杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N、P的影响

盆栽条件下研究了施用杀线剂(克线磷,67mg·kg^-1干土)和干热(105℃,2h)两种杀线措施对小麦生长和N、P养分吸收的影响。杀线剂对土壤中线虫的平均杀灭率约为80%, 干热处理的杀灭率为100%. 在杀线剂处理中,苗期至抽穗期小麦生物量、拔节期至成熟期植株含N量、全生育期植株吸N量以及抽穗和成熟期吸P量均显着低于对照。土壤干热处理后抽穗和成熟期小麦的生物量、含N量及N、P吸收量也比对照显着降低。两种杀线处理植株地上部生物量和N、P吸收量与相应处理全株变化趋势基本一致。但杀灭线虫对植株含P量影响较小。分析杀线虫后小麦生长和养分吸收受抑主要与土壤有机氮的矿化作用减弱、微生物活动产生的植物生长促进物质降低有关     

棉花根系分泌物对土壤速效养分和酶活性及微生物数量的影响

采用水培法收集棉花根系分泌物,在耕作1年的土壤中添加棉花根系分泌物,培养10 d后测定土壤中速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量.结果显示,(1)棉花根系分泌物能极显著提高土壤中速效K和速效P含量4.31%～15.03%和5.99%～24.31%(P<0.01);高浓度分泌物处理下速效N含量比对照显著提高11.39%(P<0.05),其它处理影响不显著;各浓度分泌物对土壤有机质含量均无显著影响.(2)各浓度棉花根系分泌物均使土壤中转化酶活性显著提高,且随分泌物浓度的增加而显著增强;低浓度分泌物能显著提高土壤中磷酸酶的活性,所有浓度处理对土壤脲酶活性均无显著影响.(3)中、高浓度的棉花根系分泌物能显著增加土壤中细菌的数量,低浓度的分泌物能显著增加土壤中真菌的数量,而不同浓度处理的土壤中放线菌的数量均无显著的变化.研究表明,棉花根系分泌物可通过促进土壤细菌及土壤真菌的繁殖来增强土壤转化酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤速效P、速效K及速效N含量,从而对棉花根际微环境产生深刻影响.     

氮磷添加与不同栽植密度交互对樟树幼苗土壤化学性质的短期影响

研究氮磷添加对不同密度樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗土壤化学性质的影响,以期为全球化背景下樟树人工林生态系统的土壤养分管理提供依据。以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥模拟大气氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)模拟磷添加。氮磷处理设置CK、施N、施P和施N+P 4个水平,其中N、P和N+P施肥量分别为40 g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NH_4Cl)、20 g m-2a-1(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)和40g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NH_4Cl)+20 g m~(-2)a~(-1)(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)。种植密度设置4个水平:10、20、40和80株/m~2,试验时间为2017年6月至9月。研究结果表明,在各密度幼苗土壤中,N和N+P处理引起pH值的显著下降,N、P和N+P处理的土壤有机质和碱解N含量的变化规律不明显,P处理的幼苗土壤全P含量上升,P和N+P处理的土壤有效P含量增加,N+P处理的土壤全K含量以及N、P和N+P处理的土壤速效K含量均下降。在10、20和40株/m~2幼苗的土壤中,P处理的土壤全N含量高于N和N+P处理的,而80株/m~2幼苗的土壤全N含量低于其他密度幼苗。随着种植密度的增加,各施肥处理的土壤pH、全P、有效P、全K和速效K含量均呈现上升趋势,而施N和施P处理的土壤有机质呈现下降趋势,各施肥处理的土壤碱解N含量变化规律不明显。施肥和密度处理对樟树幼苗土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量有显著的交互作用。     

秸秆不同还田方式对棕壤N_2O排放和土壤理化性质的影响

通过田间试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究秸秆炭化还田和直接还田对棕壤旱田氧化亚氮(N2O)排放和相关土壤理化性质的影响。试验设单施化肥(对照CK)、化肥+玉米秸秆直接还田(CS)、化肥+玉米秸秆炭化还田(BC)3个处理,各处理均施用等量化肥。结果表明:(1)各处理土壤N2O排放量差异显著,表现为CKCSBC,BC和CS处理分别比CK降低38.9%和24.0%;(2)BC处理N2O排放强度显著降低,分别比CS和CK处理降低35.0%和39.2%,而CS与CK处理N2O排放强度差异不显著;(3)CS和BC处理均可显著降低土壤容重和氨氧化潜势,增加土壤p H、速效钾和有机碳含量;(4)相关分析结果表明,N2O排放量与土壤温度、土壤容重和氨氧化潜势均呈显著正相关,与土壤p H、硝态氮含量和土壤有机碳含量呈负相关。     

