CO2浓度升高和施氮条件下小麦根际呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献

依托FACE技术平台, 采用稳定¹³C同位素技术, 通过将小麦(C₃作物)种植于长期单作玉米(C₄作物)的土壤上, 研究了大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值及根际呼吸的影响. 结果表明: 种植小麦后土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值随作物生长逐渐降低, CO₂浓度升高200 μmol·mol^-1显著降低了孕穗、抽穗期(施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2, HN)与拔节、孕穗期(施氮量为150 kg·hm^-2, LN)土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值, 显著提高了孕穗、抽穗期的根际呼吸比例. 拔节至成熟期, 根际呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例在高CO₂浓度下为24%～48%(HN)和21%～48%(LN), 在正常CO₂浓度下为20%～36% (HN)和19%～32%(LN). 不同CO₂浓度下土壤排放CO₂的δ¹³C值和根际呼吸对氮肥增加的响应不同, CO₂浓度与氮肥用量在拔节期对根际呼吸的交互效应显著.     

冬小麦旺盛生长期间CO2浓度升高对根际呼吸的影响

依托FACE（free air carbon dioxide enrichment）技术平台,利用阻断根法,采用H6400红外气体分析仪（IRGA）-田间原位测定的方法,研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对水稻／小麦轮作制中冬小麦旺盛生长期间根际呼吸的影响。结果表明,在整个测定期间,大气CO2浓度升高增强了根际呼吸速率,提高了根际呼吸排放量。在高N和低N处理中,高CO2浓度下的根际呼吸总排放量分别比Ambient极显著增加117．0％和90．8％。根际呼吸速率在孕穗初期达到最大值;使根际呼吸在土壤呼吸中的比重由24．5％（LN）～26．7（HN）提高到39．8％（LN）～47．1％（HN）。CO2浓度升高与氮肥用量对根际呼吸产生交互效应。表明大气CO2浓度升高将加快土壤向大气的CO2排放,结果将有助于评价未来高CO2浓度背景下农田生态系统土壤碳的固定潜力。     

CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响

依托FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）研究平台,利用特制分根集气生长箱,采用静态箱-GC（Gas chromatography）法,连续两年研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦拔节期、孕穗抽穗期和灌浆末期的根系呼吸及生物量的影响。两季结果表明,CO2浓度升高和高氮肥量均不同程度地增加了3个阶段的地上部和地下部的生物量,这有利于增加根茬的还田量;CO2浓度升高对冬小麦不同生长阶段的根系呼吸影响不同,在拔节期影响较小;孕穗抽穗期显著增加了根系呼吸,2004～2005季分别增加33．8％（148．1mg N·kg^-1干土,HN）和43．9％（88．9mg N·kg^-1干土,LN）,2005～2006季分别为23．8％（HN）和28．9％（LN）;而灌浆末期显著降低了根系呼吸,2004～2005季分别降低31．4％（HN）和23．3％（LN）,2005～2006季分别为25．1％（HN）和18．5％（LN）;高施氮量比低施氮量促进了根系呼吸;随着作物生长根系呼吸与地下生物量呈显著线性负相关,高CO2环境中的R^2变小,表明随着作物生长发育高CO2浓度降低了作物根系呼吸与地下部生物量积累间的相关性。     

CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响

 依托FACE(Free-air CO₂ enrichment)研究平台, 利用特制分根集气生长箱, 采用静态箱-GC(Gas chromatography)法, 连续两年研究 了大气CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦拔节期、孕穗抽穗期和灌浆末期的根系呼吸及生物量的影响。两季结果表明, CO₂浓度升高和高氮 肥量均不同程度地增加了3个阶段的地上部和地下部的生物量, 这有利于增加根茬的还田量; CO₂浓度升高对冬小麦不同生长阶段的根系呼吸影 响不同, 在拔节期影响较小;孕穗抽穗期显著增加了根系呼吸, 2004~2005季分别增加33.8%(148.1 mg N&;#8226;kg^-1 干土, HN)和43.9%(88.9 mg N&;#8226;kg^-1 干土, LN), 2005~2006季分别为23.8%(HN)和28.9%(LN); 而灌浆末期显著降低了根系呼吸, 2004~2005季分别降低31.4%(HN)和23.3% (LN), 2005~2006季分别为25.1%(HN)和18.5%(LN); 高施氮量比低施氮量促进了根系呼吸; 随着作物生长根系呼吸与地下生物量呈显著线性负相 关, 高CO₂环境中的R²变小,表明随着作物生长发育高CO₂浓度降低了作物根系呼吸与地下部生物量积累间的相关性.     

