杨树人工林生态系统降水再分配及主要离子特征

大气降水是森林生态系统养分输入的主要途径之一,对养分的生物地球化学循环有着重要的意义。对13年生杨树人工林林外雨、树干流、林内雨和地表径流等水文过程中的养分特征进行了调查分析,旨在了解该生态系统的养分输入与输出规律,为杨树人工林可持续经营提供依据。结果表明,从2013年11月至2014年10月,杨树人工林生态系统林外雨量为1154.1 mm,树干流量仅占大气降水量的2.3%,15.4%的大气降水被杨树人工林的冠层截留;林内雨、树干流与大气降水量(林外雨)的动态变化规律相似。各类降水年加权平均pH值表现为林内雨林外雨树干流;各类降水的离子浓度动态变化规律基本一致,即在降水量较小的11月至次年1月份,各阴阳离子的浓度普遍较高,在降水量较大的2—9月份,阴阳离子浓度普遍较低。SO_4~(2-)-S和Ca~(2+)分别是各类降水中的主要阴离子和阳离子;整体上,树干流的离子浓度林内雨大气降水;林内雨是养分输入的主要形式,通过林内雨输入林地较多的养分离子是Ca~(2+)和K~+,分别为70.83 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和63.31 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);地表径流和土壤渗漏是养分输出的主要形式,输出林地较多的离子是Cl~-和Ca~(2+),分别为196.47 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和123.09 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其次为SO_4~(2-)-S、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+;NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的输出量不足输出离子总量的1%。所以,从水文过程看,杨树人工林生态系统无机氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N)和K~+表现为净积累,净积累量分别为10.9 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和56.4 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其他离子表现为净损失,其中Cl~-的净损失量达179.8 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)左右,其他离子损失量50 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)。     

Stream chemistry and hydrologic pathways during snowmelt in a small watershed adjacent Lake Superior

In regions with airborne contaminants and large snowpacks, there is concern over the impact that snowmelt chemical pulses — periods of sharp increase in meltwater solute concentration — could have on aquatic resources during spring runoff. A major variable in determining such an effect is the flow path of snowmelt solutes to the stream or lake. From December 1988, to late April 1989, the quality and quantity of precipitation, snowmelt, soil solution and streamwater were measured in a 176-ha gauged watershed on the south shore of Lake Superior. The main objectives were to (1) examine the change in flow path meltwaters take to the stream during distinct winter and spring hydrologic periods, (2) quantify ecosystem-level ion budgets prior to, during, and following snowmelt, and (3) examine if streamwater chemistry might be a sensitive indicator of change in ecosystem flow paths. Prior to peak snowmelt, groundwater made up 80% of stream discharge. During peak snowmelt, the groundwater level rose to the soil surface resulting in lateral water movement through near-surface macropores and as overland flow. Near the end of snowmelt, melt-waters exerted a piston action on deeper soil solution again increasing its relative contribution to streamwater discharge. Net groundwater drawdown during the study resulted in streamwater discharge about equal to precipitation inputs. Unfrozen soils and brief mid-winter thaws resulted in steady snowmelt throughout early and mid-winter. The snowpack lost > 50% of most ions prior to the period of major snowmelt and high stream discharge in late March and early April. Snowmelt and streamwater NO₃ ^– and NH₄ pulses occurred before the period of overland flow and peak streamwater discharge (April 4–24). During overland flow, stream discharge of total N, P, DOC, and AI peaked. Nutrient budgets computed for distinct hydrologic periods were much more helpful in explaining ecosystem pathways and processes than were changes in solute concentration. For the study period, watershed base cation (C_B) discharge was 23 times input and SO₄ ^2– discharge exceeded input by 42%. H⁺ was the most strongly conserved ion with output < 0.2% of input. Also conserved were NH₄ ⁺ with only 1.4% of input leaving the ecosystem and NO₃ ^– with output equal to 9.4% of input.     

