金沙江干热河谷土壤含水量对台湾青枣生长和产量的影响

比较了4个水分梯度3年生台湾青枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)的树高生长动态、地径生长动态、新梢生下量、枝粗生长量、叶面积、叶面积指数、座果率、平均株产量、叶片含水率和根系含水率等,通过主成分分析法和R型因子综合分析法确定了适合台湾青枣生长的最优土壤含水率。结果表明第3种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的70%~85%)的台湾青枣对水分的响应最好,对水分的响应排序值是56.147;其次是第4种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的85%~100%),其值为41.506;最后是第1种水分处理(土壤含水率为田间持水量的40%~55%),其值为34.545。由此可以得出,在金沙江干热河谷地区种植台湾青枣的最佳土壤水分是土壤含水率达到田间持水量的70%~85%。     

土壤水分条件对温室黄瓜需水规律和水分利用的影响

在日光温室盆栽条件下,以不同生育时期为试验因素,采用正交设计研究了不同土壤水分条件在开花期、初瓜期、盛瓜期和生育后期等生育时期对黄瓜蒸腾量、生物量和水分利用效率的影响,并通过黄瓜的需水规律提出实现高产高效的土壤水分对策。研究结果表明：(1)黄瓜对水分的需求基本上呈现为开花期和初瓜期小、盛瓜期大、后期小的规律。需水高峰出现在盛瓜期,需水强度达到3．977mm／d;(2)开花期蒸腾速率为0．544mm／d。此时保持土壤含水量在80％～90％田间持水量范围内,不仅有利于水分的利用,而且可促进同化产物在根冠之间的合理分配;(3)初瓜期对水分的需求大幅度增加,蒸腾速率达到1．956mm／d。80％～90％田间持水量的含水量更有利于果实的形成和生长;(4)盛瓜期对水分的需求也达到了整个生育时期的顶峰,蒸腾速率达到3．83mm／d。90％～100％田间持水量的土壤水分条件可以获得最高产量,并实现水分利用与产量的高效统一;(5)生长后期保持70％～80％田间持水量的土壤含水量即可满足生长对水分的需求;(6)在开花期控制土壤水分为80％～90％田间持水量、初瓜期保持为80％～90％田间持水量、盛瓜期提高为90％～100％田间持水量和后期降至70％～80％田间持水量的土壤水分处理,不仅可获得最高产量,而且可以达到最大的水分利用效率,实现高产高效的统一。     

水分胁迫效应对冬小麦生长发育影响的试验研究

利用大型水分试验场遮雨棚遮档自然降水,采用人工定量补水进水进行冬小麦土壤占田间持量40％－50％、45％－50％、50％－55％、50％－60％、55％－60％、60％－70％持续时间分别为5、10、15d水分胁迫处理的控制试验。试验结果表明：控制结束复水后,50％－60％、55％－70％水分胁迫处理诱发冬小麦根、茎、叶、总生物量显著增长或明显减缓其衰老速率。土壤含水量占田间持水量50％－60％处理,具有明显的增产、节水效率,确定土壤含水量占田间持水量55％为冬小麦拔期水分胁迫应增产节水的水分临界指标。     

水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根苗生长及水分利用效率的效应

采用目前生产上广泛种植的小麦品种小偃６号,在一种特制木盒中土培,研究了水分胁迫和氮素营养对小麦根系和幼苗生长及水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的效应。小麦根系生长在双层尼龙网之间,土壤中的水分和养分可以被正常吸收,但主根和侧根不能穿过。结果表明：在土壤含水量为田间持水量的４０％－７０％范围内,随着土壤干旱程度的增加,小麦根长（ＲＬ）、根干重（ＲＤＷ）、叶面积（ＬＡ）和ＷＵＥ显著降低。氮肥的效应更为复杂。随着     

