香菇栽培配料的新工艺

在国内香菇（Ｌｅｎｔｉｎｕｓｅｄｏｄｅｓ）栽培料常规配方基础上,设计了添加１．２％盐酸取代常规配方中１％蔗糖的新工艺。经测定,两种栽培料灭菌后还原糖与总糖浓度、发菌周期与子实体产量基本一致。新配方栽培料灭菌后ｐＨ降至５．６,亦是香菇菌丝生长最适ｐＨ值。新配方工艺在山东省淄博市石马等生产单位应用,可降低生产成本１０％左右。     

猴头的覆盖瓶栽技术

通过多次试验和生产实践证明,猴头的覆盖栽培方法和其它瓶栽法相比,具有子实体形状好、个体大、质量高等特点。现将栽培要点简介如下: 栽培料配方为棉籽壳98%、蔗糖1%、石膏粉1%,含水量65-70%之间。自然pH值。将拌匀的料装进罐头瓶或大号广口瓶。料要尽量压实,料面至瓶口留05-1厘米空间,然后在瓶中央用木棍打一个洞深至瓶底,用3层牛皮纸封口。按常规方法灭菌。接种前,每瓶准备一张同牛皮纸盖一样大的塑料膜,和其他用品一起放人接种箱内消毒灭菌。无菌操作接种后,同时在每瓶牛皮纸盖第一层下加一层塑料膜。在25-28℃下培     

高温高压灭菌对MS培养基pH的影响

常规蒸气高温高压灭菌明显改变MS培养基的pH值。灭菌前营养液pH在5～7范围时,其平均降低值（-△pH）约为0．56。灭菌前pH为7～8或8～9时,则-△pH分别为0．87和1．13。文中还比较了灭菌时间、培养基体积、琼脂、脱脂棉、PVP、NaCl、CaCl2、蔗糖、活性炭等因素对灭菌过程中MS培养基pH改变的效应。     

高压灭菌前后培养基pH值和渗透压的变化

配制马铃薯和N_6培养基,蔗糖浓度为9％,pH值为3—9(间隔0.5),渗透压分别为315mO_s(马铃薯培养基)和335mOs(N_6培养基)。经高压灭菌(120℃.1.5kg/cm~2·18分钟)后分别测量了各培养基的pH值和渗透压。高压灭菌前pH值低于4.5的培养基,其pH值在高压灭菌过程中升高;pH值越低,这种升高的趋势越明显。相反,高压灭菌前pH值高于5的     

简讯

利用秸秆草料进行室内香菇栽培,经过几年试验初获成功,每市斤干草料能培育出鲜香菇约一市斤。所用菌株为Lentinus edodes 7402,培养料配方为干稻草2.5公斤,米糠4公斤,蔗糖100克,尿素25克,石膏     

硬杂木屑替代桦木屑栽培桦褐孔菌

为获得广泛栽培原料和提高栽培菌核生物学效率,开展了桦褐孔菌人工栽培比较试验,并利用桦褐孔菌常规栽培配方筛选人工栽培管理条件。试验获得桦木屑培养料出核最佳条件:菌袋不割口,无棉盖体封口,温度20～25℃,光照200 lx,基质含水量60%。菌丝粗壮,浓密,生长速度快;菌核出现早,数量多,颜色深,产量高。此管理条件下,通过桦木屑、杂木屑+玉米芯的复方栽培基质比较,获得了代用栽培料配方:杂木屑46%,玉米芯40%,麦麸10%,豆粉2%,白糖1%,石膏1%,水分60%,pH自然。菌核产量27.5 g/袋,生物学效率达30.7%,该配方与桦木屑基质菌核产量差异不显著。     