The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook

A synthesis of the biogeochemistry of S was done during 34 yr(1964–1965 to 1997–1998) in reference and human-manipulated forestecosystems of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH. There have beensignificant declines in concentration (–0.44µmol/liter-yr) and input (–5.44mol/ha-yr)of SO₄ ^2– in atmospheric bulk wet deposition, and inconcentration(–0.64 µmol/liter-yr) an d output (–3.74mol/ha-yr) of SO₄ ^2– in stream water ofthe HBEF since 1964. These changes arestrongly correlated with concurrent decreases in emissions of SO₂from the source area for the HBEF. The concentration and input ofSO₄ ^2– in bulk deposition ranged from a low of 13.1µmol/liter (1983–1984) and 211 mol/ha-yr(1997–1998) to a high of 34.7 µmol/liter(1965–1966) and 479 mol/ha-yr (1967–1968), with along-term mean of 23.9 µmol/liter and 336mol/ha-yr during 1964–1965 to 1997–1998. Despiterecentdeclines in concentrations, SO₄ ^2– is the dominantanion in both bulk deposition and streamwater at HBEF. Dry deposition is difficult to measure, especially inmountainousterrain, but was estimated at 21% of bulk deposition. Thus, average totalatmospheric deposition was 491 and 323 mol/ha-yr during1964–1969 and 1993–1998, respectively. Based on the long-term³⁴S pattern associated with anthropogenic emissions,SO₄ ^2– deposition at HBEF is influenced by numerousSO₂sources, but biogenic sources appear to be small. Annual throughfall plusstemflow in 1993–1994 was estimated at 346 molSO₄ ^2–/ha. Aboveground litterfall, for thewatershed-ecosystemaveraged about 180 mol S/ha-yr, with highest inputs (190 molS/ha-yr) in the lower elevation, more deciduous forest zone. Weatheringrelease was calculated at a maximum of 50 mol S/ha-yr. Theconcentration and output of SO₄ ^2– in stream waterranged from a low of 42.3µmol/liter (1996–1997) and 309 mol/ha-yr(1964–1965), to a high of 66.1 µmol/liter(1970–1971) and 849 mol/ha-yr (1973–1974), with along-term mean of 55.5 µmol/liter and 496mol/ha-yr during the 34 yrs of study. Gross outputs ofSO₄ ^2– in stream water consistently exceeded inputsin bulkdeposition and were positively and significantly related to annualprecipitationand streamflow. The relation between gross SO₄ ^2–output and annual streamflow changed with time asatmospheric inputs declined. In contrast to the pattern for bulk depositionconcentration, there was no seasonal pattern for streamSO₄ ^2– concentration. Nevertheless, stream outputs ofSO₄ ^2– were highly seasonal, peaking during springsnowmelt, andproducing a monthly cross-over pattern where net hydrologic flux (NHF) ispositive during summer and negative during the remainder of the year. Nosignificant elevational pattern in streamwaterSO₄ ^2– concentration was observed. Mean annual,volume-weightedsoil water SO₄ ^2– concentrations were relativelyuniform by soil horizon andacross landscape position. Based upon isotopic evidence, much of theSO₄ ^2– entering HBEF in atmospheric depositioncycles throughvegetation and microbial biomass before being released to the soil solution andstream water. Gaseous emissions of S from watershed-ecosystems at HBEF areunquantified, but estimated to be very small. Organic S (carbon bonded andestersulfates) represents some 89% of the total S in soil at HBEF. Some 6% exists asphosphate extractable SO₄ ^2– (PSO₄).About 73% of the total S in the soilprofile at HBEF occurs in the Bs2 horizon, and some 9% occurs in the forestfloor. The residence time for S in the soil was calculated to be 9 yr, butonly a small portion of the total organic soil pool turns over relativelyquickly. The S content of above- and belowground biomass is about 2885mol/ha, of which some 3–5% is in standing dead trees. Yellowbirch, American beech and sugar maple accounted for 89% of the S in trees, with31% in branches, 27% in roots and 25% in the lightwood of boles. The pool of Sin living biomass increased from 1965 to 1982 due to biomass accretion, andremained relatively constant thereafter. Of current inputs to the availablenutrient compartment of the forest ecosystem, 50% is from atmospheric bulkdeposition, 24% from net soil release, 11% from dry deposition, 11% from rootexudates and 4% is from canopy leaching. Comparing ecosystem processes for Sfrom 1964–1969 to 1993–1998, atmospheric bulk deposition decreasedby 34%, stream output decreased by 10%, net annual biomass storage decreased by92%, and net soil release increased by 184% compared to the 1964–1969values. These changes are correlated with decreased emissions of SO₂from the source area for the HBEF. Average, annual bulk deposition inputsexceeded streamwater outputs by 160.0 ± 75.3 SD molS/ha-yr,but average annual net ecosystem fluxes (NEF) were much smaller, mostlynegativeand highly variable during the 34 yr period (–54.3 ± 72.9 SDmol S/ha-yr; NEF range, +86.8 to –229.5). While severalmechanisms may explain this small discrepancy, the most likely are netdesorption of S and net mineralization of organic S largely associated with theforest floor. Our best estimates indicate that additional S from dry depositionand weathering release is probably small and that desorption accounts for about37% of the NEF imbalance and net mineralization probably accounts for theremainder (60%). Additional inputs from dry deposition would result fromunmeasured inputs of gaseous and particulate deposition directly to the forestfloor. The source of any unmeasured S input has important implications for therecovery of soils and streams in response to decreases in inputs of acidicdeposition. Sulfate is a dominant contributor to acid deposition at HBEF,seriously degrading aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Because of the strongrelation between SO₂ emissions and concentrations ofSO₄ ^2– in both atmospheric deposition and streamwater at HBEF,further reductions in SO₂ emissions will be required to allowsignificant ecosystem recovery from the effects of acidic deposition. Thedestruction or removal of vegetation on experimental watershed-ecosystems atHBEF resulted in increased rates of organic matter decomposition andnitrification, a lowering of soil and streamwater pH, enhancedSO₄ ^2– adsorption on mineral soil and smallerconcentrations andlosses of SO₄ ^2– in stream water. With vegetationregrowth, this adsorbedSO₄ ^2– is released from the soil, increasingconcentrations andfluxes of SO₄ ^2– in drainage water. Streamwaterconcentration ofSO₄ ^2– and gross annual output ofSO₄ ^2–/ha are essentially the same throughout theHubbard BrookValley in watersheds varying in size by about 4 orders of magnitude, from 3 to3000 ha.     