氮磷添加及林分密度对大叶相思林土壤化学性质的影响

大气氮(N)沉降随着人类的活动而日趋严重, 加上中国热带亚热带红壤普遍缺磷(P), 许多森林生态系统由于广泛使用磷肥而产生P富集, 直接影响了森林土壤化学特性。林分密度改变林地的光照、温度、湿度和凋落物持水量, 从而影响土壤特性。为了解外源性N和P添加与林分密度对大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林地土壤化学性质的影响, 为大叶相思人工林的种植密度和土壤养分管理提供科学依据, 该研究于2013到2015年, 以4种不同密度(1 667、2 500、4 444和10 000 trees·hm ^-2)的10年生大叶相思人工林为研究对象, 分别进行添加N、P和N+P处理, 在试验结束时采集0-10 cm土壤, 对其pH、有机质含量、N含量、P含量和钾(K)含量进行了测定分析。结果表明: 施N和N+P均显著降低了土壤的pH和速效K含量, 显著提高了林地土壤的碱解N含量。施N还显著提高了林分土壤的全N含量, 施P显著提高了土壤pH, 降低了林分土壤的全N含量。施P和N+P显著提高了土壤有机质、全P和有效P含量。随着林分密度的增加, 各处理的土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P和速效K含量显著提高。N、P添加处理和密度处理对大叶相思林的土壤pH、有机质和N、P、K含量有显著的交互作用。总体来看, N添加、P添加、林分密度及其交互作用对大叶相思的土壤化学性质有显著影响。     

模拟N沉降下三种林分土壤营养动态分析

通过模拟N沉降实验,设置对照(CK,0 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));低氮(LN,5 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));中氮(MN,10 g N m~(-2)a~(-1));高氮(HN,15 g N m~(-2)a~(-1))4种N处理,以NH_4NO_3为外源N来研究福建省三明格氏栲自然保护区内板栗人工林、观光木人工林及米槠天然林0—10 cm土层养分变化动态。结果表明:N沉降会使板栗人工林土壤显著酸化,P含量降低,在一些时间段内,中高水平的N沉降会显著降低有机C、全N和速效N含量,中或低水平N沉降会显著降低土壤全P和速效P含量,而从第6个月起只有LN处理会显著降低土壤K含量。N沉降总体上会不同程度地提高观光木人工林土壤p H值、有机C、全N和速效N含量,有时影响会达显著或极显著水平;比较而言,LN和HN处理更会造成土壤全P的富集,而MN处理对速效P的影响更显著;LN和HN处理也会显著增加K含量,且以LN处理的效果更稳定。总体上N沉降量越大米槠天然林土壤酸化越显著;N沉降会使其有机C和速效P量显著波动;实验期间,HN处理会显著降低土壤全N和速效N量,而LN与MN处理则会使速效N和K含量增加;在4种处理下全P含量会呈相同趋势波动,差异不显著。     

模拟氮沉降对典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳和养分的影响

为探讨氮沉降对典型阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林的影响,从2008年6月~2010年8月进行了人工模拟氮沉降实验,实验分为对照、低N、中N、高N4个处理,每个处理3个重复。所施氮肥为CO(NH2)2,以溶液的形式喷施,4个处理浓度分别为0、30、60、120 kg·hm-2·a-1。在氮沉降进行1年后,采集各处理0~20、20~40和40~60 cm的土壤样品,测定其土壤有机C、全N、碱解N和速效P、速效K。结果表明:相同处理下,有机C和全N含量随土层的加深均逐渐减少。总体上低、中N处理显著增加了土壤有机C、碱解N和速效K含量,中、高N处理显著降低了土壤速效P含量(P0.05),而对全N含量影响不显著(P0.05)。土壤有机C与土壤全N、碱解N、速效P、速效K之间存在极显著正相关关系(P0.001)。有机C和土壤养分对氮沉降的响应说明氮沉降在短期内可能影响阔叶红松林土壤碳库积累和土壤肥力水平。     

