间伐强度对秦岭锐齿栎林冠层和枯落物层水化学效应的影响

将森林抚育间伐与森林水化学效应结合起来进行研究,探讨小强度间伐对森林水质的影响。基于固定样地的研究方法,在秦岭火地塘林区选择天然锐齿栎林,设置抚育间伐强度分别为5%、10%、15%和20%的样地和对照样地,定期采集大气降雨、林内雨和枯透水样品,测定其水化学物质浓度,采用对比分析的方法,研究间伐强度对锐齿栎林内雨和枯透水化学效应的影响。结果表明:间伐样地林内雨和枯透水的pH值均低于对照样地,呈弱酸性,在5%的间伐强度下,森林冠层和枯落物层对大气降雨pH值的调升作用较显著,随着间伐强度的增加,调升幅度逐渐减小;大气降雨对森林冠层和枯落物层中的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和PO_4~(3-)均具有淋溶作用,尤其是对照样地林内雨和枯透水中SO_4~(2-)的浓度增幅最显著,NO_3~-次之,PO_4~(3-)最不显著。间伐样地,雨水对林冠层和枯落物层SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和PO_4~(3-)的淋溶作用均低于对照样地,20%的间伐强度最有利于净化雨水中的SO_4~(2-),其在林内雨和枯透水中的含量较对照样地降幅最大,间伐强度为5%时,林内雨中NO_3~-、NH_4~+和PO_4~(3-)的含量最低,三者较对照样地的含量分别降低了56.3%、46%和9.2%而枯透水中三者的降幅分别为64.6%、45%和60.8%;在10%的间伐强度下,大气降雨对林冠层和枯落物层中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的淋溶作用最强,3种离子中以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量增幅最为显著。林内雨中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量分别较对照样地增加了89.9%和120%,枯透水中二者较对照样地分别增加了72.4%和40%,K~+的增幅相对不明显;大气降雨中的Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)经过森林冠层和枯落物层的阻减,其在林内雨和枯透水中的含量随着间伐强度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,当间伐强度达到20%时,三者含量明显降低。总体上,20%的间伐强度最有利于森林冠层及枯落物层对重金属Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的截留净化。     

NaCl胁迫对圆柏幼苗生长和离子吸收及分配的影响

以当年生圆柏幼苗为实验材料,采用温室调控盆栽土培法研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300mmol·L-1)胁迫21d对其生长情况及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的吸收和分配的影响,以探讨圆柏幼苗对盐环境的生长适应性及耐盐机制。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,圆柏幼苗生长,包括株高、地径、相对生长量以及生物量的积累均呈下降趋势,而其根冠比却增加。(2)在各浓度NaCl胁迫处理下,圆柏幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量较对照均显著增加,而且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根,叶中Na~+含量是根中的5倍。(3)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,圆柏幼苗各器官中K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量以及K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+及Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值均呈下降趋势。(4)在NaCl胁迫条件下,圆柏幼苗根系离子吸收选择性系数SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na显著提高,茎、叶离子转运选择性系数SCa,Na、SMg,Na则逐渐降低,叶中离子转运选择性系数SK,Na则随着NaCl胁迫浓度的升高显著降低,大量Na~+进入地上部,减缓了盐胁迫对根系的伤害。研究认为,圆柏幼苗的盐适应机制主要是通过根系的补偿生长效应及茎、叶对Na~+的聚积作用来实现的,同时也与根对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力增强和茎、叶稳定的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的选择性运输能力有关。     