Alkalinity and acidity cycling and fluxes in an intermediate fen peatland in northern Ontario

Peatlands are important to global carbon (C) sequestration and surface water acid–base status, both of which are affected by peatland alkalinity and acidity cycling. Relationships among sulfate (SO₄ ^2?), nitrate (NO₃ ^?), organic acids (OA^?), base cations (i.e., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺), proton (H⁺) acidity, and bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^?) alkalinity were investigated in an intermediate fen peatland in northern Ontario during 2004 (an average precipitation year) and 2005 (a dry summer). Potential evapotranspiration was higher and the water table, groundwater input from the uplands, and runoff were lower during 2005. Net inputs of base cations, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, and OA^?, and to a lesser degree NO₃ ^?, were lower during the drier year, mainly due to lower groundwater transfer to the fen. Fen porewater HCO₃ ^? concentration and net output were also lower in the drier year, whereas Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄ ^2? concentrations and net output were higher. During the climatically average year, N immobilization, carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) dissociation, and OA dissociation were equally important H⁺-producing reactions. Peat cation exchange accounted for 50% of the H⁺ sink, while SO₄ ^2? reduction and denitrification accounted for an additional 20 and 25% of the H⁺ sink, respectively. During the dry year, S oxidation accounted for 55% of the H⁺ net production, while that for H₂CO₃ dissociation was 70% lower than that during the climatically average year. Peat cation exchange consumed three times the acidity, and accounted for 92% of the H⁺ consumption during the dry year compared to the climatically average year. This was consistent with a three-fold higher net base cation export from the fen during the dry year. Based on the study results, a conceptual model was developed that describes the role of acidity formation and its implications to intermediate fen acidification.     

Long-term and seasonal changes in the chemical composition of precipitation and surface waters of lakes and tarns in the English Lake District

SUMMARY. The composition of bulk (wet and dry) precipitation in 1975 and 1976 was similar to that found 22 years previously. In 1975, mean values for nine precipitation samplers at one site (Wraymires) ranged from pH 4.3 to 4.5; similar values were obtained in 1976. Samplers covered with fine-mesh plastic gauze caught substantially more Ca²⁺ and K⁺ than open samplers, but pH and SO^2-₄+ NO₃^- concentrations were similar in open and covered samplers. In precipitation, c. 50% of H⁺ was balanced by NO₃^- and c. 50% by SOi; 80% of the SO^2-₄ was balanced by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Conccntrations of major cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺,Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and anions (CI^-, NO₃^- SO^2-₄ and alkalinity [Alk—largely HCO₃^-]) in upland water- bodies were similar to those found in precipitation, but pH levels were generally higher and above 6.0 m some tarns. At lower altitudes, on base-rich roeks and soils, Ca²⁺ and Alk become dominant. Results of a survey of lakes and tarns in 1974–78 are compared with a survey in 1953–56 and published data (chiefly for pH and Alk) for 1947–50, 1932 and 1928. Comparisons are also made with other measurements of Alk in three productive lakes (Blelham Tarn, Esthwaite Water and Windermere) for 1936–39 and 1945–80. Winter levels of NO₃-N, PO₄-P and Si are given for these lakes; although the first two have increased during the late 1960s and the 1970s there has been no significant change in the last. NO₃^- and probably some SO^2-₄. In productive lakes a substantial (c. 50%) rise in mean Alk occurred during the late 1960s and the 1970s, possibly related to increased winter levels of NO₃-N and PO₄-P derived from sewage and fertilizers. In this period the maximum pH levels reached in summer were notably high, sometimes exceeding pH 10. The rise in Alk, conductivity and pH of surface waters is influenced by climatic factors (a decade of drier years), sewage input and biological productivity within the lakes. Considerable seasonal fluctuations in the concentrations of major ions, a characteristic feature of surface waters in the English Lake District, are illustrated and some implications for cation-anion balance briefly discussed. Mid-winter concentrations are usually high forNa⁺, K⁺, Cl^-. NO₃^-and low for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Alk. SO^2-₄. Alkalinity. pH and conductivity of Lake District tarns and lakes show no signs of acidification during the period 1928–80. On the contrary, productive lakes have become more alkaline and some unproductive low-alkalinity (< 100 μ-equiv. 1^-1) lakes also show signs of alkalization, with increased mean concentrations of Na⁺. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, balanced by Alk.     

