应用特异性抗原刺激树突细胞增强小鼠抵抗烟曲霉感染的能力

目的 探讨曲霉抗原刺激树突细胞(DC)应用于小鼠后对小鼠抵抗曲霉感染能力的影响.方法 小鼠骨髓制备DC,尾静脉接种小鼠;腹腔内注射环磷酰胺后,鼻腔内滴入烟曲霉孢子制备侵袭性肺曲霉病小鼠模型;获取小鼠肺组织并进行匀浆,假丝酵母(念珠菌)显色培养基接种后进行菌落计数,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测mγ干扰素(mIFN-γ)含量,部分肺组织进行HE和GMS染色;以反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)的方法检测小鼠脾脏中细胞因子IFN-γ的mRNA表达.结果 与单纯接种DC和热灭活烟曲霉(HAF)的小鼠相比,烟曲霉抗原刺激DC回输的小鼠存活率显著增高,脾脏内IFN-γ的mRNA表达增加,肺组织烟曲霉负荷明显降低,肺组织匀浆中IFN-γ含量(3.60±1.57ng/ml)亦高于非刺激DC免疫小鼠(HAF,1.35±0.47ng/ml;单纯DC,1.1±0.42ng/ml,P＜0.01),接受单纯DC和HAF的小鼠肺组织可见烟曲霉孢子、菌丝生长,有支气管壁的破坏,支气管周围坏死,肺泡和间质内炎症细胞浸润,而接受烟曲霉抗原刺激DC的小鼠肺内浸润炎症细胞减少,未发现坏死和真菌生长.结论 应用烟曲霉抗原刺激DC,可以在小鼠体内诱导特异性Th1型反应,增强小鼠抵抗烟曲霉感染的能力.     

CpG ODN对呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型的免疫治疗作用

目的　探讨Cp G ODN对呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型的免疫治疗作用。方法　用紫外线灭活的呼吸道合胞病毒致敏30只BAL B/ c小鼠后,分别注射生理盐水、地塞米松和Cp G ODN,流式细胞仪检测小鼠的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群,EL ISA法检测小鼠的外周血IL - 4、IFN-γ和总Ig E的含量,并观察肺组织病理变化。结果　Cp G组CD4 +T细胞所占百分比为( 6 9.35±6 .15 ) % ,CD4 +/ CD8+的比值为2 .92±0 .35 ,与哮喘模型组相比显著降低( P<0 .0 5 )。Cp G组IL- 4的含量为( 88.96±9.89) pg/ ml,与哮喘模型组相比明显降低( P<0 .0 5 ) ;IFN-γ的含量为( 4 6 .83±8.84 ) pg/ ml,与哮喘模型组相比显著上升( P<0 .0 5 ) ;总Ig E的含量为( 3.72±0 .6 7) IU/ml,与哮喘模型组相比明显降低( P<0 .0 5 )。肺组织炎症反应明显减轻。结论　Cp G ODN对用紫外线灭活的呼吸道合胞病毒诱导的哮喘小鼠动物模型具有较好的免疫治疗作用     

体外制备和增殖烟曲霉特异性T细胞的研究

目的体外制备和增殖烟曲霉特异性T淋巴细胞。方法从健康志愿者外周抗凝血中分离并体外扩增DC,利用加热灭活的烟曲霉孢子作为抗原,体外共孵育制备烟曲霉孢子负载的DC,进一步将此成熟DC与源自同一个体的去除了DC细胞的外周血细胞共培养,体外诱导并扩增烟曲霉特异性T淋巴细胞。应用ELISPOT(酶联免疫斑点)技术检测活化T细胞IFN-γ的分泌情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞因子胞内合成情况,并分析功能细胞的类型和比例。结果 ELISPOT分析显示:PBMC+DC+Conidia实验组IFN-γ分泌(87.33±1.33/4.0×105)高于其他对照组,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。细胞因子流式细胞仪分析显示:PBMC+DC+Conidia组中,2.76%的细胞分泌IFN-γ,其中1.61%为CD4+T细胞,与各对照组相比具有统计学意义(P0.05)。获得的烟曲霉特异性T细胞可以在体外可进行大量增殖。结论本文结果显示烟曲霉孢子在体外可以作为变应原诱导产生烟曲霉特异性CD4+T细胞介导的Th1型免疫反应,为未来制备和扩增烟曲霉特异性T细胞及过继免疫治疗侵袭性曲霉病提供实验基础。     