土壤水分对温室春黄瓜苗期生长与生理特性的影响

以津优1号黄瓜为试验材料．研究了土壤不同水分含量对温室春黄瓜苗期生长与生理特性的影响。结果表明,在土壤水分为田间持水量90％时．黄瓜幼苗长势健壮,茎粗大,根系活力强,叶绿素含量和光合速率高．与其它处理差异显著,说明土壤含水量过高或过低均不利于培育黄瓜壮苗。株高和叶面积随土壤含水量的升高而增加;细胞汁液浓度随土壤含水量的升高而降低．且对植株水分状况反应十分敏感,可以用来作为判断植株水分盈亏状况的生理指标。     

不同水分下限对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜开花坐果期地温的影响

土壤水热状况是影响甜瓜生长及坐果的重要因素.本文以膜下滴灌为供水方式,在开花坐果期设计了重度亏缺（55%田间持水量,T₁）、中度亏缺（65%田间持水量,T₂）、轻度亏缺（75%田间持水量,T₃）和不亏缺（85%田间持水量,CK）4种水分控制下限处理,研究了不同水分控制下限对温室滴灌甜瓜耕层温度的影响,在此基础上探讨了耕层（0～20 cm）不同水热比值对甜瓜生长发育及坐果情况的影响.结果表明;甜瓜在开花坐果期间,耕层的平均地温为T₁＞T₂＞T₃＞CK,地温与土壤含水率呈反比.晴天、阴雨天及灌水后的地温日最大变幅均出现在膜内地表,最小变幅出现在膜外地表以下20 cm处;地温极值与土壤深度密切相关,地表极值与地下10和20 cm的极值差异显著.该阶段选择T₃作为灌水标准,即水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1时,植株的生长速率最快,坐果历时最短且坐果率最高.综合考虑温室膜下滴灌甜瓜在开花坐果期的土壤水分与地温的关系,认为T₃处理可使耕层土壤水热比值（水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1）达到最佳状态,更有利于甜瓜的生长发育和坐果.     

干旱区膜下滴灌条件下土壤深层水对棉花根系生长、分布及产量的影响

在土柱栽培条件下研究膜下滴灌土壤深层水对棉花根系生长的影响及与植株地上部生长的关系,设置土壤(60～120 cm)有深层水和无深层水2个处理,每处理设2个生育期间灌溉处理,分别为田间持水量70%和55%.结果表明：棉花总根质量密度、40～120 cm土层根长密度、根系活力等与地上部干质量间均具有显著的相关关系.生育期间耕层70%田间持水量条件下,土壤有深层水处理的总根质量密度与无深层水处理无明显差异,但40～120 cm土层的根长密度增加,根系活力增强,提高了土壤贮备水消耗量,增加了地上部干质量,最终获得较高的经济产量及水分利用效率.土壤有深层水条件下,生育期间耕层55%田间持水量处理的根冠比较大,40～120 cm土层根长密度和80～120 cm土层根系活力相对较高,土壤贮备水消耗量大幅提高,但仍无法弥补生育期间水分亏缺对根系及地上部生物量造成的负面影响,导致经济产量显著低于70%田间持水量处理.综上,充足的土壤深层水配合生育期间耕层65%～75%田间持水量,可促进棉花根系向下生长,有利于实现膜下滴灌棉花节水高产高效生产.     

水分胁迫对银中杨耗水特征与水分利用的影响

在不同供水条件下,采用LI-6400光合作用系统(LI-COR,1995,USA)和电子天平等仪器,对银中杨苗木气体交换、蒸腾耗水量和水分利用效率及其有关环境因子进行了测定。结果表明,在研究的诸环境因子中,土壤含水量是制约苗木蒸腾耗水的主导因子;苗木的蒸腾耗水量随土壤干旱胁迫的加重而减少,并且当土壤含水量低于田间持水量的50%时,气象因子对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响不再明显;土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%时,银中杨苗木的净光合速率和蒸腾速率下降不显著,而水分利用效率有所提高,为2.579μmol.mmol-1,在土壤含水量大于田间持水量的70%的水分条件下,银中杨苗木可以正常生长。     

