也发挥一定的作用.在神经系统中,随着GRP水平的改变,动物的记忆特别是与恐惧、焦虑相关记忆的形成、巩固和消退以及突触可塑性均发生不同程度的变化.GRP及其受体还被认为与神经系统性疾病有关,是潜在的神经系统性疾病的治疗靶点,但其相关的机制尚未明确.很多研究者基于不同实验方法提出了相关假设.本文从传统药理学、遗传学和电生理学方面对GRP系统在厌恶性情绪驱动的记忆、突触可塑性变化以及在中枢神经系统中的作用机制进行综述,希望为进一步明确GRP系统在中枢神经系统中的作用研究提供新的思路.     

甘氨酸神经递质研究进展

甘氨酸是化学结构最简单的氨基酸,但具有复杂的功能。甘氨酸在中枢神经系统中是介导快速抑制性神经传递的一种重要的神经递质,在控制神经元兴奋性方面发挥重要作用。就其神经递质功能对甘氨酸的生物合成、释放与调控以及作用模式等方面的近年研究进展做一综述,对甘氨酸神经递质的全面认识将有益于炎性痛、痉挛状态以及癫痫等中枢神经系统疾病的诊断、预防及治疗。