氮肥对玉米生长季土壤呼吸的影响

在玉米生长季,采用温室盆栽试验,利用分根箱法和根去除法,研究了氮肥对土壤呼吸、土壤基础呼吸、根系呼吸和根际微生物呼吸的影响.试验设4个处理:不种植玉米不施氮肥(CKO)、不种植玉米施氮肥(CKN)、种植玉米不施氮肥(MO)和种植玉米施氮肥(MN).结果表明:不种植玉米处理(CKN和CKO)土壤呼吸速率(土壤基础呼吸)为13.41～77.27 mg C·m-2·h-1,施用氮肥对土壤基础呼吸没有显著影响;种植玉米条件下,施氮处理(MN)的平均土壤呼吸速率为138.54 mg C·m-2·h-1,显著高于不施氮处理(MO),增幅达17.7%,尤其在玉米的抽穗期和开花期增幅明显.施氮肥处理土壤基础呼吸、根系呼吸和根际微生物呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献率分别为36.2%、45.9%和17.9%,而不施氮肥处理分别为35.5%、36.9%和37.6%.     

大气CO2浓度升高对稻麦根系周围土壤C、P、K的影响

利用FACE(free air carbon dioxide enrichment)技术平台,在两种氮肥施用(低氮,LN和常规氮,NN)水平下,研究CO2浓度升高对水稻和小麦收获后根际和非根际土壤可溶性碳、有机磷、速效磷和速效钾的影响.结果表明,相对于对照CO2浓度处理,高CO2浓度处理在显著增加作物生物量的前提下,土壤速效磷和速效钾不但没有降低反而增加,增加幅度小麦季大于水稻季,根际大于非根际;水稻季土壤可溶性碳含量增加,且NN水平下水稻和小麦季进入土壤的可溶性碳增加,导致土壤有机磷降低幅度低于LN水平,且水稻季根际土壤大于非根际土壤,有机磷的降低是保证有效磷升高的一个重要因素,增加氮肥施用将有利于土壤有机磷的增加,对维持土壤磷的供给有积极作用,有利于作物对高CO2浓度的持续响应.     

土壤-玉米系统中土壤呼吸强度及各组分贡献

用特殊设计的气体采集箱法对玉米生长期间潮土呼吸强度进行了测定。结果表明,施用150kgNhm^-2的裸地土壤CO2累积排放量是294g C m^-2,约为种植玉米土壤的一半。用根去除法测得的玉米对土壤呼吸的贡献率,苗期小于20％,拔节到收获期波动在30％-70％之间,全生长期平均为46％。玉米生长期间因土壤有机碳分解而释放出的CO2总量为2．94MgChm^-2,大约是0—40cm土层中土壤有机碳总储存量的8％,因此需要输入7．35Mghm^-2的碳含量40％的作物残留物才能平衡土壤中有机碳的损失,约为玉米收获时残留于土壤中根量的一倍,但与残留根量及玉米生长期间根系分泌到土壤的有机物量的总和相当,因此土壤中有机碳总体处于平衡状态。在玉米生长期间,施用氮肥可使土壤CO2排放量降低10％。土壤排放CO2主要受土壤温度的影响,温度效应Q10为1．90-2．88。     

西双版纳地区稻田CO2排放通量

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对云南西双版纳地区单季稻田CO2排放及氮肥、水热因子对CO2排放的影响进行田间原位观测研究.试验设3个氮肥水平处理:N0(0 kg N hm-2)、N150(150 kg N hm-2)和N300(300 kg N hm-2).结果表明,受一天温度变化的影响,西双版纳地区稻田生态系统呼吸日变化为单峰型,其最大值出现在11:00～13:00之间,最小值出现在凌晨.稻田土壤呼吸呈明显的季节变化趋势,土壤呼吸平均速率为水稻收获后休闲季节>种植前休闲季节>水稻生长季节,差异达到1%显著水平.不同季节影响土壤呼吸的环境因子不同.土壤水分含量低于34%时,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈正相关,达5%显著水平;地面淹水时,土壤呼吸速率与淹水深度呈1%极显著负相关;水分含量高于38%时,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈极显著指数相关.长期考虑(整个生长季节),氮肥的施用对稻田土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸无影响;N300处理抑制植株呼吸作用,单位生物量呼吸速率下降.氮肥的施用对土壤呼吸有短期影响,氮肥用量增加,土壤呼吸速率增加.计算得出N0、N150和N300处理年土壤呼吸量分别为6.27、6.31 t C hm-2 a-1和5.89 t C hm-2 a-1;年净固定大气中CO2-C分别为1.41、2.22 t C hm-2 a-1和1 11 t C hm-2 a-1,表明西双版纳稻田生态系统是碳汇.     

