CYP1A1、CYP1B1、NET、DAT1单个和联合基因型与汉族人群乳腺癌易感性的研究（英文）

乳腺癌是最常见的女性癌症,其发生是遗传因素和环境因素相互作用的结果。因此,我们就CYP1A1MspⅠ(m1多态)、CYP1B1 Leu432Val、NET T-182C、DAT1-VNTR等基因多态性对新疆汉族人群乳腺癌易感性的研究进行探讨。在以144例乳腺癌患者和120例正常对照组为研究对象的病例-对照研究中,发现CYP1A1MspⅠ位点CC基因型、C等位基因(OR=3.32,95%CI:1.24~8.86;OR=1.58,95%CI:1.09~2.31)和高风险联合基因型CYP1A1 MspⅠ与CYP1B1 Leu432Val,CYP1A1 MspⅠ与DAT1-VNTR,CYP1B1 Leu432Val与DAT1-VNTR(OR=2.43,95%CI:1.23~4.78;OR=4.53,95%CI:1.26~16.27;OR=2.98,95%CI:1.10~8.06)与乳腺癌风险增加有关。CYP1B1、NET和DAT1基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性无关。这些研究结果表明,CYP1A1 MspⅠ多态性和CYP1A1、CYP1B1、DAT1高风险联合基因型能增加新疆汉族人群患乳腺癌的风险。     

细胞色素P450 1A1基因多态性与我国某些肿瘤遗传易感性

近年来有关细胞色素P450基因多态性与肿瘤遗传易感性的研究正日益吸引越来越多的关注,本文对我国近年来有关细胞色素P450 1A1(CYP1Al)基因多态性与几种肿瘤遗传易感性的研究进行探讨,推测我国几种高发病率肿瘤的发生与我国CYP1A1基因多态分布状况有关,以此为进一步研究CYP1A1与肿瘤的关系作参考。     

棉铃虫中肠P450CYP6B6基因5'上游序列的克隆及序列分析

已证实2-十三烷酮等植物次生物质的胁迫会诱导棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)CYP6B6基因的过量表达[1].为探明棉铃虫P450 CYP6B6基因的表达调控机制,根据棉铃虫中肠P450 CYP6B6基因cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:AY950636),运用基因组步移的方法获得其5'上游区的序列,用启动子区的分析软件进行比对分析,结果得到棉铃虫P450CYP6B6基因5'上游区域1 333 bp的基因片段.分别运用NNPPv.2.2和TRANSFAC v.6.0预测转录起始位点及分析了转录因子结合位点,结果显示,该序列不仅包括TATA盒等这一类核心结构序列,还含有多个转录因子的结合位点,如GATA-1、Dfd、C/EBP、HSF、cytR和AhR(芳香烃受体化合物应答元件)等.该结果为深入研究棉铃虫P450 CYP6B6的表达调控机制及其参与杀虫剂抗性的研究奠定分子基础.     

生物转化酶类基因多态性与肿瘤易感性

肿瘤易感性一直是肿瘤研究的重要课题,而生物转化酶类的细胞色素P450（CYP450）和谷胱甘肽转硫酶（GST）等由于其对环境致癌物的生物转化作用决定了个体对肿瘤的易感程度。通过介绍其中的CYP1A1,CYP2D6,CYP2E1,GSTM1和GSTT1等的基因多态性及其与机体易患肿瘤的关系,揭示了生物转化酶基因多态性在肿瘤易感性中的作用,国内外的研究结果表明,CYP1A1基因多态性与肺癌的发生,CYP2E1基因多态性与食管癌的易感性均密切相关,GSP的基因多态性虽然与多种肿瘤的易感性有关联但研究结果有的互相矛盾,提示机体肿瘤发生机理的复杂性,由于环境致癌物在体内需经一系列的生物转化而产生生物学效应,因而生物转化酶类基因多态性的联合作用在肿瘤的易感中显得尤为重要。     

细胞色素P450基因多态性与药物代谢研究进展

细胞色素P450（cytochrome P450,CYP450）在人体药物代谢过程中起着非常重要的作用并参与代谢80%以上的临床药物。由于CYP450在不同种族和不同人群中存在基因多态性,从而造成药物反应的个体差异,一度成为药物基因组学研究的热点。通过查阅国外相关文献,综述了近年来关于CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6和CYP3A4五种主要的药物代谢酶的基因多态性和药物代谢的研究进展,为临床指导个体化用药、避免药物不良反应和新药研发提供科学参考依据。     

