对地贫红细胞的显微激光散射和图象分析

应用显微准弹性激光散射(MQLS)技术与显微生物医学图象分析技术对地中海贫血红细胞及胞内血红蛋白动态特性进行了研究.在实验中,比较了正常人及地贫患者红细胞胞内血红蛋白聚集体的平均流体力学半径、平均平动扩散系数及红细胞膜的搏动频率等动态特性参数,以及细胞的截面积、规化形状因子、长径、短径、灰度等图象分析数据,发现地贫红细胞的血红蛋白聚合物平均流体力学半径远远大于正常人红细胞的,其大小变异亦较正常人大,且其膜搏动频率也较为缓慢,细胞的截面积也变小.这反映了地贫红细胞内有较大的蛋白质聚合物存在和红细胞变形能力差的特性.研究还表明,显微准弹性激光散射技术结合图象分析技术,可使测量的可比性和准确性大大提高,预期可广泛适用于各种活细胞动态特性的研究.     

缺氧时大鼠红细胞变形性损伤的机制研究

本实验通过测定平原和模拟高原减压缺氧３０天大鼠红细胞滤过指数（ＩＦ）、红细胞内［ｐＨ］ｉ、［Ｋ＋］ｉ／［Ｎａ＋］ｉ比值、［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ、［Ｍｇ２＋］ｉ、平均红细胞体积（ＭＣＶ）及平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（ＭＣＨＣ）,从而探讨缺氧条件下大鼠红细胞变形性损害的机制。结果发现：１．缺氧组大鼠红细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ明显升高,且与ＩＦ呈显著正相关,但［Ｍｇ２＋］ｉ无明显差异;２．缺氧组［Ｋ＋］ｉ／［Ｎａ＋］ｉ值较平原组明显降低,且与ＩＦ呈显著负相关;３．缺氧组ＭＣＨＣ与平原组无明显差异,但ＭＣＶ显著升高;４．缺氧组红细胞内［ｐＨ］ｉ较平原组明显升高。提示：缺氧时红细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ升高,［Ｋ＋］ｉ／［Ｎａ＋］ｉ值降低,ＭＣＶ增大以及红细胞［ｐＨ］ｉ值的改变在其变形性损伤中起重要作用。     

SPF级与普通级新西兰兔血液学参数的比较

目的对普通级新西兰兔进行剖宫产,获得SPF兔,比较SPF兔和普通级兔血液学参数。方法采取剖宫产手术培育成无菌兔,接种正常寄生菌使之SPF化。耳缘静脉采血,自动生化分析仪测定SPF兔、普通级兔血液学参数。结果经检测SPF兔符合国家SPF兔标准;SPF兔和普通级新西兰兔白细胞数、血红蛋白、红细胞容积、中性粒细胞百分比、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比、中性粒细胞数、单核细胞数、嗜酸性粒细胞数、嗜碱性粒细胞数、总蛋白、球蛋白、白蛋白/球蛋白、谷酰转肽酶、葡萄糖、钙、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇等参数差异极显著（P〈0.01）;血小板数、淋巴细胞百分比、肌酐差异显著（P〈0.05）;红细胞数、平均红细胞体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度、红细胞体积分布宽度、平均血小板体积、单核细胞百分比、淋巴细胞数、白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮、尿酸、磷、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、磷酸肌酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论不同等级微生物环境对新西兰兔血液学指标有显著影响。     

草鱼血液学的研究 Ⅰ.九项血液常数的周年变化

用741尾健康草鱼种作红细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞比积、红细胞平均体积、红细胞平均血红蛋白量、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度、红细胞沉降率、血浆总蛋白和血浆葡萄糖浓度等九项血液常数的测定。所得的年均值经变异系数分析,除红细胞沉降率和血浆葡萄糖浓度外,其余各项常数的可靠性基本一致。另从周年变动的规律分析,高值出现在冬夏季,低值出现的月份较为分散。水温仅对总蛋白含量的变动呈现显著的负相关(P<0.01)。而体重与血液常数存在着一定的相关因素,在10—90克之间的鱼种中,血红蛋白、红细胞比积、红细胞平均体积、红细胞平均血红蛋白量与体重呈现直线正相关;红细胞沉降率为负相关。     