青海布哈河丰水期水化学特征

运用相关分析、因子分析和富集因子等对布哈河流域2014年丰水期河水样品主要离子浓度特征及来源进行了分析。结果表明:布哈河流域河水p H值的变化范围为7.91~9.21,平均值为8.43;EC的变化范围为133~871μS·cm~(-1),平均值为383μS·cm~(-1);河水中SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、Cl-、Na~+、 Mg~(2+)、NO3-、K+和NH_4~+的平均离子浓度分别为60.2、33.1、31.1、14.8、12.8、8.1、1.5和0.3μeq·L-1;阳离子浓度的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na~+ Mg~(2+)K+NH_4~+,而主要阴离子浓度的大小顺序SO_4~(2-)Cl-NO_3~-; Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)的离子浓度随着海拔的增加呈增加的趋势,Na+、Cl-和NO_3~-随着海拔的增加表现出减小的趋势,但K~+和NH_4~+不随海拔梯度的改变而变化;布哈河全流域的水化学类型为SO_4~(2-)-Ca~(2+)-Cl-- Mg~(2+);布哈河流域的水化学主要受控于蒸发岩和碳酸盐岩风化产物的影响。     

盐渍土壤大果沙枣树主要矿质阳离子的吸收和分配特征

为探明大果沙枣树体矿质离子渗透调节机制,比较分析了盐渍化生境中1～12a生树的根、枝和叶部主要矿质阳离子的吸收、分配特征。结果表明:(1)大果沙枣树体内Ca~(2+)的积累量最高(13.79 g/kg),K~+次之(5.92 g/kg),Na~+最低(1.00 g/kg);随着树龄的增大,大果沙枣根部的Na~+以及枝和叶部的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的积累量均逐渐增大,而根部的K~+含量则逐渐减少;高龄段(10～12a)树体根部的Na~+累积量显著(P0.05)高于中低龄(1～9a)段。(2)大果沙枣树体内K~+/Na~+最大(15.36),Mg~(2+)/Na~+次之(12.25),Ca~(2+)/Na~+最小(10.51),根和枝部的K~+/Na~+均随着树龄的增大而降低,叶部则表现相反。(3)土壤中的K~+和Mg~(2+)向根方向、根部K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)向枝方向以及根部的K~+和Mg~(2+)向叶方向的选择运移系数均随着树龄的增大呈直线上升趋势。(4)土壤中Na~+与根部Na~+含量呈极显著正相关关系(0.687,P0.01),与叶部的K~+含量呈显著正相关(0.605,P0.05);土壤中K~+含量与根部的Na~+、叶部的K~+分别呈显著和极显著正相关(0.544,0.676),与根部的Mg~(2+)呈显著负相关关系(-0.499)。研究发现,大果沙枣树生长过程中主要通过根部对Na~+的聚积作用,以及K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)在枝、叶部的吸收积累来维持植物体离子平衡,以适应盐渍土壤环境。     

杨树人工林生态系统降水再分配及主要离子特征

大气降水是森林生态系统养分输入的主要途径之一,对养分的生物地球化学循环有着重要的意义。对13年生杨树人工林林外雨、树干流、林内雨和地表径流等水文过程中的养分特征进行了调查分析,旨在了解该生态系统的养分输入与输出规律,为杨树人工林可持续经营提供依据。结果表明,从2013年11月至2014年10月,杨树人工林生态系统林外雨量为1154.1 mm,树干流量仅占大气降水量的2.3%,15.4%的大气降水被杨树人工林的冠层截留;林内雨、树干流与大气降水量(林外雨)的动态变化规律相似。各类降水年加权平均pH值表现为林内雨林外雨树干流;各类降水的离子浓度动态变化规律基本一致,即在降水量较小的11月至次年1月份,各阴阳离子的浓度普遍较高,在降水量较大的2—9月份,阴阳离子浓度普遍较低。SO_4~(2-)-S和Ca~(2+)分别是各类降水中的主要阴离子和阳离子;整体上,树干流的离子浓度林内雨大气降水;林内雨是养分输入的主要形式,通过林内雨输入林地较多的养分离子是Ca~(2+)和K~+,分别为70.83 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和63.31 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1);地表径流和土壤渗漏是养分输出的主要形式,输出林地较多的离子是Cl~-和Ca~(2+),分别为196.47 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和123.09 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其次为SO_4~(2-)-S、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+;NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的输出量不足输出离子总量的1%。所以,从水文过程看,杨树人工林生态系统无机氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N)和K~+表现为净积累,净积累量分别为10.9 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)和56.4 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其他离子表现为净损失,其中Cl~-的净损失量达179.8 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)左右,其他离子损失量50 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1)。     