光照和水分对四季米仔兰幼苗生长的影响

四季米仔兰栽培历史悠久,是重要的造景树种。以1年生四季米仔兰幼苗为研究对象,设置3个光照处理(透光度为70%、50%、30%)和3个水分处理(田间持水量为70%、50%、30%),以透光度90%、田间持水量90%为对照,分析不同环境条件下四季米仔兰幼苗的生长状况和光合生理指标。结果表明：干旱胁迫和遮光抑制四季米仔兰幼苗的生长,且干旱胁迫的影响大于遮光。随着土壤水分的减少,株高增量、地径增量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均显著降低,最大降幅分别为71.4%、81.2%、93.2%、71.5%、70.6%、30.4%;适当遮光(透光度50%)可缓解严重水分亏缺(田间持水量30%)对四季米仔兰幼苗生长的不利影响。透光度70%和田间持水量70%条件下株高增量、叶面积、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度最大。最大荧光、可变荧光、PSⅡ潜在活性、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率随着水分减少呈先上升后下降趋势。四季米仔兰幼苗能够通过调整生长、提高叶绿素含量和调节光合系统来维持光合作用以适应胁迫环境。透光度70%和田间持水量70%有利于四季米仔兰幼苗光合作用的发挥,对其生长有积极影响。     

土壤水分变化对玉米苗期吸收积累镉的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分含量对玉米苗期吸收积累 Cd的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米生物量及其吸收 Cd量在玉米不同的生长时期差异较大。2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部和地下部生物量均随着田间持水量 (35 %～ 85 % )的增加而提高 ;而 16 d收获时 ,玉米生物量在田间持水量为 35 %和 85 %时比在其它水分时低许多。 16 d和 2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部 Cd含量在田间持水量 5 5 %时分别达到最大值 ,5 5 .4 1mg/ kg和 39.33mg/ kg;而在田间持水量 85 %时分别达最小值 ,2 7.97mg/ kg和 2 3.5 2 m g/kg。在玉米根系的影响下 ,土壤溶液 Cd含量基本上随着玉米的不断生长而降低。田间持水量为 6 5 %时的土壤溶液 Cd含量比田间持水量为 75 %和 85 %时大。玉米总吸 Cd量与水分蒸腾量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系     

Chlorophyll isolation,structure and function: major landmarks of the early history of research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

This paper covers major events of the early history of chlorophyll research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union from 1771 until 1952, when the modern period of studies on photosynthesis began in full swing. Short biographical sketches of key scientists, reviews of their major research contributions and some selected photographs are included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ypsilorchis and Ypsilorchidinae,a new genus and a new subtribe of Orchidaceae

A new orchid genus, Ypsilorchis Z. J. Liu, S. C. Chen & L. J. Chen, is established based on Ypsilor-chis fissipetala (Finet) Z. J. Liu, S. C. Chen & L. J. Chen (basionym: Liparis fissipetala Finet). The new genus differs from Liparis and its allies by having two granular-waxy pollinia each with a somewhat elastic caudicle, deeply bilobed petals and strongly crisped-margined leaves with an apical awn to 1 mm long. These features are an indication of its distant relation to the members of the subtribe Liparidinae, and thus a new subtribe, Ypsilor-chidinae Z. J. Liu, S. C. Chen & L. J. Chen, is proposed.     