玉米秸秆代料栽培香菇菌种的筛选

筛选适用于玉米秸秆为基质的香菇菌种,以利用玉米秸秆代料栽培香菇。以4株香菇菌株937、808、辽香1号、辽香6号为试验菌株,通过玉米秸秆代料栽培的对比试验,根据试验中菌丝生长速度、生物转化率、优质菇率的结果,确定辽香6号为适合辽宁省岫岩地区玉米代料栽培香菇的菌种,其生物转化率达86%以上,优质菇率达95%以上。     

桃木基质生产香菇综合评价

以桃木为主要栽培基质,分别设置不同质量分数（20%,40%,60%,80%）的桃木替代常规配方中的栎木进行香菇生产,考察不同比例桃木替代对香菇菌丝生长速度、产量、农艺性状及子实体中重金属和农药残留的影响。结果表明：与对照（80%栎木屑、18%麸皮和2%石膏）相比,一定比例的桃木屑添加（<60%）对香菇菌丝生长不产生影响,过高的桃木添加量（≥60%）会显著降低菌丝生长速度,满袋时间相应延长;随着桃木添加量的增加,总产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,添加桃木对产量影响不显著,其中2号配方（40%栎木屑、40%桃木屑、18%麦麸、2%石膏）产量最高、菇型最好,生物学效率达到79.08%;添加60%以上的桃木配方提高了二级菇的比例,子实体整体较大;检测桃木完全替代的配方生产的第一潮香菇子实体的农药残留以及重金属,均不存在超标的现象,证实了桃木基质用于香菇生产的安全性。     

寄生于蒙古黄榆上的粗毛纤孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

为了研究不同温度、初始pH、碳源和氮源在固体培养条件下对粗毛纤孔菌菌丝生长的影响,对以上4个因素进行单因素试验,从中选出3个最优的水平进行正交试验。结果表明,粗毛纤孔菌的最适生长温度为30℃;最适初始pH为6.5;最适碳源为木糖;最适氮源为酵母浸粉。在玉米、高粱和小麦3种基质中,对原种培养基进行了筛选,实验结果表明高粱和玉米在接种后的第1天和第2天开始萌发,且可更好地促进粗毛纤孔菌菌丝的生长。对粗毛纤孔菌栽培料的3种配方进行了筛选,实验结果表明配方：木屑78%、稻壳2%、玉米粉17%、蔗糖1%、石灰1%、石膏1%、含水量60%-62%的比例为栽培种培养料可使粗毛纤孔菌菌丝在接种28d后长满菌袋,且生长旺盛,可较快地培育出子实体。     

鸡冠花红色素的稳定化研究

以鸡冠花（Celosia cristata L.)红色素为实验材料,从色素稳定剂的预选、稳定剂的组合、稳定剂的各组分用量的确定以及加入稳定剂后,温度、光照、pH值、还原剂、氧化剂、蔗糖、防腐剂、金属离子等因素对色素的稳定性的影响进行了研究。结果发现：稳定剂配方以0.06%柠檬酸 0.03%单宁酸 0.02%泛酸钙的组合为最佳;加入稳定剂后,均可不同程度地提高色素对温度、光照、氧化剂、低浓度还原剂、Fe^3与Fe^2 的耐受性,但色素对pH值、蔗糖、防腐剂和Cu^2 的耐受性却未见提高。     

Radiation and fermentation treatment of cellulosic wastes

The effect of radiation pasteurization of sugar cane bagasse and rice straw and fermentation using various strains of fungi were studied for upgrading of cellulosic wastes. The initial contamination by fungi and aerobic bacteria both in bagasse and straw was high. The doses of 30 kGy for sterilization and 8 kGy for elimination of fungi were required. Irradiation effect showed that rice straw contained comparatively radioresistant microorganisms. It was observed that all the fungi (Hericium erinacium, Pleurotus djamor, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia auricula, Lentinus sajor-caju, Coriolus versicolor, Polyporus arcularius, Coprinus cinereus) grow extending over the entire substrates during one month after inoculation in irradiated bagasse and rice straw with 3% rice bran and 65% moisture content incubated at 30°C. Initially, sugar cane bagasse and rice straw substrates contained 39.4% and 25.9% of cellulose, 22.9% and 26.9% of hemicellulose, and 19.6% and 13.9% of lignin + cutin, respectively. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values decreased significantly in sugar cane bagasse fermented byG. lucidum, A. auricula andP. arcularius, and in rice straw fermented by all the 8 strains of fungi. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) values also decreased in bagasse and rice straw fermented by all the fungi.P. arcularius, H. erinacium, G. lucidum andC. cinereus were found to be the most effective strains for delignification of sugar cane bagasse.     