氮沉降对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤呼吸的影响

2012年6月至2012年10月, 对黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地进行了模拟氮沉降试验, 氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、低氮(LN, 50 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(HN, 100 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)。利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸速率。结果表明, 氮沉降促进了芦苇湿地土壤呼吸作用, LN和HN处理使芦苇生长季(6-10月)平均土壤呼吸速率比CK分别提高19%和58%。积水改变了芦苇湿地土壤呼吸日动态。地面无积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸日动态均呈单峰型曲线; 地面有积水时, 土壤呼吸日动态峰值推后或无单峰型波动规律。积水影响土壤呼吸作用对温度的响应。地面无积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸速率均与气温呈极显著的正指数相关关系, 气温分别解释了CK、LN和HN处理下土壤呼吸季节变化的69.9%、64.5%和59.9%; 地面有积水时, 各处理土壤呼吸与气温相关性不显著。CK、LN和HN处理下土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数Q₁₀值分别为1.68、1.75和1.68, 表明LN处理增强了土壤呼吸温度敏感性, HN处理对其影响不显著。     

氮添加对亚热带山地杜鹃灌丛土壤呼吸的影响

为探究灌丛生态系统对大气氮沉降的响应,2013年1月至2014年9月,对湖南大围山杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)灌丛群落进行了短期模拟氮沉降试验,施氮浓度分别为0(CK)、2(LN)、5(MN)和10(HN)g·m~(–2)·a~(–1)。利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸速率,并测定不同氮处理下根系生物量增量和凋落物量。结果表明:该地区土壤呼吸呈现明显的季节动态,夏季土壤呼吸最强,冬季最弱。CK、LN、MN和HN处理样地每年通过土壤呼吸释放的CO_2量分别为2.37、2.79、2.26和2.30 kgCO_2·m~(–2)。CK、LN、MN和HN处理下,年平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.71、2.01、1.63和1.66μmol CO_2·m~(–2)·s~(–1),LN处理样地的年均土壤呼吸速率与对照样地相比增加了17.25%,MN和HN处理则比对照样地稍低。施氮增加了根系生物量增量和凋落物量,但没有达到显著水平。土壤呼吸速率与5 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关关系,与5 cm土壤的含水量呈显著线性相关关系。CK、LN、MN和HN处理下,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))值分别为3.96、3.60、3.71和3.51,表明施氮降低了温度敏感性。氮添加导致的根系生物量增加是引起该区域土壤呼吸速率变化的一个重要原因。     

Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on soil and root respiration in winter wheat by using a respiration partitioning chamber

Soil respiration in a cropland is the sum of heterotrophic (mainly microorganisms) and autotrophic (root) respiration. The contribution of both these types to soil respiration needs to be understood to evaluate the effects of environmental change on soil carbon cycling and sequestration. In this paper, the effects of free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) on hetero- and autotrophic respiration in a wheat field were differentiated and evaluated by a novel split-root growth and gas collection system. Elevated atmospheric pCO₂ of approximately 200 μmol mol⁻¹ above the ambient pCO₂ significantly increased soil respiration by 15.1 and 14.8% at high nitrogen (HN) and low nitrogen (LN) application rates, respectively. The effect of elevated atmospheric pCO₂ on root respiration was not consistent across the wheat growth stages. Elevated pCO₂ significantly increased and decreased root respiration at the booting-heading stage (middle stage) and the late-filling stage (late stage), respectively, in HN and LN treatments; however, no significant effect was found at the jointing stage (early stage). Thus, the effect of increased pCO₂ on cumulative root respiration for the entire wheat growing season was not significant. Cumulative root respiration accounted for approximately 25–30% of cumulative soil respiration in the entire wheat growing season. Consequently, cumulative microbial respiration (soil respiration minus root respiration) increased by 22.5 and 21.1% due to elevated pCO₂ in HN and LN, respectively. High nitrogen application significantly increased root respiration at the late stage under both elevated pCO₂ and ambient pCO₂; however, no significant effects were found on cumulative soil respiration, root respiration, and microbial respiration. These findings suggest that heterotrophic respiration, which is influenced by increased substrate supplies from the plant to the soil, is the key process to determine C emission from agro-ecosystems with regard to future scenarios of enriched pCO₂.     