暗腹雪鸡与海兰褐鸡血液生理生化指标的比较

为了解暗腹雪鸡（Tetraogallus himalayensis）正常血液生理生化特性,本文对暗腹雪鸡21项血液生理生化指标进行了测定,并与海兰褐鸡（Gallus gallus domesticus var. Hyline）进行了比较。测定结果,暗腹雪鸡的红细胞纵径及横纵径乘积、平均红细胞容积及平均红细胞血红蛋白含量极显著大于海兰褐鸡（P<0.01）;暗腹雪鸡天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和胆固醇含量均极显著高于海兰褐鸡（P<0.01）。其他各项血液生理生化指标两禽种间之间差异不显著。实验结果表明,暗腹雪鸡血液生理生化指标与家养蛋鸡之间有一定差异,暗腹雪鸡对高原低氧环境有较强的适应性可能与其红细胞体积较大、平均红细胞容积及平均红细胞血红蛋白含量较高有一定关系。     

甘肃鼢鼠血象及其与低氧适应的关系

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)是一种严格营地下生活的鼠类,其形态、行为及生理特征均与地面鼠不同。为探讨甘肃鼢鼠适应低氧环境的机理,本研究采用血象指标测定方法,对甘肃鼢鼠低氧适应前后的红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积等各血象指标进行测定。结果显示,甘肃鼢鼠低氧适应后红细胞数、血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积均显著升高,而平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白及平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度明显下降。与地面生活的啮齿动物低氧适应后血象相比,甘肃鼢鼠红细胞数量多,红细胞压积大,血红蛋白浓度高,红细胞膜表面积大,血红蛋白的利用率较高,可能是对低氧环境适应的一种途径。     

羧甲基淀粉崩解性能研究

本研究考察了崩解剂羧甲基淀粉（ＣＭＳ）的取代度（ＤＳ）和ＣＭＳ中Ｈ／Ｎａ（游离羧基和成盐羧基比值）改变对其吸水溶胀性能和崩解性能的影响。并应用红外光谱,Ｘ－射线衍射和扫描电镜等方法探求ＣＭＳ的结构与性能的关系。     

线型链支化链网状链生物大分子的分维测量

本文应用光散射技术研究了几种生物大分子在水溶液中的分形性质。当温度高于胶凝临界温度时,直链淀粉（线型链）、明胶（线圈状链）的分维ｄｆ为５／３,支链淀粉（支化链）的分维为２．２￣２．５。在直链淀粉及明胶水溶液胶凝点（网状链）ｄｆ＝２．０。文章还讨论了ｄｆ与样品温度、浓度的关系。     

盐胁迫下CO_2浓度倍增对冬小麦叶绿体光能吸收和激发能分配的影响

研究了在盐胁迫下ＣＯ２浓度倍增对冬小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）京冬８号叶片光合色素含量,叶绿体对光吸收能力,激发能在两个光系统之间分配和一些荧光诱导动力学参数的影响。结果表明,ＣＯ２倍增能提高冬小麦叶片单位鲜重叶绿素（Ｃｈｌ）和类胡萝卜素（Ｃａｒ）的含量,以及含等量Ｃｈｌ的叶绿体对光能的吸收能力,增强Ｍｇ２＋对两个光系统（ＰＳⅠ和ＰＳⅡ）之间激发能分配的调节能力;ＣＯ２倍增还提高荧光猝灭速率（ΔＦｖ／Ｔ）,而降低荧光半上升时间（Ｔ１／２）。然而,盐胁迫的作用则与高ＣＯ２浓度恰恰相反。     

白蛋白对低粘切变流中的红细胞流变特性的影响

用一种新型激先衍射法,研究了白蛋白对低粘切交流动中红细胞取向的影响。所得结果表明,当白蛋白浓度小于０．０４ｇ／Ｌ时,测得的取向指数（ＤＩ）ｏｒ随蛋白浓度迅速增加,在白蛋白浓度等于０．０４ｇ／Ｌ时,其取向指数（ＤＩ）ｏｒ达到最大值,以后又随白蛋白浓度的增加而很快降低到一稳定值（白蛋白浓度大于０．５ｇ／Ｌ时）。同时作者从流变学观点对上述实验结果作了解释,并通过实验证明了取向指数可用于描述红细胞变形性,从而证明了在一定浓度下（０．０４ｇ／Ｌ）白蛋白有增加红细胞变形性,保持红细胞双凹圆盘形的功能。该研究提示我们,在用此新型激光衍射法时,必须在介质中加入适量的白蛋白（０．０４ｇ／Ｌ）。     