钙对盐胁迫下冰叶日中花不同器官离子含量和根部K~+、Na~+吸收的影响

以冰叶日中花(Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.)实生苗为材料,经NaCl、NaCl+ CaCl_2、NaCl+LaCl_3处理后,利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪检测叶、茎、根中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,计算K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值,利用非损伤微测技术测定根尖Na~+流和K~+流,研究盐胁迫下钙在维持离子平衡中的作用。结果显示,NaCl处理后,冰叶日中花各器官中Na~+含量增加,K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量降低,离子比值降低;CaCl_2处理降低了Na~+含量,提高了K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,离子比值升高,而LaCl_3处理后的结果相反。经NaCl处理24 h后,冰叶日中花根尖Na~+和K~+明显外流,加入CaCl_2后,Na~+外流速度显著增加,K~+外流速度受到抑制,而加入LaCl_3后则降低了Na~+的外流速度,促进了K~+的外流。研究结果表明冰叶日中花受到盐胁迫后,钙参与了促进根部Na~+外排、抑制K~+外流的过程,进而保持各器官中较低的Na~+含量,表明钙在维持和调控离子平衡中起到重要作用。     

NaCl处理对西伯利亚白刺幼苗生长及离子平衡的影响

以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、200、400mmol·L~(-1))处理对幼苗生长及不同器官(根、茎、叶)中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的吸收、运输与分配的影响,探讨西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制。结果表明:(1)200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理促进了西伯利亚白刺幼苗的生长及叶片肉质化程度,400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理显著抑制其生长。(2)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根、茎、叶中Na~+含量显著增加,且叶中Na~+含量显著高于茎和根中;根系中K~+含量显著增加;根、茎、叶中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量在200mmol·L~(-1) NaCl处理下保持平稳或上升,而在400mmol·L-1 NaCl处理下显著下降。(3)各器官中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值总体随NaCl处理浓度的升高呈下降趋势,且根部离子比值始终高于叶片和茎。(4)随着NaCl处理浓度的升高,西伯利亚白刺幼苗根-茎SK,Na显著下降,而根-茎SCa,Na、SMg,Na及茎-叶SK,Na、SCa,Na、SMg,Na逐渐提高。研究发现,西伯利亚白刺的盐适应机制主要是通过植株的补偿生长效应及叶片对Na~+的聚积作用实现的,同时也与根系对K~+的扣留及茎叶对K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)选择性运输能力增强有关。     

广西马尾松和红锥纯林降水再分配及冠层淋溶效应

明析马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)纯林降水再分配及冠层淋溶效应的差异,可为南亚热带针叶人工林改造提供水文数据。依托广西友谊关森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,通过野外测定和室内分析相结合的方法,利用林下布设的30个自记雨量筒,测定了2016年1—12月的大气降水、穿透雨及树干径流,同时采集7—12月10次降水事件水样,监测其化学成分。结果表明:观测期间降雨总量为1070.2 mm,马尾松和红锥纯林穿透雨分别为823.0和693.2 mm,占降雨量的76.9%和64.8%;树干径流分别为3.2和9.9 mm,占降雨量的0.3%和0.9%;林冠截留量分别为244.0和367.1 mm,占降雨量的22.8%和34.3%,说明马尾松和红锥纯林对降水再分配的作用是不同的,红锥纯林具有更好的林冠截留能力。降水对红锥纯林冠层4种盐基离子(K~+、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、Ca~(2+))的淋溶量为17.53 kg·hm~(-2),是马尾松纯林的0.7倍,但酸缓冲是马尾松纯林的1.6倍。与马尾松纯林相比,红锥纯林具有更好的避免冠层养分淋溶和应对酸沉降的能力。     