不同水分条件对池杉幼苗实生土壤营养元素含量的影响

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤淹水变化特征设置了常规生长水分条件(CK组)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1组)、土壤水饱和(T2组)以及水淹(T3组)4个不同处理组,研究池杉幼苗实生土壤营养元素含量变化机制.研究结果表明,不同水分处理对池杉幼苗土壤营养元素含量影响程度有所差异.在整个试验期间,T3组土壤有机质含量平均值极显著地分别高于CK、T1、T2组9.2%、5.6%和6.4%,而T1、T2以及CK组土壤有机质含量平均值之间却无显著差异.T2、T3组土壤在整个试验期间的pH值分别显著高出CK组3.0%-10.8%与4.1%-7.5%,而T2、T3组土壤pH平均值相互之间并无显著差异.T3组土壤全N含量整体平均值极显著高于CK、T1、T2组8.9%、5.8%和9.0%;而T1、T2、CK组土壤全N含量平均值相互之间则无显著差异存在.各处理组土壤全P含量平均值之间、全K含量平均值之间均无显著差异存在.T3组水解N含量分别显著高于CK、T1、T2组13.5%、7.1%和6.7%;然而,T1、T2组的水解N含量平均值相互之间却并无显著差异性,但二者均显著高于CK组平均值.土壤速效P含量整体平均值T2与T3组均分别显著低于T1与CK组;与此不同的是,土壤速效K含量平均值T1与T2组均分别显著高于T3与CK组.相关性分析发现,土壤有机质含量与全N、全P以及水解N成极显著正相关,而与速效P含量成极显著负相关.本试验中,池杉幼苗实生土壤在不同水分条件下的营养元素含量变化规律,显示出将池杉选择为三峡库区消落带防护林体系建设的造林树种是可行的.     

土壤氮磷化学计量特征对小麦光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

选取‘镇麦168’为实验对象,采用盆栽实验,设置16个不同土壤氮磷梯度,测定不同土壤氮磷化学计量比处理下小麦叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的响应特征,以揭示不同土壤氮磷化学计量关系对小麦叶片光合特性影响的生理生态机制。结果表明:(1)不同生育期内小麦叶片叶绿素含量均随土壤速效N或速效P含量的增加而增加。(2)随着土壤化学计量比N∶P下降,小麦叶片净光合速率(Pn)在土壤中低氮水平(≤258.4mg·kg~(-1))下持续增加,在高氮水平(308.4mg·kg~(-1))下则呈现先增后降的趋势。(3)在土壤速效N相同水平处理下,土壤化学计量比N∶P的降低显著提高了小麦叶片叶绿素荧光参数最小荧光(F0,7.27%~20.00%)、最大荧光(Fm,5.28%~16.15%)、光化学猝灭系数(qP,6.64%~20.92%)及实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ,6.95%~18.82%),显著降低了非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ,7.42%~25.63%,P0.05)。研究认为,在中、高氮磷养分水平下,土壤化学计量比N∶P为2.88时,‘镇麦168’叶片净光合速率和实际光化学效率均达到最高水平,表现出较强的光能利用能力。     

沙漠绿洲过渡带柽柳灌丛沙堆-丘间地系统土壤养分空间异质性

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒沙漠绿洲过渡带为研究区,选取植被盖度依次为30%、15%—20%、10%和5%的4个典型样地,对各样地的柽柳灌丛沙堆-丘间地系统典型部位0—10 cm和10—20 cm土壤进行系统采样,分析土壤枯落物、有机质、全效N、P、K和速效N、P、K含量,从风沙地貌的角度研究过渡带沙漠化进程中土壤养分分布特征。结果表明:(1)随着植被总盖度的降低,灌丛沙堆表层0—10 cm土壤的枯落物、有机质、全N、全K、速效K含量呈降低趋势,平均降幅为69.3%、37.0%、35.3%、8.3%和24.5%。全P含量没有明显的变化,速效N和速效P含量呈先减小后增大的趋势;(2)从灌丛下→沙堆边缘→丘间地→风影区,土壤枯落物、有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P、速效K含量表现出先减小后增大的趋势,最大值位于灌丛下部位,最小值位于丘间地,但在植被盖度5%的样地,沙堆-丘间地系统各部位之间养分含量无显著性差异;(3)与0—10 cm土层相比,10—20 cm土层的枯落物、有机质、全N、全P和速效P含量显著降低,平均降幅为40.0%、27.0%、25.0%、4.5%和2.0%,全K、速效N和速效K含量明显增加,平均增幅为4.8%、103.3%和12.1%。随着植被盖度的降低,10—20 cm土层的养分含量具有与0—10 cm土层相对一致的变化趋势;(4)灌丛的生物反馈作用使得灌丛下部位具有明显的养分富集效应,但随着植被总盖度的降低和风沙活动不断加剧,非生物因素逐渐占据主导,灌丛的养分富集效应趋于减弱和消失。     