The Effects of Ethanol on the Morphological and Biochemical Properties of Individual Human Red Blood Cells

Here, we report the results of a study on the effects of ethanol exposure on human red blood cells (RBCs) using quantitative phase imaging techniques at the level of individual cells. Three-dimensional refractive index tomograms and dynamic membrane fluctuations of RBCs were measured using common-path diffraction optical tomography, from which morphological (volume, surface area, and sphericity); biochemical (hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Hb content); and biomechanical (membrane fluctuation) parameters were retrieved at various concentrations of ethanol. RBCs exposed to the ethanol concentration of 0.1 and 0.3% v/v exhibited cell sphericities higher than those of normal cells. However, mean surface area and sphericity of RBCs in a lethal alcoholic condition (0.5% v/v) are not statistically different with those of healthy RBCs. Meanwhile, significant decreases of Hb content and concentration in RBC cytoplasm at the lethal condition were observed. Furthermore, dynamic fluctuation of RBC membranes increased significantly upon ethanol treatments, indicating ethanol-induced membrane fluidization.     

NMR water-proton spin-lattice relaxation time of human red blood cells and red blood cell suspensions

NMR water-proton spin-lattice relaxation times were studied as probes of water structure in human red blood cells and red blood cell suspensions. Normal saline had a relaxation time of about 3000 ms while packed red blood cells had a relaxation time of about 500 ms. The relaxation time of a red cell suspension at 50% hematocrit was about 750 ms showing that surface charges and polar groups of the red cell membrane effectively structure extracellular water. Incubation of red cells in hypotonic saline increases relaxation time whereas hypertonic saline decreases relaxation time. Relaxation times varied independently of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in a sample population. Studies with lysates and resealed membrane ghosts show that hemoglobin is very effective in lowering water-proton relaxation time whereas resealed membrane ghosts in the absence of hemoglobin are less effective than intact red cells.     

Variability of erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content observed in man and four selected mammals

A new measurement technique employing light scattering at different angles has been developed for analysis of blood cells. This method which is part of the Technicon H*1 system, a hematology analyzer designed for routine processing of human blood samples, allows the independent measurement of cell volume and hemoglobin content of isovolumetrically sphered red blood cells. Analysis with this instrument of the blood of humans, dogs, rabbits, rats and mice demonstrates that in addition to the expected differences in hematologic parameters, the intrasample distribution of cell hemoglobin is species dependent. In general, cell hemoglobin content is more tightly controlled for the other mammals when compared to humans. In particular, the dogs tested showed the least variability in cell hemoglobin content both within species and within sample.     

Basic hematological values in some wild ruminants in captivity

Analyses of hematological parameters were carried out on eight axis deer (Cervus axis), 12 fallow deer (Cervus dama), 16 red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus), three sambar (Cervus unicolor), nine Père David deer (Elaphurus davidianus), 20 European bison (Bison bonasus), seven nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), eight mouflon (Ovis musimon), four white-bearded gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) and six barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia). The following parameters were determined: packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell number, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte number and differential leukocyte count. Some degree of interspecific variability was found in the artiodactyls for these hematological parameters. An inverse relationship between mean corpuscular volume and red blood cell number is described, and specific values for these parameters are given for the four subfamilies.     

Interrelations among Na and K content,cell volume,and buoyant density in human red blood cell populations

Summary This study establishes a method for determining the concentration of Na and K in single red blood cells from electron probe microanalysis of a cell's Na and K content. To this end, red blood cells were separated into subpopulations according to their buoyant density by means of bovine serum density gradient centrifugation. Cell water and Na+K contents were then determined in each fraction by conventional analytic methods with cell volume estimated from measurements of hematocrits and cell number. It was found that an inverse relationship obtains between the mean cell volume and buoyant cell density since cells increased in size as density decreased. Although the amount of hemoglobin per cell was found to slightly increase as cell density decreased, hemoglobin concentration showed the inverse relationship, indicating that buoyant cell density differences are primarily the result of differences in hemoglobin concentration. In confirmation of Funder and Wieth (Funder, J., Wieth, J.O. 1966.Scand. J. Lab. Invest. 18:167–180) cell water and cell volume was found to vary directly with the summed content of Na+K. Finally, by means of electron probe microanalysis of single cells, the cellular concentration of hemoglobin was found to vary inversely with the Na+K content, providing a quantitative basis for directly estimating cell volume, and thus ionic concentration, with this technique.     