猪精子体外获能前后离子成分变化

应用扫描电镜和镜射电镜能谱技术,为猪精子获能前后质膜表面和内部的离子成分进行了研究,结果表明,猪精子获能后质膜表面的Na~+和Al~(3+)升高,而Cl~-和Ca~(2+)降低;精子顶体内Na~+和Cl~-降低,Ca~(2+)、K~+和Fe~(2+)升高;中段线粒体内的Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)升高,而K~+和Cl~-降低。文章分析了精子获能后顶体内Na~+、Cl~-、K~+、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)变化的浓度比和摩尔比。     

不同淋洗水量下胶州湾养殖池塘土壤盐分淋洗规律

针对养殖池塘严重盐渍化现象,为确保土地资源和水资源的有效利用,通过室内土柱试验探讨不同淋洗水量下胶州湾养殖池塘土壤盐分淋洗规律,并确定最佳用水量。结果表明:随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤及其淋滤液的含盐量均以指数形式下降,为兼顾淋洗效果和节约用水,接近1:1的水土比可以达到较好的改良效果;在脱盐过程中,土壤中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Cl~-含量均呈下降趋势,SO_4~(2-)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,CO_3~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量呈上升趋势;淋滤液中各盐离子浓度与土壤各盐离子变化规律类似;土壤各盐离子脱盐率大小大致表现为Cl~-Na~+K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)SO_4~(2-)HCO_3~-;随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤中离子组成由原来的Cl~-和Na~+为主先转变为以Na~+、K~+和SO_4~(2-)为主,最后转变为Na~+、HCO_3~-和K~+为主。土壤脱盐过程伴随着土壤碱化现象,因此需要对盐渍土脱盐过程中的碱化现象进行进一步研究。     

北亚热带3种典型森林群落对降水中氮、磷、硫的截留及分配特征

森林群落在净化空气、截留沉降污染物、改善地表水质等方面具有重要作用。本研究以北亚热带地区3种典型森林群落（毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林）为研究对象,通过分析沉降污染物（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-）在大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流中的浓度和通量变化特征,探讨不同森林群落对氮、磷、硫的截留净化作用和分配特征。结果表明,该区域大气降水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-年均浓度分别为1.06、0.61、0.04、0.07、1.84 mg/L,其年均pH为5.88;各森林群落林冠层能够调升降雨的pH且全年稳定,对TP和NH₄⁺-N均有吸附作用,截留率分别为79.09%-84.68%和30.88%-69.36%;而枯落物层则是林下氮、磷、硫的主要释放源,对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TP和SO₄^2-均具有淋溶作用;此外,由地表径流（输出）与大气降水（输入）的对比分析可知,各林地对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留率均超过98%;3种森林群落对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留能力依次为：青冈阔叶林 > 毛竹林 > 杉木林,阔叶林对沉降污染物的净化能力要高于毛竹林及针叶的杉木林。     

The effect of forest type on throughfall deposition and seepage flux: a review

Converting deciduous forests to coniferous plantations and vice versa causes environmental changes, but till now insight into the overall effect is lacking. This review, based on 38 case studies, aims to find out how coniferous and deciduous forests differ in terms of throughfall (+stemflow) deposition and seepage flux to groundwater. From the comparison of coniferous and deciduous stands at comparable sites, it can be inferred that deciduous forests receive less N and S via throughfall (+stemflow) deposition on the forest floor. In regions with relatively low open field deposition of atmospheric N (<10 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), lower NH₄⁺ mean throughfall (+stemflow) deposition was, however, reported under conifers compared to deciduous forest, while in regions with high atmospheric N pollution (>10 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), the opposite could be concluded. The higher the open field deposition of NH₄⁺, the bigger the difference between the coniferous and deciduous throughfall (+stemflow) deposition. Furthermore, it can be concluded that canopy exchange of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ is on average higher in deciduous stands. The significantly higher stand deposition flux of N and S in coniferous forests is reflected in a higher soil seepage flux of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al(III). Considering a subset of papers for which all necessary data were available, a close relationship between throughfall (+stemflow) deposition and seepage was found for N, irrespective of the forest type, while this was not the case for S. This review shows that the higher input flux of N and S in coniferous forests clearly involves a higher seepage of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ and accompanying cations K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al(III) into the groundwater, making this forest type more vulnerable to acidification and eutrophication compared to the deciduous forest type.     