生物炭对不同土壤化学性质、小麦和糜子产量的影响

以小麦和糜子为供试作物,利用室外盆栽试验,研究了不同添加量生物炭与矿质肥配施对两种不同土壤化学性质及小麦和糜子产量的影响。生物炭当季用量设5个水平：B0 (0 t/hm2)、B5 (5 t/hm2)、B10 (10 t/hm2)、B15 (15 t/hm2)和B20 (20 t/hm2),氮磷钾肥均作基肥施用。结果表明：1.与对照相比,施用生物炭可以显著增加新积土糜子季土壤pH值,其他处理随生物炭用量的增加虽有增加趋势但差异不显著;显著增加新积土土壤阳离子交换量,增幅为1.5 %—58.2 %;显著增加两种土壤有机碳含量,增幅为31.1 %—272.2 %;2.两种土壤的矿质态氮含量、新积土土壤有效磷和速效钾含量随生物炭用量的增加而显著提高,氮磷钾增幅分别为6.0 %—112.8 %、3.8 %—38.5 %和6.1 %—47.2 %;3.生物炭可显著提高塿土上作物氮吸收量,而作物磷、钾吸收量虽有增加,但差异不显著。生物炭对小麦和糜子的增产效应尚不稳定,在试验最高用量时甚至产生轻微抑制作用。总之,施用生物炭在一定程度上可以改善土壤化学性质,提高土壤有效养分含量,但生物炭对土壤和作物的影响与土壤、作物类型及土壤肥力密切相关。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of cotton and wheat under changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations

The influence of increasing atmospheric CO₂ on shoot growth, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and carbohydrate composition was investigated in cotton and wheat. Shoot dry weight of both species was generally higher at elevated CO₂, especially at high rates of available soil N and P. Critical leaf N concentration was reduced but critical P concentration was increased in both species at high CO₂.     

O3浓度升高对小麦根际土壤酶活性和有机酸含量的影响

近地层臭氧(O₃)浓度升高作为全球气候变化的重要因素之一,对土壤生态环境和农作物生长发育造成了很大影响.本研究采用开顶式气室(OTCs)法,探究臭氧浓度升高对小麦不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期和成熟期)根际土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶和转化酶)和有机酸含量(草酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸)的影响规律,并结合根际土壤理化性质、植株根系生长状况等分析其产生影响的原因.结果表明: O₃浓度升高不同程度地提高了小麦成熟期土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶和转化酶活性,其中过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性提高达显著水平;在抽穗期,脱氢酶和转化酶活性因臭氧浓度升高而显著提高,增幅最高可达76.7%.在成熟期,O₃浓度升高显著提高了根际土壤中柠檬酸和苹果酸含量;显著降低了根际土壤pH、电导率、总碳和总氮含量,增加了土壤氧化还原电位(Eh);显著降低了小麦根系生物量、总根长和根总表面积,而增加了根平均直径.     

