功能植物蛇床上的七星瓢虫4龄幼虫

<正>蛇床,学名为Cnidium monnieri(L.)Cuss.,又名野茴香、野胡萝卜子,属伞形科、蛇床属的一年生草本植物,高10-60cm,分布于中国华北、华东、西南、中南、西北、东北等地区,朝鲜、北美及其它欧洲国家亦有分布。蛇床大量涵养异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫等天敌昆虫,且具备种植管理轻简、适生性强、种子不扩散到农田内部成为杂草、具观赏功能等优点,可作为北方小麦、玉米、棉花等作物以及苹果等果树害虫生态调控的功能植物。封面照片为在小麦拔节期,小麦田旁边蛇床上的七星瓢虫4龄幼虫,体长11 mm左右,体灰黑色,前胸背板前侧角和后侧角有桔黄色斑,     

定量评价天敌昆虫控害功能的铷元素标记技术

【目的】自然天敌对害虫种群起着重要的生态调控作用,定量地阐明天敌昆虫的取食关系及转移扩散规律,可为客观地评价天敌的控害功能提供依据。【方法】本文以苹果树与蛇床草Cnidium monnieri(L.) Cuss组成的微景观系统为研究对象,以蛇床草-胡萝卜微管蚜-异色瓢虫为研究主线,对植物和昆虫体内的铷元素含量进行检测。【结果】利用铷元素标记手段,结合室内和大田取样两种途径,通过测定天敌昆虫体内铷元素含量,可定量地评价种植功能植物提高果园天敌控害的作用。【结论】铷(Rb)元素标记技术是追溯天敌昆虫在农田生态系统中取食及转移扩散规律的重要手段。     

功能植物苣荬菜的特征及其应用潜能

苣荬菜Sonchus arvensis L.在我国广泛分布,具有耐干旱、耐盐碱、适应性强、管理简便、花期长的特点。我们于2018年9月最先在山东发现苣荬菜上涵养着大量的天敌昆虫和传粉昆虫。经过进一步调研,显示苣荬菜与周围作物(玉米、小麦)无共同害虫,其花期7-10月,与玉米生长同期,可为玉米田天敌昆虫提供持续的营养补充,维持天敌昆虫种群;同时也是一种优质的蜜粉源植物,符合功能植物的基本特征。本文综述了苣荬菜作为华北玉米田功能植物的特征,建议通过在玉米田边通过种植苣荬菜可作为玉米害虫生态控害的手段,以实现维持天敌生物控害、减少化学农药投入、增加收入、改善农田生态环境和美丽乡村等目标。     

功能植物的作用原理、方式及研究展望

通过种植蜜源植物、储蓄植物、栖境植物和诱集植物等以增强目标保护作物害虫天敌昆虫的生物控害功能,已成为害虫生态调控的一项重要途径。为此,本文从种植这些植物带来的生态系统服务与功能的角度,提出功能植物的概念,认为功能植物应为天敌和传粉昆虫提供"衣(传粉服务)、食(食物服务)、住(庇护服务)、行(转移服务)"的功能,而不能为目标害虫提供"衣(沾花点)、食(桥梁田)、住(庇护所)、行(扩散地)"作用,在发挥生物控害功能的同时,还可能带来诸如传粉、土壤涵养等其他生态系统功能;由此进一步总结了功能植物的作用原理、主要特征、作用方式及其与其他相关名词的联系与区别,指出未来功能植物发展的趋势,为充分利用功能植物开展害虫生态调控提供理论参考。     

基于服务功能的昆虫生态调控理论

鉴于昆虫在植物传粉授精、害虫生物控制、土壤有机物分解中提供多种生态系统服务功能,本文在害虫生态调控、区域性害虫生态调控与生境管理的基础上,进一步提出基于多种生态服务功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控理论、方法与实践。认为:昆虫管理不仅仅是害虫的管理,还应包括有益昆虫(如传粉昆虫、天敌昆虫、分解昆虫)的管理,这种管理应从单一农田生态系统扩展到农田景观生态系统,充分考虑农田景观中昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能,通过对功能植物、作物与非作物生境的空间布局以及时间序列上的生态设计,从空间上明确昆虫(包括害虫、天敌、传粉昆虫、分解昆虫)在不同生境中的转移扩散动态,从时间上掌握昆虫在不同寄主植物与非作物生境上的演替过程,从技术上着重发挥有利于昆虫的传粉功能、生物控害功能和分解功能的综合措施,在研究方法上突出使用稳定同位素、生态能量学、化学生态学等定量分析手段,研究景观区域内中"植物-昆虫"互作过程及其生态调控措施的作用,寻求不同时空条件下控害保益的关键措施,设计和组装出维持多功能的农田景观昆虫生态调控技术体系,创造有利于天敌控害、蜜蜂传粉、土壤分解的环境条件,以发挥昆虫类群在农田景观中最大的生态服务功能。     