青藏高原东北缘黄土区典型立地人工林分土壤水分特性研究

为探讨青藏高原东北缘黄土区典型立地人工林分的土壤水分特性及耗水特性,本研究以青海云杉林地和祁连圆柏林地作为研究对象,对其土壤持水特性、土壤渗透特性、土壤水分动态和土壤耗水特性进行综合分析。研究结果表明:(1)在相同土壤水吸力作用下,青海云杉林地的持水性比祁连圆柏好,荒草地的持水性比林地差。(2)青海云杉林地的土壤渗透性总体优于祁连圆柏,荒草地的土壤渗透性最差。相同坡向,上坡位的土壤渗透性小于下坡位。(3)青海云杉林地土壤水分条件总体优于祁连圆柏,而荒草地土壤水分条件优于林地;半阴坡林地土壤含水量随坡位由上至下逐渐升高。(4)生长季期间,青海云杉林地平均耗水量大于祁连圆柏,而荒草地耗水量远小于林地。综上,青海云杉林地的土壤水分特性整体优于祁连圆柏林地,且二者的土壤水分状况都比较好,并未出现土壤干层、土壤水分过度消耗等现象,青海云杉和祁连圆柏在研究区的配置是合理的,可以作为当地的水源涵养树种。     

Independent, Interactive, and Species-Specific Responses of Leaf Litter Decomposition to Elevated CO2 and O3 in a Northern Hardwood Forest

The future capacity of forest ecosystems to sequester atmospheric carbon is likely to be influenced by CO₂-mediated shifts in nutrient cycling through changes in litter chemistry, and by interactions with pollutants like O₃. We evaluated the independent and interactive effects of elevated CO₂ (560 μl l⁻¹) and O₃ (55 nl l l⁻¹) on leaf litter decomposition in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) at the Aspen free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) site (Wisconsin, USA). Fumigation treatments consisted of replicated ambient, +CO₂, +O₃, and +CO₂ + O₃ FACE rings. We followed mass loss and litter chemistry over 23 months, using reciprocally transplanted litterbags to separate substrate quality from environment effects. Aspen decayed more slowly than birch across all treatment conditions, and changes in decomposition dynamics of both species were driven by shifts in substrate quality rather than by fumigation environment. Aspen litter produced under elevated CO₂ decayed more slowly than litter produced under ambient CO₂, and this effect was exacerbated by elevated O₃. Similarly, birch litter produced under elevated CO₂ also decayed more slowly than litter produced under ambient CO₂. In contrast to results for aspen, however, elevated O₃ accelerated birch decay under ambient CO₂, but decelerated decay under enriched CO₂. Changes in decomposition rates (k-values) were due to CO₂- and O₃-mediated shifts in litter quality, particularly levels of carbohydrates, nitrogen, and tannins. These results suggest that in early-successional forests of the future, elevated concentrations of CO₂ will likely reduce leaf litter decomposition, although the magnitude of effect will vary among species and in response to interactions with tropospheric O₃.     