Growth and development of maxipak wheat as affected by soil salinity and moisture levels

The effect of soil salinity and soil moisture on the growth and yield of maxipak wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a lath-house experiment in whih, chloride-sulphate salt mixtures were used to artificially salinize a sandy loam soil from Al-Jadyriah Baghdad. Five soil salinity levels of ECe's equal to 1.7 (Control) 4.2, 5.8, 8.1, 9.4 and 11.0dSm^–1 were prepared and used at 3 levels of available soil moisture depletion, namely, 25, 50, and 75% as determined by weight. Both growth (vegetative) and yield components were studied throughout the growing season.Results showed that increasing the soil salinity from 1.7 to 11.0 dSm^–1, and decreasing the available soil water from 75 to 25% resulted in independent and significant decreases in Mazipak wheat growth and yield components at different stages of plant development. Root growth showed more sensitivity to both available soil water and soil salinity level than other components. It has been concluded that at soil salinity levels of more than 8.0 dSm^–1, available soil water became a limiting factor on wheat growth and the maintenance of 75% of available soil water during the growth period is recommended to obtain satisfactory grain yield.     

Responses of Wheat Yield,Macro- and Micro-Nutrients,and Heavy Metals in Soil and Wheat following the Application of Manure Compost on the North China Plain

The recycling of livestock manure in cropping systems is considered to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there have been no systematic long-term studies of the effects of manure application on soil and crop macro- and micro-nutrients, heavy metals, and crop yields in China, despite their great importance for sustainable crop production and food safety. Thus, we conducted field experiments in a typical cereal crop production area of the North China Plain to investigate the effects of compost manure application rates on wheat yield, as well as on the macro-/micro-nutrients and heavy metals contents of soil and wheat. We found that compost application increased the soil total N and the available K, Fe, Zn, and Mn concentrations, whereas the available P in soil was not affected, and the available Cu decreased. In general, compost application had no significant effects on the grain yield, biomass, and harvest index of winter wheat. However, during 2012 and 2013, the N concentration decreased by 9% and 18% in straw, and by 16% and 12% in grain, respectively. With compost application, the straw P concentration only increased in 2012 but the grain P generally increased, while the straw K concentration tended to decrease and the grain K concentration increased in 2013. Compost application generally increased the Fe and Zn concentrations in straw and grain, whereas the Cu and Mn concentrations decreased significantly compared with the control. The heavy metal concentrations increased at some compost application rates, but they were still within the safe range. The balances of the macro-and micro-nutrients indicated that the removal of nutrients by wheat was compensated for by the addition of compost, whereas the level of N decreased without the application of compost. The daily intake levels of micronutrients via the consumption of wheat grain were still lower than the recommended levels when sheep manure compost was applied, except for that of Mn.     

CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

依托FACE技术平台,采用稳定13C同位素技术,通过将小麦(C3作物)种植于长期单作玉米(C4作物)的土壤上,研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对土壤排放CO2的δ13C值及根际呼吸的影响.结果表明:种植小麦后土壤排放CO2的δ13C值随作物生长逐渐降低,CO2浓度升高200 μmol·mol-1显著降低了孕穗、抽穗期(施氮量为250 kg·hm-2,HN)与拔节、孕穗期(施氮量为150 kg·hm-2,LN)土壤排放CO2的δ13C值,显著提高了孕穗、抽穗期的根际呼吸比例.拔节至成熟期,根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在高CO2浓度下为24％～48％ (HN)和21％ ～48％ (LN),在正常CO2浓度下为20％ ～36％ (HN)和19％～32％(LN).不同CO2浓度下土壤排放CO2的δ13C值和根际呼吸对氮肥增加的响应不同,CO2浓度与氮肥用量在拔节期对根际呼吸的交互效应显著.     