巴戟天根的结构及其与蒽醌类化合物积累的关系

应用石蜡切片法、荧光显微镜和紫外分光光度法,对不同年生巴戟天根组织结构的变化进行了观察、对蒽醌类化合物在根中的分布场所及其积累动态进行了研究。结果表明:巴戟天根的结构类似一般多年生草本植物,薄壁细胞是巴戟天根中蒽醌类化合物的分布储存场所,蒽醌类化合物含量随着根生长年限的增加而增加。由以上研究总结出巴戟天以四年或四年以上采收为好,并以根皮厚、木心细者为上品。     

Protein intake regulation in the weanling rat: Effects of additions of lysine,arginine and ammonia on the selection of gluten and energy

The effects of adding lysine, arginine and ammonia to gluten on the self-selection of protein and energy by the weanling rat simultaneously offered a choice of two diets differing only in gluten concentration (15 and 55%) were tested. Previous studies have shown that while lysine (6 g/100 g) additions to gluten decreased the amount of gluten selected by the rat from 40 to 20 g per 100 g of food eaten, selection was not related to the nutritional quality of the gluten. When graded levels of arginine (1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 g/100 g) were added to the gluten with or without lysine (0 or 6 g/100 g) the dietary protein selection was unaffected. The addition of ammonia (1.4 g/100 g as NH₄Cl) to gluten had initially the same effect as lysine (6 g/100 g) but with time protein intake returned to control levels. This effect of ammonia was unaltered by arginine additions. It is concluded that the mechanisms which lead to decreases in gluten selection caused by lysine or ammonia are not similar, and that the effects of lysine on gluten selection are not caused by an increased arginine requirement for urea cycle activity.     

Identification and quantification of endogenous gibberellins in apical buds and the cambial region of Eucalyptus

Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) were extracted and purified from apical buds of Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maid.) Maid. and the cambial region of E. globulus (Labill.). then analysed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. GA₁ GA₁₉ GA₂₀ and GA₂₉ were identified by full scan mass spectra. Kovats retention indices and high resolution selected ion monitoring. Using deuterated internal standards. GA₁. GA₁₉. GA₂₀ and putative GA₂₉ and GA₅₃ were quantified in the apical buds, while GA₄. GA₈. GA₉ and GA₄₄ were shown to be either absent or present at very low levels. From the cambial region. GA₁ and GA₂₀ were quantified at levels of 0.30 ng (g fresh weight)-¹ and 8.8 ng (g fresh weight)-¹ respectively. These data suggest that the early 13-hydroxylation pathway is the dominant pathway for GA biosynthesis in Eucalyptus .     

兰科一新属和新亚族——丫瓣兰属和丫瓣兰亚族

基于丫瓣兰Ypsilorchis fissipetala (Finet)Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen &L.J.Chen(基名为裂瓣羊耳蒜Liparis fissipetala Finet)建立了兰科新属--丫瓣兰属Ypsilorchis Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen&.J.Chen.新属与羊耳蒜属Liparis的区别点为:新属有两个粉蜡质花粉团:每个花粉团具1个多少有弹性的花粉团柄;花瓣二深裂;叶具强烈波状的边缘,其先端有一个长达1 mm的芒尖.这些特征表明了其与羊耳蒜亚族Liparidinae有明显的差别,为此,建立了一个新的亚族--丫瓣兰亚族Ypsilorchidinae Z.J.Liu,S.C.Chen &L.J.Chert.     

Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y and adrenergic transmitters on LH release and food intake in male rats

In view of the recent demonstrations that Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and adrenergic transmitters coexist in neurons of the rat brain, we have compared the effects of intraventricular (Ivt) injections of NPY and catecholamines on LH release and food intake in intact male rats. Of the three catecholamines, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), only E (5.3 micrograms or 15.9 micrograms/rat) significantly stimulated LH release, although NE and E (5.3 micrograms/rat) were equally effective in eliciting food intake in satiated rats. Ivt administration of 10 micrograms NPY significantly stimulated LH release, whereas either lower (0.5 or 2 micrograms/rat) or higher (25 micrograms/rat) doses were ineffective. In contrast, NPY at doses of 0.5 - 10 micrograms/rat increased cumulative food intake in a dose-related fashion. These findings present preliminary evidence of the physiological correlates of the neuronal coexistence of adrenergic transmitters and NPY in the brain and raise the possibility that NPY may normally act either independently, in concert with or via adrenergic systems to evoke LH release and feeding responses in the rat.