The chemical composition of throughfall beneath oak, birch and pine canopies in Northwest Germany

The chemical composition of rainwater is altered upon its passage through tree canopies. In order to investigate how rainwater chemistry is affected by canopy-dependent processes in characteristic forest types of Northwest German sandy lowland regions – oak–birch-forests, Betula pubescens Ehrh. swamp forests, and stands of Pinus sylvestris L. – comparative studies on the chemical composition of throughfall were carried out at seven forest sites, situated in close proximity within a nature reserve. Additionally, rainwater was sampled at three heathland sites for analysis of open-field precipitation and at three sites along an oak–birch-forest edge. Throughfall concentrations of most of the parameters analysed were significantly higher than open-field concentrations, especially with regard to electric conductivity, NH₄-N, K⁺, and KMnO₄-index. Ion concentrations in throughfall were the lowest in a 10-year-old stand of Betula pendula Roth. and Pinus sylvestris and in a Betula pubescens swamp forest and were highest beneath a stand of Pinus sylvestris. Except for Na⁺, Cl⁻, and NO₃⁻, ion concentrations in both throughfall and open-field precipitation increased during the growing season (May–October). In throughfall, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Mn²⁺ were strongly correlated. Enrichment ratios between throughfall and open-field deposition varied among sites and elements and were the highest for K^‰+, Mg^2‰+, and Mn^2‰+. Estimates of canopy leaching indicated high leaching rates of K^‰+ and Mn^2‰+ and moderate leaching of Mg^2‰+. The contribution of foliar leaching to throughfall deposition was higher at the deciduous than at the coniferous stands.     

Growth,net photosynthesis and leaf nutrient status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus crenata</Emphasis> seedlings grown in brown forest soil acidified with H<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> or HNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> solution

To obtain basic information for evaluating critical loads of acid deposition for protecting Japanese beech forests, growth, net photosynthesis and leaf nutrient status of Fagus crenata seedlings grown for two growing seasons in brown forest soil acidified with H₂SO₄ or HNO₃ solution were investigated. The whole-plant dry mass of the seedlings grown in the soil acidified by the addition of H₂SO₄ or HNO₃ solution was significantly less than that of the seedlings grown in the control soil not supplemented with H⁺ as H₂SO₄ or HNO₃ solution. However, the degrees of reduction in the whole-plant dry mass and net photosynthetic rate of the seedlings grown in the soil acidified by the addition of H⁺ as H₂SO₄ solution at 100 mg l^–1 on the basis of air-dried soil volume (S-100 treatment) were greater than those of the seedlings grown in the soil acidified by the addition of H⁺ as HNO₃ solution at 100 mg l^–1 (N-100 treatment). The concentrations of Al and Mn in the leaves of the seedlings grown in the S-100 treatment were significantly higher than those in the N-100 treatment. A positive correlation was obtained between the molar ratio of (Ca+Mg+K)/(Al+Mn) in the soil solution and the relative whole-plant dry mass of the seedlings grown in the acidified soils to that of the seedlings grown in the control soil. Based on the results, we concluded that the negative effects of soil acidification due to sulfate deposition are greater than those of soil acidification due to nitrate deposition on growth, net photosynthesis and leaf nutrient status of F. crenata, and that the molar ratio of (Ca+Mg+K)/(Al+Mn) in soil solution is a suitable soil parameter for evaluating critical loads of acid deposition in efforts to protect F. crenata forests in Japan.     

Fluxes of elements in rain passing through forest canopies in south-eastern Australia

The elemental content of rainfall (bulk deposition), throughfall and stemflow was measured inPinus radiata D. Don andEucalyptus forests in Gippsland, Victoria. Accessions in rainfall (mg m^–2 year^–1) averaged: organic-C 551, NO₃ ^–-N 96, NH₄ ⁺-N 62, total-N 303, K⁺ 382, Na⁺ 2250, Ca²⁺ 1170, and Mg²⁺ 678. The mean pH of rainfall was 5.9. Concentrations of all elements were greater in throughfall than in rainfall, and generally greater in stemflow than in throughfall. However, pH of pine throughfall was higher than that of rainfall, and pH of eucalypt throughfall was lower than that of rainfall. There was a net efflux of inorganic-N from pine crowns to rainfall, whilst in eucalypts there was generally net sorption of inorganic-N from rainfall. In both species organic-N was leached from the crowns and the net efflux of total-N from eucalypt crowns (50 mg m^–2 year^–1) averaged one-quarter of that in pines. Increases in the organic-C content of throughfall relative to rainfall in eucalypts were two to four times those in pines. Increases in the content of other elements in throughfall were comparable in pines and eucalypts and within the ranges K⁺ 615–1360, Na⁺ 480–-1840, Ca²⁺ 123–780 and Mg²⁺ 253–993 mg m^–2 year^–1. However, enrichment of Ca²⁺ may have been due to dust trapped in the canopies. Stemflow contributed significantly to the total amounts of elements reaching the forest floor in water.     