Chemical limnology of soft water lakes in the Upper Midwest

Water samples from 36 lakes in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan were collected and analyzed during 1983–1984. All study lakes were dilute and had total alkalinities of less than 150 eq · L^–1. Minnesota lakes have hydrologic inputs from the watershed and inputs of base cations derived from the watershed. Study lakes in Minnesota had higher total alkalinities, dissolved organic carbon, and noncarbonate alkalinity as a result of watershed inputs. Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin were precipitation-dominated seepage lakes that have lower concentrations of base cations than lakes in Minnesota. All of the study lakes have lower sulfate concentrations than expected, based on atmospheric wet deposition and evapotranspiration.Pore water samples collected from one of the study lakes—Little Rock Lake—in Wisconsin were used to calculate diffusive fluxes between the sediment and water column. According to these calculations, the sediments were a source of total alkalinity and Ca²⁺ and a sink for SO₄ ^2–. The sediment-water exchange of total alkalinity, Ca²⁺, and SO₄ ^2– appears to be important in the whole-lake budgets of these ions for Little Rock Lake.     

Solution chemistry profiles of mixed-conifer forests before and after fire

Solution chemistry profiles of mixed-conifer forests in granitic catchments of the Sierra Nevada were measured for three years before (1987–1990) and three years after (1990–1993) prescribed fire. Wet deposition, throughfall and soil solution samplers were installed in both white-fir and giant-sequoia dominated forest stands underlain by poorly developed inceptisols. Stream water chemistry was monitored as part of an ongoing study of catchment outputs. Calcium, NO ₃ ^– and Cl^– were the major ions in precipitation. Canopy leaching increased mean concentrations of all major ions, especially K⁺ and Ca²⁺. Water flux through the soil occurred largely during spring snowmelt. Forest floor leachate represented the most concentrated solutions of major ions. Interaction with the mineral soil decreased mean concentrations of most species and the average composition of soil solutions closely resembled stream water at baseflow. Bicarbonate alkalinity, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ were enriched in stream water relative to precipitation whereas inputs of H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , NO ₃ ^– and SO ₄ ^2– were retained within the catchments.Burning of the forest understory and litter layer increased solute concentrations in soil solution and stream water. Mean soil solution Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ concentrations increased more than 10 fold, but the relative predominance of these cations was not affected by burning. Sulfate concentration, which was very low in soil solutions of undisturbed stands (<25 mmol_c m^–3), increased more than 100 times following fire. Ammonium concentration exhibited a rapid, short-term increase and then a decrease below pre-burn levels. Changes in soil solution chemistry were reflected in catchment outputs.Corresponding author.     

Effect of Reduced Winter Precipitation and Increased Temperature on Watershed Solute Flux, 1988–2002, Northern Michigan

Since 1987 we have studied weekly change in winter (December–April) precipitation, snowpack, snowmelt, soil water, and stream water solute flux in a small (176-ha) Northern Michigan watershed vegetated by 65–85 year-old northern hardwoods. Our primary study objective was to quantify the effect of change in winter temperature and precipitation on watershed hydrology and solute flux. During the study winter runoff was correlated with precipitation, and forest soils beneath the snowpack remained unfrozen. Winter air temperature and soil temperature beneath the snowpack increased while precipitation and snowmelt declined. Atmospheric inputs declined for H⁺, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and SO₄²⁻. Replicated plot-level results, which could not be directly extrapolated to the watershed scale, showed 90% of atmospheric DIN input was retained in surface shallow (<15 cm deep) soils while SO₄²⁻ flux increased 70% and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 30-fold. Most stream water base cation (C_B), HCO₃⁻, and Cl⁻ concentrations declined with increased stream water discharge, K⁺, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ remained unchanged, and DOC and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) increased. Winter stream water solute outputs declined or were unchanged with time except for NO₃⁻ and DOC which increased. DOC and DIN outputs were correlated with the percentage of winter runoff and stream discharge that occurred when subsurface flow at the plot-level was shallow (<25 cm beneath Oi). Study results suggest that the percentage of annual runoff occurring as shallow lateral subsurface flow may be a major factor regulating solute outputs and concentrations in snowmelt-dominated ecosystems.     