应用果胶酶澄清甘蔗汁的研究

以甘蔗为原料,采用果胶酶和自然澄清方法进行甘蔗汁澄清比较,结果表明,酶促效果好于自然澄清,100ml甘蔗汁添加200U果胶酶在25℃、12h或45℃、1h条件下,均可使甘蔗汁的澄清度由5%提高到95%,粘度由4.0mPa·s下降到1.1mPa·s。     

Improvement of erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea in molasses based medium through cultivation medium optimization

In the present work, erythromycin production was carried out in submerged culture using Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Different experiments were conducted to optimize the cultivation medium through the change of carbon and nitrogen sources to cheaper one in order to reduce the cost of medium and to utilize sugar cane molasses as one of major sugar industry by-products in Egypt. It was found that the addition of sugar cane molasses a sole carbon source at a concentration of 60 g/l accompanied by corn steep liquor (as organic N-source) in combination with ammonium sulphate (as inorganic N-source) gave the maximal erythromycin production. The antibiotic production in this medium reached about 600 mg/l which is about 33% higher than the value obtained in glucose based medium. On the other hand, the addition of n-propanol in concentration of 1% (v/v) increased the antibiotic production reaching about 720 mg/l after 144 h. Concluding, the new medium formulation based on cheap carbon source, sugar cane molasses, was a good alternative solution for the production of erythromycin economically.     

Ethanol from Sugar Cane: Flask Experiments Using the EX-FERM Technique

Alcohol production at the laboratory scale from sugar cane pieces by the EX-FERM technique was studied with 37 strains of Saccharomyces spp. The EX-FERM process is novel in that it employs the simultaneous extraction and fermentation of the sucrose in a cane-water suspension. Two types of cane treatments were used: chips and shredded pith, either fresh or dried. A mother culture of the yeast was prepared in enriched cane juice and then added to the cane-water mixture. After static fermentation for 40 h at 30°C, the cane was removed, and fresh cane was added to the yeast-alcohol broth. After an additional 24 h, the cane was again removed and the liquor was analyzed. After the first 40-h cycle, sugar consumption was above 99% with 10 of the 37 yeast strains tested, and ethanol reached levels of 1.29 to 4.00 g per 100 ml, depending on the yeast strain. The final ethanol concentration reached 4.27 to 5.37 g per 100 ml, and sugar consumption was above 98% in three cases during a second EX-FERM cycle employing previously air-dried chips and pith. Product yields were within accepted values. Cane treatment did not appear to affect the results at this level.     

Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane

A recent¹⁵N dilution/N balance study confirmed that certain sugar cane varieties are capable of obtaining large contributions of nitrogen from plant-associated N₂ fixation. It was estimated that up to 60 to 80% of plant N could be derived from this source, and under good conditions of water and mineral nutrient supply, it may be possible to dispense with N fertilization of these varieties altogether. The recently discovered bacterium,Acetobacter diazotrophicus, apparently responsible for this N₂ fixation associated with the plants, has unique physiological properties for a diazotroph, such as tolerance to low pH, and high sugar and salt concentrations, lack of nitrate reductase, and nitrogenase activity which tolerates short-term exposure to ammonium. Furthermore, it also behaves as an endophyte, in that it is unable to infect sugar cane plants unless through damaged tissue or by means of VA mycorrhizae and is propagated via the planting material (stem pieces).     