烟曲霉抗原Asp f16HLA-A*0201限制性的CD8+CTL抗原表位生物信息学预测与实验室鉴定

目的 预测与鉴定烟曲霉抗原Asp f16的HLA-A *0201限制性CD8+细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)抗原表位.方法 以国人常见的HLA-A*0201位点为靶点,依据生物信息学软件扫描烟曲霉特异性抗原Asp f16的全部427个氨基酸序列.使用HLA-A *0201转基因小鼠制备骨髓来源的树突状细胞(DC)和CTL.流式细胞仪技术检测DC表面MHC Ⅱ类抗原,CD80,CD86和CD11c的表达来验证其是否成熟.ELISPOT试验检测烟曲霉抗原多肽特异性CTL产生的细胞因子IFN-γ.四聚体(Tetramer)试验证实烟曲霉特异性CTL与抗原肽,HLA-A*0201分子复合体的亲和性.结果 根据与MHC I类分子结合的半衰期评分,选择了3个HLA-A*0201限制性抗原表位.流式细胞仪分析示成熟DC高表达HLA Ⅱ类抗原,CD80,CD86和CD11c.Tetramer试验证实烟曲霉特异性T细胞受体与抗原肽,HLA-A*0201分子复合体的高亲和性.ELISPOT实验结果 表明烟曲霉抗原肽体外可以活化CD8+CTL,被负载了抗原肽的DC刺激活化后可以产生IFN-γ.结论 本研究成功鉴定烟曲霉抗原Asp f16的HLA-A*0201限制性CD8+CTL表位,可作为疫苗设计的候选表位,为进一步研发新型抗烟曲霉疫苗提供参考.     

蛋氨酸脑啡肽单独或联合IL-2、IFN-γ对小鼠CD4+T细胞作用的研究

通过体内外MENK单独或联合IL-2、IFN-γ对C57BL/6小鼠CD4+T细胞数量,CD4+T细胞mRNA表达量以及细胞因子产生量的变化,来阐明MENK对CD4+T细胞的免疫效应.应用流式细胞术、酶联免疫吸附试验、RT-PCR方法检测C57 BL/6小鼠体内外单独应用MENK,或联合IL-2、IFN-γ后,CD4+T细胞数量,CD4+T细胞mRNA的表达量及上清中细胞因子含量.MENK单独或联合IL-2、IFN-γ,在体内能显著增加小鼠CD4+T细胞数量,CD4+T细胞mRNA表达量及细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ含量;体外MENK单独应用可以显著增加小鼠CD4+T细胞数量,CD4+T细胞mRNA表达量及细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ含量;而体外MENK联合IL-2或IFN-γ与MENK单独作用时相比无明显差异.MENK单独或联合IL-2、IFN-γ,在体内能上调CD4+T细胞的免疫效应.     

CD8~+CD122~+T细胞在脑缺血过程中作用的研究

目的:探讨CD8+CD122+T细胞在脑缺血过程中的作用及其机制。方法:线栓法建立小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型(MCAO);激光共聚焦显微镜检测小鼠脑缺血组织中CD8+CD122+T细胞浸润情况;流式细胞仪检测脑缺血组织中CD8+CD122+T细胞/CD3+T细胞的比例及脾和胸腺中CD8+CD122+T细胞数量变化;RT-PCR方法检测CD8+CD122+T细胞对氧糖剥夺(Oxygen-glucose deprivation,OGD)条件下星形胶质细胞表达TNF-α,IL-1β,IFN-γ的影响。结果:各时间点脑缺血组织中均有CD8+CD122+T细胞浸润,且随脑缺血时间延长,缺血侧脑组织中CD8+CD122+T细胞/CD3+T细胞比例逐渐增加,5 d和7 d组差异显著,与非缺血侧相比,P5d0.05,P7d0.05;MCAO小鼠脾及胸腺中CD8+CD122+T细胞呈现先增高后降低的趋势。星形胶质细胞经OGD处理后,与对照组相比,IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β表达显著增高,PIFN-γ0.01、PTNF-α0.001、PIL-1β0.01;CD122-blocked组与CD8+组相比,IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-1β表达明显增高,PIFN-γ0.05、PTNF-α0.05、PIL-1β0.01;CD8+组与HBSS组相比,IFN-γ表达降低,P0.05;IL-1β表达有降低的趋势。结论:CD8+CD122+T细胞在脑缺血过程中发挥保护性作用,其保护作用通过CD122抑制星形胶质细胞TNF-α,IL-1β,IFN-γ炎症因子表达实现的。     

异源反应性NK细胞对骨髓移植小鼠脾脏Th1/Th2细胞亚群的影响

目的:观察异源反应性自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)对骨髓移植小鼠脾脏辅助性T细胞Th1/Th2亚群的影响。方法:以BALB/c和CB6F1小鼠为受体,在γ射线照射后通过尾静脉输入C57BL/6J小鼠的骨髓细胞和脾脏单个核细胞,建立移植物抗宿主病模型;然后输入供体的NK细胞,检测受体小鼠脾脏中Th1/Th2淋巴细胞亚群和外周血中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)的变化。结果:与单纯输入骨髓细胞和单个核细胞组小鼠相比,输入异源反应性NK细胞后,BALB/c和CB6F1小鼠脾脏中Th1细胞比例均下降,Th2细胞比例均上升,CB6F1小鼠脾脏中Th2虽有升高但没有统计学意义;外周血中IL-10水平显著升高,IFN-γ的水平显著下降。结论:异源反应性NK细胞可能通过降低脾脏中Th1细胞亚群比例和升高Th2细胞亚群比例减轻移植物抗宿主病。     