间伐强度对秦岭锐齿栎林冠层和枯落物层水化学效应的影响

将森林抚育间伐与森林水化学效应结合起来进行研究,探讨小强度间伐对森林水质的影响。基于固定样地的研究方法,在秦岭火地塘林区选择天然锐齿栎林,设置抚育间伐强度分别为5%、10%、15%和20%的样地和对照样地,定期采集大气降雨、林内雨和枯透水样品,测定其水化学物质浓度,采用对比分析的方法,研究间伐强度对锐齿栎林内雨和枯透水化学效应的影响。结果表明:间伐样地林内雨和枯透水的pH值均低于对照样地,呈弱酸性,在5%的间伐强度下,森林冠层和枯落物层对大气降雨pH值的调升作用较显著,随着间伐强度的增加,调升幅度逐渐减小;大气降雨对森林冠层和枯落物层中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和PO_4~(3-)均具有淋溶作用,尤其是对照样地林内雨和枯透水中SO_4~(2-)的浓度增幅最显著,NO_3~-次之,PO_4~(3-)最不显著。间伐样地,雨水对林冠层和枯落物层SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和PO_4~(3-)的淋溶作用均低于对照样地,20%的间伐强度最有利于净化雨水中的SO_4~(2-),其在林内雨和枯透水中的含量较对照样地降幅最大,间伐强度为5%时,林内雨中NO_3~-、NH_4~+和PO_4~(3-)的含量最低,三者较对照样地的含量分别降低了56.3%、46%和9.2%而枯透水中三者的降幅分别为64.6%、45%和60.8%;在10%的间伐强度下,大气降雨对林冠层和枯落物层中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的淋溶作用最强,3种离子中以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量增幅最为显著。林内雨中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量分别较对照样地增加了89.9%和120%,枯透水中二者较对照样地分别增加了72.4%和40%,K~+的增幅相对不明显;大气降雨中的Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)经过森林冠层和枯落物层的阻减,其在林内雨和枯透水中的含量随着间伐强度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当间伐强度达到20%时,三者含量明显降低。总体上,20%的间伐强度最有利于森林冠层及枯落物层对重金属Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的截留净化。     

Solute dynamics in soil water and groundwater in a central Amazon catchment undergoing deforestation

Hydrochemical changes caused by slash-and-burnagricultural practices in a small upland catchment inthe central Amazon were measured. Soluteconcentrations were analyzed in wet deposition,overland flow, shallow throughflow, groundwater andbank seepage in a forested plot (about 5 ha) and anadjacent plot (about 2 ha) which had been deforestedin July 1989 and planted to manioc, and in streamwater in partially deforested and forested catchments. Measurements were made from November 1988 to June1990. The effects of slash-and-burn agriculturalpractices observed in the experimental plot includedincreased overland flow, erosion, and large losses ofsolutes from the rooted zone. Concentrations ofNO₃ ^-, Na⁺, K⁺, SO₄ ²-,Cl^- and Mn in throughflow of the experimentalplot were higher than those of the control plot bymore than a factor of 10. Extensive leaching occurredafter cutting and burning, but solute transfers werediminished along pathway stages of throughflow togroundwater, and particularly within the riparian zoneof the catchment. High concentrations of N and P inoverland flow indicate the importance of usingforested riparian buffers to mitigate solute inputs toreceiving waters in tropical catchments.     

黄河口湿地柽柳灌丛土壤盐渍化特征

为探究黄河三角洲湿地柽柳灌丛下土壤的盐渍化特征，在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区(37°35''-12''N，118°33''-119°20''E)黄河入海口附近，根据长势基本一致的原则分别在碱蓬群落、柽柳群落和芦苇群落各选3株柽柳，采集柽柳灌丛下土壤样品，分析土壤盐分和盐碱化参数的空间分布以及距基茎不同距离处研究对象(土壤总盐(TS)、电导率(EC)、pH、交换性钠百分率(ESP))和环境因子(Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、SO^2-₄)之间的关系。结果表明：(1)研究区土壤为弱碱化盐土，离子含量由高到低依次为Cl^->Na⁺>SO^2-₄ >Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>HCO^-₃>K⁺。除pH在土壤表层数值最低外，表层土壤TS、EC、ESP和盐分离子大于深层土壤，显示表聚性。(2)土壤盐分和盐碱化参数空间分布总体为：在柽柳基茎周围形成"盐谷"、"碱谷"效应， Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-表现为"盐谷"，K⁺ 、SO^2-₄ 、Ca²⁺ 表现为"盐岛"。(3)在整个土壤剖面中，与TS、EC相关性最强的阴阳离子为Mg²⁺、Cl^-，从灌丛中心到灌丛间裸地Ca²⁺、SO^2-₄与TS、EC的相关性逐渐减弱，Mg²⁺、Cl^-与TS、EC的相关性逐渐增强。Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄与pH表现为较强的负相关性；与ESP相关性最强的阴离子为HCO^-₃，与之相关性最强的阳离子为Na⁺和K⁺，并且Na⁺和K⁺与ESP的相关性表现出从灌丛中心向外逐渐增强。(4)土壤盐渍化主要受控于Na⁺，从灌丛下到灌丛间裸地Cl^-对盐渍化程度的影响逐渐增加，SO^2-₄的影响逐渐降低。     