Elevated CO2, rhizosphere processes,and soil organic matter decomposition

The rhizosphere is one of the key fine-scale components of C cycles. This study was undertaken to improve understanding of the potential effects of atmospheric CO2 increase on rhizosphere processes. Using C isotope techniques, we found that elevated atmospheric CO2 significantly increased wheat plant growth, dry mass accumulation, rhizosphere respiration, and soluble C concentrations in the rhizosphere. When plants were grown under elevated CO2 concentration, soluble C concentration in the rhizosphere increased by approximately 60%. The degree of elevated CO2 enhancement on rhizosphere respiration was much higher than on root biomass. Averaged between the two nitrogen treatments and compared with the ambient CO2 treatment, wheat rhizosphere respiration rate increased 60% and root biomass only increased 26% under the elevated CO2 treatment. These results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO2 in a wheat-soil system significantly increased substrate input to the rhizosphere due to both increased root growth and increased root activities per unit of roots. Nitrogen treatments changed the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter decomposition. Elevated CO2 increased soil organic matter decomposition (22%) in the nitrogen-added treatment but decreased soil organic matter decomposition (18%) without nitrogen addition. Soil nitrogen status was therefore found to be important in determining the directions of the effect of elevated CO2 on soil organic matter decomposition.     

开放式二氧化碳浓度提高对武香粳14叶片硝酸还原酶活力的影响

大田栽培条件下,研究了开放式大气CO₂浓度提高（FACE）200 μmol·mol^-1对粳稻品种武香粳14各生育期功能叶片硝酸还原酶活力(NRA)的影响.结果表明,FACE明显提高了各生育期功能叶片NRA,拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、穗后10 d、穗后20 d水稻功能叶片NRA平均值分别比对照提高了50%、20%、60%、80%和30%,其中,FACE处理对拔节期、抽穗期和穗后10 d水稻功能叶片NRA水平影响较大.施氮处理明显影响了FACE条件下水稻功能叶片NRA,并且在不同生育期存在不同的趋势：拔节期,中氮＞低氮＞高氮;孕穗期和抽穗期,高氮＞中氮＞低氮;而穗后10 d及20 d则为中氮＞高氮＞低氮.FACE处理与施氮量对NRA存在互作效应,拔节期及穗后20 d两者互作效应达极显著水平,穗后10 d达显著水平,而孕穗期及抽穗期互作效应不显著.     

Carbon and nitrogen allocation in Lolium perenne in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 with emphasis on soil carbon dynamics

The effect of elevated CO2 on the carbon and nitrogen distribution within perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) and its influence on belowground processes were investigated. Plants were homogeneously 14C-labelled in two ESPAS growth chambers in a continuous 14C-CO2 atmosphere of 350 and 700 L L-1 CO2 and at two soil nitrogen regimes, in order to follow the carbon flow through all plant and soil compartments.After 79 days, elevated CO2 increased the total carbon uptake by 41 and 21% at low (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) fertilisation, respectively. Shoot growth remained unaffected, whereas CO2 enrichment stimulated root growth by 46% and the root/soil respiration by 111%, irrespective of the nitrogen concentration. The total 14C-soil content increased by 101 and 28% at LN and HN, respectively. The decomposition of the native soil organic matter was not affected either by CO2 or by the nitrogen treatment.Elevated CO2 did not change the total nitrogen uptake of the plant either at LN or at HN. Both at LN and HN elevated CO2 significantly increased the total amount of nitrogen taken up by the roots and decreased the absolute and relative amounts translocated to the shoots.The amount of soil nitrogen immobilised by micro-organisms and the size of the soil microbial biomass were not affected by elevated CO2, whereas both were significantly increased at the higher soil N content.Most striking was the 88% increase in net carbon input into the soil expressed as: 14C-roots plus total 14C-soil content minus the 12C-carbon released by decomposition of native soil organic matter. The net carbon input into the soil at ambient CO2 corresponded with 841 and 1662 kg ha-1 at LN and HN, respectively. Elevated CO2 increased these amounts with an extra carbon input of 950 and 1056 kg ha-1. Combined with a reduced decomposition rate of plant material grown at elevated CO2 this will probably lead to carbon storage in grassland soils resulting in a negative feed back on the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere.     