植物篱对小麦蚜虫及其天敌种群的影响

采用坡地种植蓑草、苜蓿、香根草和紫穗槐等植物篱的方法,研究了其对小麦蚜虫及其天敌种群的影响.结果表明： 在20°坡度试验区,紫穗槐植物篱显著抑制了麦蚜种群的发生,且麦田拟寄生物的密度等于或显著低于香根草区.在12°坡度试验区,苜蓿和蓑草推迟了麦蚜种群发生的高峰期,蓑草作为植物篱可以显著抑制麦蚜种群数量;苜蓿区麦田拟寄生物密度显著高于对照,瓢虫种群密度等于或显著高于蓑草区.蓑草挥发物对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜均有驱避作用,而显著引诱猫蛛科1种蜘蛛;苜蓿挥发物对麦长管蚜具有引诱作用;苜蓿和蓑草挥发物对瓢虫的行为反应均无明显影响.紫穗槐和蓑草作为坡地植物篱,不仅能防护水土流失,而且有助于调控害虫及其天敌种群.     

不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫及天敌发生特征

【目的】昆虫多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,在农业生态系统中发挥重要的生物控害与传粉功能。【方法】对山东烟台3种不同防控措施的苹果园,即普通生物防治区、功能植物调控区和化学防控区进行了为期2年(2018-2019)的害虫和天敌种群调查,比较了3种不同生态措施苹果园主要害虫、天敌发生特征。【结果】发现生防区、功能植物区的绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola Vander Goot、金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella Mats.、苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi(Koch)发生数量比化防区都高,而其内的异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica(Tjeder)、食蚜蝇Syrphidae发生数量明显比化防区高。【结论】功能植物区和生防区的天敌数量均高于化防区,在一定程度上可抑制害虫发生的种群密度;而化防区内进行化学防治控制主要害虫的同时,也对天敌数量产生一定的负影响,其害虫种群数量波动较大,容易暴发成灾。     

基于CNKI分析的我国农田捕食性昆虫资源与应用

【目的】了解我国农田捕食性昆虫资源与应用研究态势。【方法】应用文献计量学方法,分析中国知网(CNKI)收录的全部年代的我国农田捕食性昆虫的中文文献。【结果】提取到544篇与农田捕食性昆虫相关文献及包含在这些文献中的1 747条关键信息词,研究内容主要包括以下5个方面:农田节肢动物群落与捕食性优势种;农田重要捕食者;捕食作用、食物网关系与生态服务价值评价;人工繁育、人工饲料与天敌释放应用;主要农作物的重要害虫种群及其综合管理。水稻与棉花生态系统及其中的捕食昆虫与害虫被重点关注。异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis、七星瓢虫Coccinellaseptempunctata、龟纹瓢虫Propyleajaponica、黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis、青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederusfuscipes、稻红瓢虫Micraspisdiscolor、尖钩宽黾蝽Microveliahorvathi等是农田中的优势性捕食性昆虫。【结论】在我国主要农田生态系统中,存在着丰富的捕食性昆虫资源,它们扮演着农作物害虫天敌的角色,实现对农作物害虫的生物防治或自然控制。建议加强对重要害虫种群发生机制研究,促进有利于天敌生存、保存的条件与方法研究,提高天敌的生态防控效能。     

中国稻田昆虫群落多样性及生态调控功能研究进展

稻田昆虫群落是农业昆虫群落总体的重要组成部分,也是稻田生态系统的重要结构。本文综述了我国稻田昆虫群落多样性及生态调控功能研究进展。显示,我国的稻田昆虫群落研究,主要围绕天敌资源利用与水稻害虫防治两个方面,且基于水稻害虫防治中心目标开展。而且,稻田昆虫群落常被分为捕食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫、中性昆虫、水稻害虫等亚群落或功能团被研究,且昆虫群落中重要天敌昆虫种群与重要水稻害虫种群密切联系。为此,本文主要就我国稻田昆虫群落与组成、稻田昆虫多样性与资源、水稻害虫发生动态、防治方法策略与害虫生态调控、食物网营养关系与能流、采样技术方法、稻田生态安全性评价指示生物等进展进行了介绍,并指出了未来发展的方向。     

果园功能植物的筛选、配置及应用

功能植物在农田景观中发挥着重要的生态服务功能,可为果园提供蜜粉源、作为天敌避难所、作为栖境植物、驱避害虫、提高土壤肥力等多种服务。近年来,功能植物种植已成为果园病虫害生态调控的手段之一,并被国内外众多科学家所验证。但大多数都仅仅针对一两种植物进行研究,而对于果园功能植物的应用、筛选及配置等分析较少。本文基于国内外果园功能植物研究进展,结合作者3年来在胶东半岛果园内外功能植物的调查,提出了果园功能植物的筛选及配置原则,并以此用于指导烟台苹果园害虫生态调控的实践中,由此进一步展望了未来果园功能植物的发展方向,旨在为果园利用功能植物开展害虫生态调控提供参考。     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Frequency of Discrimination,Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian,Gay Men,and Bisexual in Italy

Background

This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence and the associated factors among a random sample of 1000 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men recruited from randomly selected public venues in Italy.