CO2浓度升高、增温和冬小麦种植对土壤酶活性的影响

研究农田土壤酶活性对CO₂浓度升高和增温的响应,可为气候变化背景下农田生态系统养分管理提供科学依据。本研究在人工模拟气候室进行盆栽控制试验,设置了4种气候情景,分别为对照(CK,CO₂浓度400 μmol·mol^-1+正常环境温度)、CO₂浓度升高(ECO₂,CO₂浓度800 μmol·mol^-1+正常环境温度)、增温(ET,CO₂浓度400 μmol·mol^-1+增温4 ℃)及CO₂浓度和温度均升高(ECO₂+T,CO₂浓度800 μmol·mol^-1+增温4 ℃),研究有、无冬小麦生长下β--葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、β-N-乙酰葡糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸单脂酶(ALP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)4种土壤酶活性在冬小麦拔节期(JS)、开花期(AS)、灌浆期(FS)和成熟期(MS)对CO₂浓度升高和增温的响应。结果表明:无冬小麦生长下,ECO₂与CK间4种土壤酶活性差异不显著,而ET和ECO₂+T处理对4种土壤酶活性有显著抑制作用。有冬小麦生长条件下,与CK相比,ECO₂和ECO₂+T处理对4种土壤酶活性均无显著影响;ET处理对土壤ALP和PPO活性有显著影响;ECO₂+T与ET间4种土壤酶活性有显著差异,与ET相比,ECO₂+T处理的土壤βG活性在JS期显著增加,NAG活性在JS期显著降低,ALP活性在AS和FS期显著增加,PPO活性在JS期显著降低,而在AS期显著增加。CO₂浓度升高与增温的交互作用在有、无冬小麦生长下均对土壤NAG和ALP活性有显著影响;无冬小麦生长下,增温和试验时段的交互作用对4种土壤酶活性有显著影响,而在有冬小麦生长下,增温和生育期的交互作用仅对ALP和PPO活性有显著影响;CO₂浓度升高、增温与试验时段的交互作用在无冬小麦生长下对土壤βG、ALP和PPO活性有显著影响,而在有冬小麦生长下CO₂浓度升高、增温与生育期对土壤NAG、ALP和PPO活性有显著影响。冬小麦生长对土壤βG、NAG和ALP活性在前两个生育期(JS+AS期)表现为显著抑制作用,在后两个生育期(FS+MS期)表现为显著促进作用,对土壤PPO活性在全生育期均表现为显著抑制作用。总体上,CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦土壤酶活性的影响不显著,而CO₂浓度与温度均升高对冬小麦土壤酶活性的影响在不同生育期因土壤酶种类不同而不同;此外,有、无冬小麦条件下4种土壤酶活性对CO₂浓度升高与增温的交互作用响应程度不一。     

栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明: 与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤pH、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.     

The effect of soil water status on fertiliser, topsoil and subsoil phosphorus utilisation by wheat

Background and aims

Crop phosphorus (P) content is controlled by P uptake from both banded P fertiliser and from P throughout the soil profile. These P supply factors are in turn controlled by soil, climatic and plant factors. The aim of this experiment was to measure the contribution of fertiliser, topsoil and subsoil P to wheat plants under wet and dry growing season conditions.

Methods

An isotopic tracer technique was used to measure P uptake from fertiliser at seven agricultural field sites under wet and dry growing season conditions. At three of these sites a dual isotopic technique was used to distinguish between wheat uptake of P from fertiliser, topsoil (0–15 cm) and subsoil (below 15 cm).

Results

The amount of P fertiliser used by wheat was in the order of 3–30% of the P applied and increased with increasing rainfall. Topsoil P was the most important P source, but when sufficient P was present in the subsoil, P fertiliser addition stimulated the use of subsoil P.

Conclusions

Most crop P uptake was from the topsoil, however P fertiliser banded below the seed increased plant P uptake and stimulated the use of subsoil P in one soil type in a decile 7 (above average rainfall) growing season.     

Successive straw biochar application as a strategy to sequester carbon and improve fertility: A pot experiment with two rice/wheat rotations in paddy soil

Aims

A pot study spanning four consecutive crop seasons was conducted to compare the effects of successive rice straw biochar/rice straw amendments on C sequestration and soil fertility in rice/wheat rotated paddy soil.

Methods

We adopted 4.5 t ha^?1, 9.0 t ha^?1 biochar and 3.75 t ha^?1 straw for each crop season with an identical dose of NPK fertilizers.

Results

We found no major losses of biochar-C over the 2-year experimental period. Obvious reductions in CH₄ emission were observed from rice seasons under the biochar application, despite the fact that the biochar brought more C into the soil than the straw. N₂O emissions with biochar were similar to the controls without additives over the 2-year experimental period. Biochar application had positive effects on crop growth, along with positive effects on nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) uptake by crop plants and the availability of soil P, K, Ca and Mg. High levels of biochar application over the course of the crop rotation suppressed NH₃ volatilization in the rice season, but stimulated it in the wheat season.

Conclusions

Converting straw to biochar followed by successive application to soil is viable for soil C sequestration, CH₄ mitigation, improvements of soil and crop productivity. Biochar soil amendment influences NH₃ volatilization differently in the flooded rice and upland wheat seasons, respectively.