海拔梯度对祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度的影响

以祁连山西水林区青海云杉典型林分为研究对象,按照青海云杉分布界限海拔2500—3300 m,采用梯度格局法,研究祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的空间分布特征,以期为准确估算祁连山青海云杉林碳储量变化影响因素提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林生物量平均值为115.83 t/hm~2,碳密度平均值为60.23 t/hm~2。生物量整体随海拔梯度增加表现为先增加后波动降低的趋势,在海拔2800 m处达到最高值(197.10 t/hm~2),海拔3300 m处达到最低值(7.66t/hm~2),且不同海拔梯度间差异显著。林分各器官生物量分配格局在各海拔处均表现为干根枝叶。(2)土壤有机碳含量平均值为54.80 g/kg,变化范围为31.49—76.96 g/kg。随着土壤层次的增加,除海拔3200 m和3300 m的土壤有机碳含量未表现出规律变化外,其他海拔梯度则均呈现出逐渐降低趋势。土壤有机碳密度在海拔2900 m最高,为245.40 t/hm~2,在海拔2700 m处最低,为130.24 t/hm~2;海拔2500—2700 m表现为平缓降低趋势,在2800 m处急剧上升,且海拔2800—3200 m呈现无显著性轻度波动变化,在海拔3300 m又急剧降低。(3)青海云杉林生态系统平均总碳密度为255.15 t/hm~2,乔木层和土壤层占总碳密度的比例分别为23.61%和76.39%,且不同海拔梯度间存在极显著差异。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、年均降水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关,与年夏季平均气温呈显著负相关;乔木层碳密度与年夏季气温、林分密度、胸高断面积呈显著正相关,与海拔和土壤全氮呈显著负相关。(4)祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度均随海拔梯度变化受水热条件组合的改变而呈现规律变化,以中部海拔区段2800—3200 m碳密度较高。     

氮素形态对铁线莲光合特性及氮代谢的影响

为了解铁线莲的光合性能和氮素代谢的响应机制,对不同氮素形态配比下1 a生厚叶铁线莲(Clematis crassifolia)与天台铁线莲(C.paten ssp.tientaiensis)的生长、光响应曲线、A-Ci曲线和氮代谢相关酶活性进行了比较。结果表明,氮素形态配比显著影响铁线莲的生物量和叶绿素(Chl)含量,厚叶铁线莲在铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)与硝态氮(NO_3~–-N)配比为1∶1时,生物量、Chl a、Chl b、Car含量达到最大;天台铁线莲的Chl a和Chl b含量在NH_4~+-N/NO_3~–-N为1∶3时最高。在NH_4~+-N/NO_3~–-N为1∶1时,厚叶铁线莲的光饱和点和天台铁线莲的光补偿点为最大值,且厚叶铁线莲叶片的Vc_(max)与J_(max)值均显著高于其他处理。天台铁线莲的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在NH_4~+-N/NO_3~–-N为3∶1处理下最高,而硝酸还原酶(NR)和亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性在NH_4~+-N/NO_3~–-N为1∶3时显著高于其他处理。可见,NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N混合施用能有效促进2种铁线莲的生长和光合作用,加强氮素利用效率。厚叶铁线莲适宜的NH_4~+-N/NO_3~–-N配比为1∶1,而天台铁线莲更适宜1∶3。