Methods

A face-to-face interview sought information about: socio-demographics, frequency of discrimination, verbal harassment, and physical and sexual violence because of their sexual orientation, and their fear of suffering each types of victimization.

Results

In the whole sample, 28.3% and 11.9% self-reported at least one episode of victimization because of the sexual orientation in their lifetime and in the last year. Those unmarried, compared to the others, and with a college degree or higher, compared to less educated respondents, were more likely to have experienced an episode of victimization in their lifetime. Lesbians, compared to bisexual, had almost twice the odds of experiencing an episode of victimization. The most commonly reported experiences across the lifetime were verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical or sexual violence. Among those who had experienced one episode of victimization in their lifetime, 42.1% self-reported one episode in the last year. Perceived fear of suffering violence because of their sexual orientation, measured on a 10-point Likert scale with a higher score indicative of greater fear, ranges from 5.7 for verbal harassment to 6.4 for discrimination. Participants were more likely to have fear of suffering victimization because of their sexual orientation if they were female (compared to male), lesbian and gay men (compared to bisexual women and men), unmarried (compared to the others), and if they have already suffered an episode of victimization (compared to those who have not suffered an episode).

Conclusions

The study provides important insights into the violence experiences of lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men and the results may serve for improving policy initiatives to reduce such episodes.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Quantitation of the involvement of the recA, recB, recC, recF, recJ, recN, lexA, radA, radB, uvrD, and umuC genes in the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli

Isogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying single DNA-repair mutations were compared for their capacity for (i) the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured using neutral sucrose gradients; (ii) medium-dependent resistance, i.e., a recA-dependent X-ray survival phenomenon that correlates closely with the capacity for repairing DSB; and (iii) the growth medium-dependent, recA-dependent repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as measured using alkaline sucrose gradients (about 80% of these SSB are actually parts of DSB). These three capacities were measured to quantitate more accurately the involvement of the various genes in the repair of DSB over a wide dose range. The mutations tested were grouped into five classes according to their effect on the repair of X-ray-induced DSB: (I) the recA, recB, recC, and lexA mutants were completely deficient; (II) the radB and recN mutants were about 90% deficient; (III) the recF and recJ mutants were about 70% deficient; (IV) the radA and uvrD mutants were about 30% deficient; and (V) the umuC mutant resembled the wild-type strains in its capacity for the repair of DSB.     

Seasonal variation in the diet of juvenile lake sturgeon,Acipenser fulvescens,Rafinesque, 1817, in the Winnipeg River,Manitoba, Canada

The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, is a threatened species across most of its range. To understand any potential shifts in diet across season or habitat, stomach contents were examined from juvenile lake sturgeon caught in the Winnipeg River, Manitoba, Canada. This information will aid in assessment of environmental impacts and conservation initiatives for this threatened species. From 2006 to 2008 gut contents were collected from juvenile lake sturgeon using a non‐lethal gastric lavage methodology. Juvenile lake sturgeon were sampled from four discrete deep water habitat types (13.7–27.4 m depths), during the months of May, June, July and October. In total, 13 066 prey items belonging to 14 prey groups were collected from 345 juvenile lake sturgeon (251–835 mm TL). Overall, juvenile lake sturgeon consumed a low diversity of organisms; insect larvae from three invertebrate orders, Trichoptera, Diptera and Ephemeroptera, accounted for 97.4% of the total numeric abundance of prey items recovered. A relationship between size of juvenile lake sturgeon and prey quantity or type was not observed. Diet of juvenile lake sturgeon varied in relation to season, with Diptera (77.6%) being the most abundant prey in May, Trichoptera the most abundant in June (n = 3,056, 60.4%) and July (n = 2,055, 52.6%). During October, 96% of stomachs examined were empty. In terms of habitat type, the standardized abundance of invertebrate prey items was highest in deep water habitats characterized by medium water velocity (depths > 13.7 m) and coarse substrate (particle sizes > 0.063 mm) in May and June when compared to deep water habitats characterized by low water velocity (<0.2 m.s^?1) and fine substrate (particle sizes < 0.063 mm). However, in July, the opposite was observed and prey abundance in juvenile lake sturgeon stomachs decreased with increasing particle size. Results suggest a high degree of dietary overlap among juvenile lake sturgeon from multiple size/age classes occupying deep‐water habitats of the Winnipeg River.