过继转输的父系抗原耐受T细胞诱导受体母-胎免疫耐受的机制研究

本文目的是为了探讨过继转输的父系抗原耐受T细胞对受体孕鼠反应性T细胞的影响。以(?)CBA/J×(?)BALB/c为正常妊娠模型,(?)CBA/J×(?)DBA/2为自然流产模型,将自然流产模型CBA/ J孕鼠于孕第4天(着床期)分别腹腔注射大鼠抗小鼠CD80和CD86 mAb或大鼠同型IgG。于孕第9天,应用免疫磁珠阴性分选孕鼠的脾脏T细胞,将纯化的T细胞先进行CFSE体外荧光标记,再分别过继转输至孕第4天的CBA/J×DBA/2孕鼠。于受体孕鼠孕第9天,在父系抗原刺激下,采用单向混合淋巴细胞反应分析受体孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原的增殖能力,并用流式细胞术分析过继转输的T细胞及受体T细胞内细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-10和IFN-γ及细胞表面协同刺激分子CTLA-4的表达。本文结果显示,与过继转输父系抗原非耐受性T细胞相比,转输父系抗原耐受性T细胞和转输正常妊娠模型孕鼠T细胞均使受体孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原的增殖能力显著下降(P<0.05);同时使受体孕鼠T细胞内细胞因子IL-10及细胞表面CTLA-4的表达显著增加,而细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ的表达则明显下降(P<0.05),细胞因子IL-4的表达不变(P>0.05)。总之,过继转输的父系抗原耐受T细胞具有抑制性免疫调节功能,诱导受体孕鼠反应性T细胞对父系抗原亦产生免疫耐受,两者协同作用则抑制母体对胚胎的免疫排斥,明显改善了自然流产模型孕鼠的妊娠预后。     

胃癌患者外周血调节性T细胞水平与免疫抑制状态及病理特征的关系研究

目的:探讨胃癌患者外周血中CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Treg)水平与免疫抑制状态和病理特征的关系。方法:选择2016年1月至2017年6月我院收治的胃癌患者73例作为胃癌组,另选同期在本院进行体格检查的健康者41例作为对照组,采用流式细胞仪检测其外周血中CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平,分析CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平与IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4和IL-10的相关性及与病理特征的关系。结果:胃癌组CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例、IL-4和IL-10水平为(19.43±4.36)%、(9.76±2.41)pg/mL和(22.18±5.26)pg/mL,高于对照组的(10.34±2.16)%、(7.16±2.07)pg/mL和(9.52±3.47)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);胃癌组IFN-γ和IL-2水平为(6.87±2.24)pg/mL和(2.43±0.54)pg/mL,低于对照组的(13.86±3.18)pg/mL和(12.79±2.16)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例与IFN-γ和IL-2呈负相关关系(P0.05),与IL-4和IL-10呈正相关关系(P0.05)。CD4~+CD25~+Treg比例与胃癌患者的TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关(P0.05),与病理类型、肿瘤直径、分化程度和肿瘤位置无关(P0.05)。结论:胃癌患者外周血Treg水平增高,与免疫状态有明显的相关性,其参与了肿瘤的发生与发展过程。     

广叶绣球菌多糖对小鼠CD8+T细胞介导的免疫应答调控机制

研究广叶绣球菌多糖(polysaccharides,SLPs)对小鼠CD8⁺T细胞活化、增殖分化以及效应阶段的影响,探索广叶绣球菌多糖对CD8⁺T细胞的免疫应答调控机制。通过腹腔注射环磷酰胺溶液(80mg/kg)构建免疫低下小鼠模型,灌胃广叶绣球菌多糖(低、中和高剂量分别为100、200和400 mg/kg),连续饲养20 d后处死,取脾脏和胸腺。血细胞分析仪测定血常规;MTT检测脾T淋巴细胞的扩增能力;流式细胞术分析脾脏CD8⁺T细胞表面CD28、CTLA-4和PD1以及树突状细胞表面MHCⅠ、CD80和PD-L1的表达量;ELISA测定外周血中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-10、穿孔素及颗粒酶B的含量;RT-PCR测定脾脏Psmb9、Psmd9、TAP1、TAP2、IFN-γ、IL-2、JAK1、JAK2、STAT1、STAT3、SOCS-3和Blimp-1的mRNA表达量;Westernblot测定pJAK2/JAK2、pSTAT3/STAT3和Blimp-1的蛋白表达量。试验表明广叶绣球菌多糖高剂量组脾...     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.