Input-output budgets at Langtjern,a small acidified lake in southern Norway

Precipitation and streamwater volume and chemical composition have been measured since 1974 at Langtjern, a small, acid (pH 4.6–4.8) lake on granitic-gneissic bedrock in coniferous forest located ca. 100 km north of Oslo, Norway. The area receives acid precipitation (weighted average pH 4.28). The 7-year input-output budgets for major ions at two terrestrial subcatchments indicate that for Na, K, SO₄ and Cl outputs approximately equal inputs, for H⁺, NH₄ and NO₃ outputs are much less than inputs, and for Ca, Mg and Al outputs greatly exceed inputs. The sulfate budgets (which include estimated dry deposit) indicate that the terrestrial catchment retains about 20% of the incoming sulfate, perhaps due to absorption in the soil, plant uptake, reduction and storage in peaty areas or reduction and release of H₂S to the atmosphere. The budgets for Langtjern lake itself indicate that for most components output equals inputs to within 10%, i.e. these compounds simply pass through the lake. For H⁺, and possibly NH₄ and NO₃, inputs exceed outputs. Because gaseous phases are not measured the N budgets are uncertain. A mechanism that leads to ‘retention’ of both H⁺ and SO₄ is sulfate reduction and incorporation of sulfides in the lake sediments. Such has been documented in the experimentally-acidified Lake 223, Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario, Canada. Although there is no evidence suggesting the development of anoxic bottom waters at Langtjern, such reduction might occur at the water-sediment interface and in the sediments. The budgets for the pollutant components H⁺ and SO₄ at Langtjern differ substantially from those at the relatively unaffected Lake 239, in the Experimental Lakes Area.     

北亚热带3种典型森林群落对降水中氮、磷、硫的截留及分配特征

森林群落在净化空气、截留沉降污染物、改善地表水质等方面具有重要作用。本研究以北亚热带地区3种典型森林群落（毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林）为研究对象,通过分析沉降污染物（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-）在大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流中的浓度和通量变化特征,探讨不同森林群落对氮、磷、硫的截留净化作用和分配特征。结果表明,该区域大气降水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-年均浓度分别为1.06、0.61、0.04、0.07、1.84 mg/L,其年均pH为5.88;各森林群落林冠层能够调升降雨的pH且全年稳定,对TP和NH₄⁺-N均有吸附作用,截留率分别为79.09%-84.68%和30.88%-69.36%;而枯落物层则是林下氮、磷、硫的主要释放源,对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TP和SO₄^2-均具有淋溶作用;此外,由地表径流（输出）与大气降水（输入）的对比分析可知,各林地对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留率均超过98%;3种森林群落对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留能力依次为：青冈阔叶林 > 毛竹林 > 杉木林,阔叶林对沉降污染物的净化能力要高于毛竹林及针叶的杉木林。     

Effects of prescribed burning and drought on the solute chemistry of mixed-conifer forest streams of the Sierra Nevada, California

Solute concentrations in atmospheric depositionand stream water were measured in two mixed-conifercatchments (Tharps and Log creeks) in the SierraNevada of California from 1984 through 1995, a periodincluding a 6-year drought and a prescribed burn inone catchment. The effects of prescribed burning inthe Tharps Creek catchment significantly increasedthe concentrations of most solutes in stream water. In the first year after prescribed burning, the VWM(volume-weighted mean) concentrations of acid anionsin stream water increased proportionally more thanthose of the base cations, and ANC (acid neutralizingcapacity) more than doubled. Sulfate and NO ₃ ^- increased proportionally more in streamwater than any other ions after the fire, but pre- andpost-burn VWM pH were not significantlydifferent. VWM SO ₄ ^2- and NO ₃ ^- concentrations the first year after burning occurredwere about 16- and 2,000-fold above pre-burnbaselines, respectively, while that of Cl^-increased 4-fold. Net retention (precipitationinputs minus streamwater outputs) of H⁺,NO ₃ ^- , NH ₃ ⁺ , SO ₄ ^2- and Cl^- occurred in both catchments, except afterprescribed burning of the Tharps Creek catchment inthe fall of 1990, which caused a net export ofSO ₄ ^2- , Cl^- and K⁺ thefirst year after the burn. Most solutes remained abovepre-disturbance concentrations by the end of the thirdyear after burning, whereas H⁺ and SiO₂remained below. Periodic increases in theconcentrations of Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO ₄ ^2- , and decreases in ANC and SiO₂occurred during a 6-year drought monitored in theadjacent undisturbed catchment of Log Creek.     