细胞色素P450：肿瘤研究中的新热点

细胞色素P450（CYP450）是体内重要的Ⅰ相代谢酶,与许多前致癌物和致癌物的活化有关。CYP450是目前肿瘤研究中新的热点之一。深入研究CYP450在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制及基因多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系,对肿瘤防治有积极作用。现就近年来CYP450在肿瘤领域的研究进展进行综述。     

家蚕细胞色素P450的基因组学分析

细胞色素P450参与许多基础代谢过程, 确保有机体避免外源复合物对它们的伤害. 将预测的家蚕基因同已知的P450基因进行蛋白质序列比对, 在家蚕基因组中发现86个可能的细胞色素P450基因, 初步将它们归于32个P450亚家族. 通过比较基因组学分析, 发现细胞色素P450基因在果蝇与家蚕中的分布规律具有总体上的相似性, 但在某些P450基因家族中的分布也有差异. 特别是在CYP4A, CYP4C, CYP4D, CYP6A, CYP6AE, CYP6B和CYP9A等7个亚家族中P450s差异分布更明显. 进一步将这些P450基因的DNA序列与家蚕ESTs进行核酸序列比对, 其中49个可能P450基因发现有ESTs证据, 证明了这些基因在转录水平的真实性.     

细胞色素P450：肿瘤研究中的新热点

细胞色素P450(CYP450)是体内重要的Ⅰ相代谢酶,与许多前致癌物和致癌物的活化有关。CYP450是目前肿瘤研究中新的热点之一。深入研究CYP450在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制及基因多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系,对肿瘤防治有积极作用。现就近年来CYP450在肿瘤领域的研究进展进行综述。     

苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19的克隆及表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过克隆苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19,并对其进行序列和表达分析,以更好地了解这两个P450基因在植物次生物质解毒方面的作用,为进一步的功能研究提供依据。【方法】采用本地BLAST搜索苹果蠹蛾转录组数据库获得细胞色素P450基因cDNA序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆目的基因的编码区。利用生物信息学软件分析目的基因的序列特征及与其他近缘物种的P450基因的系统进化关系。采用RT-qPCR技术测定目的基因在苹果蠹蛾不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(头部、表皮、脂肪体、中肠和马氏管)以及4龄幼虫分别取食添加0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后的表达水平。【结果】克隆获得苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19(GenBank登录号: MF574708)和CYP337B19(GenBank登录号: MF574697)的全长cDNA序列,开放阅读框(ORF)分别长1 518和1 491 bp,分别编码505和496个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子量分别为58.586和57.734 kD,理论等电点分别为8.99和7.61。结构域分析显示,CYP332A19和CYP337B19中均包含包括血色素结合区在内的5个保守的细胞色素P450结构域。系统发育树显示,苹果蠹蛾CYP332A19与苹淡褐卷蛾Epighyas postvittana CYP332A9等CYP332A基因聚在一枝,而CYP337B19与稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis CYP337B12和六星灯蛾Zygaena filipendulae CYP337B11等CYP337B基因聚在另一枝。RT-qPCR分析结果表明,CYP332A19和CYP337B19在苹果蠹蛾幼虫期的表达水平高于卵期的,分别在4龄幼虫脂肪体和中肠中的表达量最高。取食分别含0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后,4龄幼虫体内的CYP332A19和CYP337B19相对表达量显著高于对照组(取食含2%DMSO的人工饲料)。【结论】CYP332A19和CYP332B19分别在苹果蠹蛾幼虫脂肪体和中肠中高表达,且在取食含香豆素和槲皮素的人工饲料的苹果蠹蛾幼虫体内表达量升高,说明这两个基因可能参与苹果蠹蛾对外源物质的解毒代谢过程。本研究的结果有助于我们了解苹果蠹蛾对寄主次生物质解毒代谢机理,为苹果蠹蛾防治提供新思路。     

三种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

【目的】为明确杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda细胞色素P450基因表达的影响。【方法】本研究采用叶片浸渍法测定了3种杀虫剂[氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)]对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力,以及通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)技术测定了这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量(LC_(10))处理后48 h时草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫16个P450基因的表达量。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和Bt对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LC_(10)值分别为0.931, 0.283和1 089.688 mg/L。2龄幼虫受LC_(10)氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,13个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP6B50,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP9A59,CYP9A58,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP6AE44表达量为对照的34.60倍;2龄幼虫受LC_(10)甲维盐胁迫后,11个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP9A58,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP321B1表达量为对照的28.70倍;2龄幼虫受LC_(10)Bt胁迫后,11个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP6AN4,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调,其中CYP6AE44表达量为对照的40.80倍。【结论】草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的多个P450基因受这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量处理后表达上调,其中CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP321B5,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43均能被这3种杀虫剂诱导表达。     

Immunohistochemical localization of cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 in breast cancer with monoclonal antibodies specific for CYP1B1.