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As the second largest C flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration plays a vital role in regulating atmosphere CO₂ concentration. Therefore, understanding the response of soil respiration to the increasing nitrogen deposition is urgently needed for prediction of future climate change. However, it is still unclear how nitrogen deposition influences soil respiration of shrubland in subtropical China. Our objectives were to explore the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration, root biomass increment, and litter biomass, and to analyze the relationships between soil respiration and soil temperature and moisture.
Methods From January 2013 to September 2014, we conducted a short-term simulated nitrogen deposition experiment in the Rhododendron simsii shrubland of Dawei Mountain, located in Hunan Province, southern China. Four levels of nitrogen addition treatments (each level with three replicates) were established: control (CK, no nitrogen addition), low nitrogen addition (LN, 2 g·m^-2·a^-1), medium nitrogen addition (MN, 5 g·m^-2·a^-1) and high nitrogen addition (HN, 10 g·m^-2·a^-1). Soil respiration was measured by LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system. At the same time, we measured root biomass increment and litter biomass in each plot.
Important findings Soil respiration exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the highest rates found in summer and the lowest rates in winter. Annual accumulative soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (2.37 ± 0.39), (2.79 ± 0.42), (2.26 ± 0.38) and (2.30 ± 0.36) kg CO₂·m^-2, respectively. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (1.71 ± 0.28), (2.01 ± 0.30), (1.63 ± 0.27) and (1.66 ± 0.26) μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, and it was 17.25% higher in the LN treatment compared with CK (p = 0.06). The root biomass increment was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 18.36%, 36.49% and 61.63%, respectively, compared to CK. The litter biomass was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 35.87%, 22.17% and 15.35%, respectively, compared with CK. Soil respiration exhibited a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature (p < 0.01, R² is 0.77 to 0.82) and a significant linear relationship with soil moisture at the depth of 5 cm (p < 0.05, R² is 0.10 to 0.15). The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) value of CK, LN, MN and HN plots was 3.96, 3.60, 3.71 and 3.51, respectively. These results suggested that nitrogen addition promoted plant growth and decreased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The increase of root biomass under N addition may be an important reason for the change of soil respiration in the study area.     

氮添加和凋落物去除对黔中喀斯特地区柳杉人工林土壤呼吸的影响

凋落物是土壤呼吸的主要碳源,日益增加的大气氮沉降通过改变森林凋落物的输入与分解影响土壤呼吸。为揭示氮沉降及凋落物管理对森林土壤呼吸及其组分的影响,以贵州省国有扎佐林场15年生柳杉人工林为研究对象,设置4个氮添加处理:对照(CK,0 gN m^-2 a^-1)、低氮(LN,15 gN m^-2 a^-1)、中氮(MN,30 gN m^-2 a^-1)和高氮(HN,60 gN m^-2 a^-1),并在每种氮添加处理下设置去除凋落物和保留凋落物两种处理,于2021年3月-2022年2月利用LI-8100测定土壤呼吸速率,并分析氮添加及凋落物处理对土壤呼吸速率影响,确定影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主要因子。结果表明:氮添加和去除凋落物处理没有改变土壤呼吸速率的时间变化,土壤呼吸速率月均最大值出现在7月,月均最小值出现在2月。氮添加对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响(P > 0.05),除CK外,去除凋落物处理会显著降低土壤呼吸速率(P < 0.05)。凋落物对土壤总呼吸速率的贡献率为8.6%-28.5%,且LN处理下凋落物对土壤呼吸速率的贡献率最大。土壤呼吸速率与5 m土壤温度呈显著指数相关(P < 0.01),与5 cm土壤湿度呈显著负线性相关(P < 0.01)。土壤温度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的58.5%-79.5%,土壤湿度解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的26.4%-39.5%,以土壤温度和湿度构建的双变量模型拟合效果均好于单因子模型,土壤温湿度共同解释土壤呼吸速率变异的59.1%-85.8%。结论表明在大气氮沉降增加的背景下,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,凋落物管理是调控土壤呼吸的关键过程。