模拟酸沉降对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林地表径流水化学特征的影响

通过模拟酸沉降实验,研究了旱季期间(10-3月份)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林在4种不同pH模拟酸雨处理(对照、pH 4.0、pH 3.5、pH 3.0)下地表径流水化学输出特征.结果显示:(1)地表径流pH随酸处理强度增强呈“U”型变化模式,酸沉降对地表径流pH的影响不显著(P＞0.05),表明模拟酸沉降尚未引起地表水的酸化.(2)地表径流中NO3-、SO24-浓度随酸处理强度增强略有增加;HCO3-浓度的变化模式与地表径流pH类似.酸根离子浓度与地表径流pH相关性分析表明,SO24-、HCO3-有助于提高地表水抗酸化能力而NO3-则有助于促进地表水酸化.(3)地表径流中盐基离子对酸沉降的响应不尽相同.pH 3.0处理显著提高地表径流中Ca2+、Na+浓度;Mg2+浓度具有随酸处理梯度增强而增加的趋势;K+受模拟酸度的影响小.表明强酸(pH3.0)处理将导致土壤Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+盐基离子流失.(4)酸沉降具有诱发土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)流失的倾向,增加地表水受有机污染的风险.     

黑河天涝池流域典型林分生态水文化学特征

采集了黑河天涝池流域典型林分林外雨、穿透雨、树干径流和枯透水,并检测水体pH值和12种离子(K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~3)的质量浓度。结果表明:天涝池流域大气降水pH均值为7.74,呈碱性,降水中离子绝对质量浓度较低,最高的是NO_3~-,质量浓度为1.1111 mg/L,最低的为Na~+,质量浓度为0.0108 mg/L;两种林分冠层有降低降雨pH值的作用,青海云杉林冠层对NH_4~+有升高作用,祁连圆柏林冠层对NH_4~+有降低作用,两种林冠层对NO_3~-和Cu~(2+)质量浓度有降低作用,对其它离子质量浓度均表现为升高作用;两种林分树干径流有提高穿透雨pH值的作用,与穿透雨相比,两种林分树干径流中阴离子均有升高,圆柏树干径流中所有阳离子质量浓度均有下降,云杉树干径流中Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Na~+减少,NH_4~+和Cu~(2+)增加;典型林分枯透水有提升穿透雨pH值的作用,与穿透雨相比,两种林分枯透水中阴离子质量浓度均有升高,云杉枯透水各阳离子均有降低,圆柏枯透水中Ca~(2+)、K~+和Mg~(2+)质量浓度升高,NH_4~+、Na~+和Cu~(2+)质量浓度下降;在采集的所有样本中,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)均未检出,而Zn~(2+)仅在云杉树干径流中检出。     

基于典范对应分析的滨海湿地土壤季节性盐渍化特征

为了更好地开发利用黄河三角洲湿地土壤资源和生态环境建设,运用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和典范对应分析方法(CCA),对黄河口湿地0—10 cm土壤全盐量(TS)、盐分离子组成、pH、钠吸附比(SAR)、电导率(EC)的季节性变化特征及数量关系进行了分析。结果表明:该区土壤属于盐土类型,春季(5月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月)全盐含量均高于17.9 g/kg,且春季、秋季的含盐量高于夏季,造成春、秋季积盐,夏季脱盐。盐分阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以Cl~-为主,除Mg~(2+)在夏季、秋季和Cl~-在秋季表现出强烈的变异性外,其余离子在不同季节均表现出中等强度的变异性。春季,Cl~-与Na~+、Mg~(2+),SO■与K~+;夏季,Cl~-与HCO~-_3,SO■与Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+);秋季,Cl~-与SO■,SO■与Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)与Mg~(2+),均有很好的关联性。pH值均介于7.7—8.1之间,各个季节受盐分离子的影响较小,分布较为均匀。SAR介于3.08—5.29之间,春季受控于HCO~-_3;夏季受控于K~+;秋季受各离子的影响均较小,分布较为均匀。EC介于7.16—13.04 mS/cm,春季受各离子的影响均较小,其空间分布较为均匀;夏季受控于SO■、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+);秋季受控于Na~+。TS与Cl~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)在季节变化上的差异性一致,且各个季节均受控于Cl~-。故通过合理的措施控制或减少Cl~-来源是一条减轻黄河口湿地土壤盐渍化的合适途径。     

Atmospheric deposition, mass balances, and processes regulating streamwater solute concentrations in mixed-conifer catchments of the Sierra Nevada, California