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 is a recently identified member of the CYP1 P450 family. We have shown that this P450 displays increased expression in several types of human cancer, indicating that CYP1B1 is a potential tumor biomarker. In this study we developed monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to CYP1B1 that are effective on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and investigated the presence of CYP1B1 in a series of primary breast cancers. The MAbs were generated using a synthetic peptide coupled to carrier protein as the immunogen. The MAbs specifically recognized CYP1B1 and did not recognize either CYP1A1 or CYP1A2, related CYP1 forms. The MAbs were tested by immunohistochemistry and were found to be effective on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The majority of breast cancers showed positive immunoreactivity for CYP1B1, and in each case CYP1B1 was specifically localized to tumor cells. The presence of CYP1B1 in breast cancer cells is likely to contribute to their metabolism of estradiol because CYP1B1 is a specific estradiol hydroxylase. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1457-1464, 1999)     

Pharmacogenetics and regulation of human cytochrome P450 1B1: implications in hormone-mediated tumor metabolism and a novel target for therapeutic intervention

Several of the hormone-mediated cancers (breast, endometrial, ovarian, and prostate) represent major cancers in both incidence and mortality rates. The etiology of these cancers is in large part modulated by the hormones estrogen and testosterone. As advanced disease develops, the common treatment for these cancers is chemotherapy. Thus, genes that can alter tissue response to hormones and alter clinical response to chemotherapy are of major interest. The cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) may be involved in disease progression and modulate the treatment in the above hormone-mediated cancers. This review will focus on the pharmacogenetics of CYP1B1 in relation to hormone-mediated cancers and provide an assessment of cancer risk based on CYP1B1 polymorphisms and expression. In addition, it will provide a summary of CYP1B1 gene regulation and expression in normal and neoplastic tissue.     

Soy isoflavones, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and COMT polymorphisms, and breast cancer: a case-control study in southwestern China

CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and COMT are key enzymes involved in estrogen metabolism. Soy isoflavones, phytoestrogens found in soy foods, may modify the activity of these enzymes. A case-control study was conducted to assess the associations between soy isoflavone intake and the CYP1A1 Ile462Val, CYP1B1 Val432Leu, and COMT Val158Met polymorphisms and breast cancer, as well as their combined effects on breast cancer. A total of 400 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 400 healthy controls were recruited. Participants' daily intake of soy isoflavones (DISI [mg/day]) was calculated and transformed to energy-adjusted DISI by the residual method. Gene sequencing was used to analyze CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and COMT polymorphisms. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by conditional logistic regression. A strong protective dose-dependent effect of energy-adjusted DISI on breast cancer was found in both pre- and postmenopausal women (P(trend)??1, OR 95% CIs exclude 1). In premenopausal women, only carrying CYP1B1 Leu/Leu was associated with breast cancer risk (aOR?=?2.05, 95% CI: 1.11-3.79). Carrying CYP1A1 Val/Val was related to breast cancer risk only among all women. A stratified analysis was performed at two levels of energy-adjusted DISI, with wildtype homozygous genotypes and low energy-adjusted DISI as the reference. In the high energy-adjusted DISI subgroup, carrying the CYP1B1 Leu/Leu genotype did not affect breast cancer risk in either all women or in the menopausal subgroups, compared with the reference. Overall, in Han Chinese women, carrying CYP1A1 Val/Val and COMT Met/Met appears to be associated with breast cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal women. CYP1B1 susceptible genotypes (Val/Leu or Leu/Leu) also contribute to increased breast cancer risk, regardless of menopausal status, but high soy isoflavone intake may reduce this risk.     