Fermentation pattern ofZymomonas mobilis strains on different substrates—a comparative study

The optimum conditions (pH and initial sugar concentration) of fermentation for the production of ethanol by 4 strains ofZymomonas mobilis (ATCC 10988, ATCC 12526, NRRL B 4286 and IFO 13756) were studied. An initial sugar concentration of 15 % (w/v) at pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for the first two strains and 20 % (w/v) initial sugar at pH 7.0 was found to be optimal for the last two strains. The fermentation pattern of these strains on synthetic medium, cane juice and molasses were compared. Strain NRRL B 4286 showed maximum ethanol production on synthetic medium while on cane juice ATCC 10988 and ATCC 12526 performed well. However, all the strains fermented molasses poorly.     

Bioconversion of phytosterols to androstanes by mycobacteria growing on sugar cane mud

Direct sterol conversion of sugar cane mud (residue) by Mycobacterium sp. was demonstrated to be possible technologically, thus avoiding sugar cane oil extraction and further processes of extraction and purification of phytosterols from this oil. Indeed, mycobacterial cells were able to convert phytosterols from sugar cane mud into 4-androstene-dione (AD) and 1,4 androsta-diene-3,17-dione (ADD). For the various concentrations assayed, concomitant higher yields for both androstanes were achieved at 20% (w/w) sugar cane mud in media. Furthermore, conversions were similar to those from other substrates, such as a mixture of phytosterols. The results suggest that the mycobacterial cell is able to easily access and bioconvert sugar cane mud phytosterols.     

鸡腿菇栽培工艺的研究

采用正交法对鸡腿菇栽培的培养料、覆土材料和pH值等条件进行了探讨。结果表明:鸡腿菇栽培的最佳条件是:培养料为玉米芯,覆土材料为菌糠腐熟土,pH值为7。对鸡腿菇栽培工艺的优化提供了实验依据。     

Influence of culture conditions on mycelial growth and bioluminescence of Gerronema viridilucens

Herein we describe a procedure for measuring the total light emission of the naturally bioluminescent tropical fungus Gerronema viridilucens and the optimization of culture conditions using multivariate factorial anova. Cultures growing on an agar surface in 35 mm Petri dishes at 90% humidity show optimal bioluminescence emission at 25 degrees C in the presence of 1.0% sugar cane molasses, 0.10% yeast extract and pH 6.0 (nonbuffered). Temperature and pH are the most important factors for both mycelial growth and bioluminescence.     

Pyrolysis of olive residue and sugar cane bagasse: non-isothermal thermogravimetric kinetic analysis

Thermal degradation and kinetics for olive residue and sugar cane bagasse have been evaluated under dynamic conditions in the presence of nitrogen atmosphere, using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA). The effect of heating rate was evaluated in the range of 2-50 K min(-1) providing significant parameters for the fingerprinting of the biomass. The DTG plot for the olive residue and sugar cane bagasse clearly shows that the bagasse begins to degrade at 473 K and exhibits two major peaks. The initial mass-loss was associated with hemicellulose pyrolysis and responsible for the first peak (538-543 K) whereas cellulose pyrolysis was initiated at higher temperatures and responsible for the second peak (600-607 K). The two biomass mainly devolatilized around 473-673 K, with total volatile yield of about 70-75%. The char in final residue was about 19-26%. Mass loss and mass loss rates were strongly affected by heating rate. It was found that an increase in heating rate resulted in a shift of thermograms to higher temperatures. Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Vyazovkin methods were applied to determine apparent activation energy to the olive residue and sugar cane bagasse. Two different steps were detected with apparent activation energies in the 10-40% conversion range have a value of 153-162 kJ mol(-1) and 168-180 kJ mol(-1) for the hemicellulose degradation of olive residue and sugar cane bagasse, respectively. In the 50-80% conversion range, this value is 204-215 kJ mol(-1) and 231-240 kJ mol(-1) for the cellulose degradation of olive residue and sugar cane bagasse, respectively.