Solute concentrations in atmospheric deposition and stream water were measuredfrom 1984 through 1993 to determine the fate and mobility of solutes in twogauged mixed-conifer catchments (Tharp's and Log creeks) located in theSierra Nevada, California. The two catchments contain mature forest standsdominated by Abies concolor (white fir), Sequoiadendron giganteum (giantsequoia), Abies magnifica (red fir) and Pinus lambertiana (sugar pine).Ammonium, Cl^-, Ca²⁺ and NO^- ₃were highest in concentration of the solutes measured in wet deposition;bulk deposition was highest in SO^{2- 4}, NH⁺ ₄,Cl^- and H⁺. Net retention ofH⁺, NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺,SO₄ ^2- and Cl^- occurred in both catchments.Discharge was dominated by spring snowmelt with the largest export yieldsfor acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), SiO₂, andCa²⁺. Export yields of H⁺,NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺ and PO₄ ^3-were relatively small (0.5 kg ha^-1 y^-1).Discharge-concentration relationships for ANC, SiO₂,Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ andMg²⁺ were inverse and their concentrations in stream waterwere primarily influenced by discharge and annual differences in the relativecontributions of snowmelt and groundwater. The mobility of these solutes iscontrolled by the rates of mineral weathering and ion exchange. The positiverelationship of SO₄ ^2- concentration with increasingdischarge suggests that atmospherically deposited SO₄ ^2-is temporarily stored and that its release is controlled by the extent of soilwater flushing.     

Fifteen-year Change in Forest Floor Organic and Element Content and Cycling at the Turkey Lakes Watershed

To assess the long-term effects of atmospheric deposition on forest floor chemical composition, we took quantitative samplings of L-(Oi), F-(Oe), and H-(Oa) layers at an old-growth sugar maple–yellow birch stand on a till soil at the Turkey Lakes Watershed near Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada, in 1981 and 1996. We then assessed these samples for contents of organic matter (OM), total N, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Na, and exchangeable NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, and Na⁺. Over the 15-year period, total OM and element contents remained unchanged, with the exception of N, which increased significantly from 61.3 kmol/ha in 1981 to 78.4 kmol/ha in 1996. On an area basis, there were significant increases in exchangeable Ca²⁺ (from 3.8 to 4.6 kmol/ha) and Na⁺ (from 0.05 to 0.08 kmol/ha) and decreases in exchangeable NH₄ ⁺-N (from 1.41 to 0.95 kmol/ha) and SO₄ ²⁻-S (from 1.29 to 0.96 kmol/ha). There were no significant differences in average annual litterfall OM, N, Ca, Mg, S or Na inputs between 1980 and 1985 and between 1992 and 1997. Average annual wet-only SO₄ ²⁻-S deposition during 1981–86 was 0.30; during 1992–97, it was 0.21 kmol/ha. Annual wet-only NO₃ ⁻-N averaged 0.33 kmol/ha during 1981–86 and was similar during 1992–97. Throughfall was less rich in SO₄ ²⁻ and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ during 1992–97 than earlier. Throughfall NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ⁻ fluxes were unchanged. Efflux of cations from the forest floor reflected reduced throughput of SO₄ ²⁻. Overall, the results suggest that in spite of atmospheric inputs, active biological processes—including litter input, fine-root turnover, and tree uptake—serve to impart stability to the mineral composition of mature sugar maple forest floor. Received 5 October 1999; accepted 25 October 2000.     

Effects of Mg(OH)2-fertilization on nutrient cycling in a heavily damaged Norway spruce ecosystem (NE Bavaria/FRG)

Main objective of this study was to test the effects of Mg(OH)₂-fertilization in a Norway spruce ecosystem showing severe symptoms of Mg-deficiency.The site is characterized by high atmospheric inputs with deposition rates of 1.25 kg H, 42 kg S, and 32 kg N per ha and year. The typic Dystrochrept derived from granite is acidified down to greater depths. The pH-values in soil solution of the organic surface layer and the upper mineral soil are around 3.5. Concentrations of Al, SO₄ ^2-, and especially NO₃ ^- and DOC are very high. The element balance indicates a significant influence of N-inputs and processes of N-turnover on the chemical status of the soil and probably on tree nutrition. Nitrification in the upper mineral soil leads to a transformation of a major part of NH₄ ⁺ into NO₃ ^-, which is quantitatively leached, resulting in an ecosystem-internal H⁺-production of 1.8 keq ha^-1yr^-1. NO₃ ^- and SO₄ ^2- govern the seepage output from the ecosystem.Mg(OH)₂ fertilization resulted in manifold increased Mg²⁺ concentrations in soil solution down to 70 cm soil depth and to a significant increase of pH down to 25 cm mineral soil depth. Nitrate concentrations were elevated after fertilization, but decreased within 15 months below the level of the control plot. As a mean over the whole experimental period, N-output was not increased by fertilization. Despite an elevated internal proton production due to nitrification, acid buffering in the soil was clearly increased, but enhanced Al-mobilization was not observed. Mg/Al- and Ca/H-ratios in soil solution indicate much more favourable conditions for fine root growth. Fertilization also increased the amount of exchangeable Mg down to 40cm mineral soil depth. Mg contents in current-year needles increased after three vegetation periods. Thirty months after application, only 10% and 4% of the fertilized Mg had left the organic surface layer and the mineral soil with seepage water output, respectively.