Quantitation of cytochrome P450 mRNA levels in human skin

There is considerable interindividual variation in man's ability to metabolize drugs and foreign compounds. These differences can partly be attributed to genetic polymorphisms that result in the generation of multiple phenotypes with different drug-metabolizing capabilities. Genetically derived differences can easily be assessed by genotyping assays in cases where the polymorphism has been identified. However, many of the polymorphisms that result in these are not known, secondly not all the differences can be attributed to genetic polymorphisms, hence genotyping methods cannot be employed. We have therefore, developed real-time (Taqman) PCR assays to quantitate levels of P450 mRNAs in human tissues. These assays are highly sensitive, reproducible, and specific and will allow quantitation of P450 mRNA levels in various human tissues. We have applied these assays to quantitate cytochrome P450 mRNA levels in human skin samples from 27 healthy volunteers. The expression of 13 P450s was assessed. The major enzymes detected were CYP1B1, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 with mean values of 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, and 1.1 fg/18S rRNA in 50ng total RNA, respectively. Lower levels of CYP2C18, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 were also detected while CYP1A2, 2A6, and 2C8 were below limits of detection. There was interindividual variation in the levels of mRNA among the 27 subjects studied although Poisson analysis showed data to be normally distributed, except for CYP2B6, as some individuals completely lacked CYP2B6 mRNA.     

Polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene have higher risk for prostate cancer

Various carcinogenic factors including estrogen metabolites play a role in malignant transformation. These metabolites are formed in part, as a result of the hydroxylation activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Variant forms of this enzyme have been shown to enhance its activity, and thus, we hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms of the CYP1B1 gene can be a risk factor for prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis, the genetic distribution of six different CYP1B1 polymorphisms at intron 1 (C-->T), codon 48 (C-->G), codon 119 (G-->T), codon 432 (C-->G), codon 449 (C-->T), and codon 453 (A-->G) was analyzed in 117 prostate cancer samples and 200 healthy normal subjects from a Japanese population. Results of these experiments demonstrate that the genotype at codon 119 is significantly different between prostate cancer patients and controls (P<0.001). The odds ratio of genotype T/T compared to G/G (reference) was calculated as 4.02 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.73-9.38. All other codons, except 453, showed polymorphisms but were not significantly different between cancer patients and controls. No association was found between stage and grade of cancer with any of the polymorphic sites. This is the first report that demonstrates the polymorphism at codon 119 of CYP1B1 to be associated with prostatic carcinogenesis. These results are important in understanding the role of CYP1B1 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.     

Polymorphisms of CYP1B1 and COMT in breast and endometrial cancer

CYP1B1 and COMT code for the key enzymes of catecholestrogen biosynthesis and metabolism, and their polymorphisms determine a variation of enzymic activities. RFLP analysis was used to study the allele and genotype frequency distributions of CYP1B1 polymorphisms Arg48Gly, Ala119Ser, and Val432Leu and COMT polymorphism Val158Met in 210 breast cancer patients, 138 endometrial cancer patients, and 152 healthy women. The COMT polymorphism showed no significant association with breast or endometrial cancer. For the first time, such association was observed for the CYP1B1 polymorphisms. CYP1B1 allele C (Arg48), which codes for the enzyme more active in estradiol 4-hydroxylation, was associated with higher risk of breast (OR = 3.22, CI 2.34-4.43, p = 0.000) and endometrial (OR = 2.43, CI 1.72-3.44, p = 0.000) cancer. Similar data were obtained for CYP1B1 allele G (Ala119): OR = 2.18, CI 1.58-3.01, p = 0.000 in breast cancer and OR = 2.52, CI 1.78-3.56, p = 0.000 in endometrial cancer. Risk of endometrial, but not breast, cancer was significantly higher in carriers of CYP1B1 genotype Val432/Val. This was explained by stronger estrogen dependence and, consequently, higher estrogen reactivity of the endometrium as compared with the mammary gland.     

Association of functionally important polymorphisms in cytochrome P4501B1 with lung cancer

In the present study, genotype and haplotype frequencies of four polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) that cause amino acid changes (Arg-Gly at codon 48, Ala-Ser at codon 119, Leu-Val at 432 and Asn-Ser at codon 453) were studied in 200 patients suffering from lung cancer and equal number of controls. A significant difference was observed for the distribution of variant genotypes of CYP1B1Arg48Gly and Ala119Ser polymorphisms (CYP1B1*2) in cases when compared to the controls. No significant difference was observed for the distribution of variant genotypes of CYP1B1Leu432Val (CYP1B1*3) and CYP1B1Asn453Ser (CYP1B1*4) polymorphism. When the four SNPs were analyzed using a haplotype approach, SNPs at codon 48 (Arg48Gly) and codon 119 (Ala119Ser) exhibited complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) in all the cases and controls. Significant differences in the distribution of the three haplotypes (G-T-C-A, G-T-G-A and G-T-C-G) were observed in the cases when compared to controls. Tobacco use in the form of smoking as well as chewing was found to significantly increase the risk of lung cancer in patients by interacting with CYP1B1Ala119Ser genotypes demonstrating the role of gene-environment interaction in lung cancer. Further, the risk of lung cancer increased several fold in the patients carrying the genotype combinations of CYP1B1Ala119Ser and CYP1B1Leu432Val with GSTM1, a phase II enzyme suggesting the importance of gene-gene interactions in enhancing the susceptibility to lung cancer.     