Microscope laser light scattering spectroscopy of single biological cells

A microscope laser light scattering setup was developed, allowing us to do intensity autocorrelation spectroscopy on the light scattered from a volume as small as (2 micron)3. This non-invasive technique makes cytoplasmic studies possible inside single live biological cells. The effect of osmotic swelling and shrinking on the diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin inside intact red blood cells is shown as an illustrative example of the applicability and sensitivity of this new experimental method.     

Preparing for winter: divergence in the summer-autumn hematological profiles from representative species of the squirrel family

We examined hematological parameters in four related sciurid species in the late summer-autumn to assess the role of habitat, elevation, body size, and behavior in shaping these parameters. Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Arctic ground squirrels (Spermophilus parryii) were sampled in southwestern Yukon, yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) in southern Alberta, and the eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in southern Ontario. We obtained whole blood samples from each species and compared glucose levels, red blood cell characteristics (hematocrit, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), and white blood cell counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) across species. We found species differences in glucose and red blood cell characteristics that may be a function of activity levels, phylogeny, or elevation, but not of body size, body condition, or adaptations to a semi-fossorial habitat. We also found species differences in white blood cell counts that remain unexplained by any single simple explanation and may be more useful for comparison of individuals within a given species than for interspecies comparisons.     

Microscope laser light scattering spectroscopy of single biological cells

A microscope laser light scattering setup was developed, allowing us to do intensity autocorrelation spectroscopy on the light scattered from a volume as small as (2 μm)³. This non-invasive technique makes cytoplasmic studies possible inside single live biological cells. The effect of osmotic swelling and shrinking on the diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin inside intact red blood cells is shown as an illustrative example of the applicability and sensitivity of this new experimental method.     

Reflection coefficient and permeability of urea and ethylene glycol in the human red cell membrane

The reflection coefficient (sigma) and permeability (P) of urea and ethylene glycol were determined by fitting the equations of Kedem and Katchalsky (1958) to the change in light scattering produced by adding a permeable solute to a red cell suspension. The measurements incorporated three important modifications: (a) the injection artifact was eliminated by using echinocyte cells; (b) the use of an additional adjustable parameter (Km), the effective dissociation constant at the inner side of the membrane; (c) the light scattering is not directly proportional to cell volume (as is usually assumed) because refractive index and scattering properties of the cell depend on the intracellular permeable solute concentration. This necessitates calibrating for known changes in refractive index (by the addition of dextran) and cell volume (by varying the NaCl concentration). The best fit was for sigma = 0.95, Po = 8.3 X 10(-4) cm/s, and Km = 100 mM for urea and sigma = 1.0, Po = 3.9 X 10(-4) cm/s, and Km = 30 mM for ethylene glycol. The effects of the inhibitors copper, phloretin, p- chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, and 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitro) benzoic acid on the urea, ethylene glycol, and water permeability were determined. The results suggest that there are three separate, independent transport systems: one for water, one for urea and related compounds, and one for ethylene glycol and glycerol.     

Effects of 4-nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

In the present work, the destructive effects of the 4-nonylphenol on one of the most economically important Nile fishes, namely African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were studied. Apoptosis, erythrocytes alterations, micronucleus test and blood parameters count were used as biological indicators to detect those effects. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1 mg/l), apoptotic red blood cells with many malformations and micronucleated erythrocytes were recorded. Decrease in the blood parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), package cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets, white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocytes, basophils, monocytes and increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), neutrophils, eosinophils indicated the negative effects of 4-nonylphenol. It was concluded that, the 4-nonylphenol caused genotoxicity in erythrocytes with many malformations in shape and number indicated with other blood parameters.