Influence of lifestyle choices on risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) converts xenobiotics to carcinogens and how lifestyle choices may interact with CYP1B1 polymorphisms and affect prostate cancer risk was assessed. Blood genomic DNA from a Caucasian population was analysed at polymorphic sites of the 5′ untranslated region of CYP1B1 using TaqMan genotyping assays. Overall, drinker status and minor alleles at rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 were associated with prostate cancer. Linkage was observed between rs2551188, rs2567206, rs2567207 and rs10175368, and the G‐C‐T‐G haplotype (major allele at respective sites) was decreased in cancer. Interestingly when classified by lifestyle factors, no associations of genotypes were found for non‐smokers and non‐drinkers, whereas on the contrary, minor type at rs2567206 and rs10175368 increased and major G‐C‐T‐G decreased risk for cancer among smokers and drinkers. Interestingly, rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 minor genotypes correlated with increased tissue CYP1B1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. Further, rs10175368 enhanced luciferase activity and mobility shift show stronger binding of nuclear factor for the minor allele. These results demonstrate smoking and alcohol consumption to modify the risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer which may be through rs10175368, and this is of importance in understanding their role in the pathogenesis and as a biomarker for this disease.     

Activation of the pro-migratory bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1B gene in human MDA-MB-468 triple-negative breast cancer cells that over-express CYP2J2

Secondary metastases are the leading cause of mortality in patients with breast cancer. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2J2 (CYP2J2) is upregulated in many human tumors and generates epoxyeicosanoids from arachidonic acid that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis, but at present there is little information on the genes that mediate these actions. In this study MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells were stably transfected with CYP2J2 (MDA-2J2 cells) and Affymetrix microarray profiling was undertaken. We identified 182 genes that were differentially expressed in MDA-2J2 cells relative to control (MDA-CTL) cells (log[fold of control] ≥2). From gene ontology pathway analysis bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor 1B (BMPR1B) emerged as an important upregulated gene in MDA-2J2 cells. Addition of the BMPR1B ligand BMP2 stimulated the migration of MDA-2J2 cells, but not MDA-CTL cells, from 3D-matrigel droplets. Migration of MDA-2J2 cells was prevented by the BMPR antagonist dorsomorphin. These findings indicate that over-expression of CYP2J2 in MDA-MB-468-derived breast cancer cells activates BMPR1B expression that may contribute to increased migration. Targeting BMPR1B may be a novel approach to inhibit the metastatic activity of breast cancers that contain high levels of CYP2J2.     

Genetic Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling Genes and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study

Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism and signaling genes have been inconsistently associated with risk of breast cancer, though few studies have examined SNPs in vitamin D-related genes other than the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and particularly have not examined the association with the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRA) gene which may be a key vitamin D pathway gene. We conducted a nested case-control study of 734 cases and 1435 individually matched controls from a population-based prospective cohort study, the Northern Sweden Mammary Screening Cohort. Tag and functional SNPs were genotyped for the VDR, cytochrome p450 24A1 (CYP24A1), and RXRA genes. We also genotyped specific SNPs in four other genes related to vitamin D metabolism and signaling (GC/VDBP, CYP2R1, DHCR7, and CYP27B1). SNPs in the CYP2R1, DHCR7, and VDBP gene regions that were associated with circulating 25(OH)D concentration in GWAS were also associated with plasma 25(OH)D in our study (p-trend <0.005). After taking into account the false discovery rate, these SNPs were not significantly associated with breast cancer risk, nor were any of the other SNPs or haplotypes in VDR, RXRA, and CYP24A1. We observed no statistically significant associations between polymorphisms or haplotypes in key vitamin D-related genes and risk of breast cancer. These results, combined with the observation in this cohort and most other prospective studies of no association of circulating 25(OH)D with breast cancer risk, do not support an association between vitamin D and breast cancer risk.