保守的第52位色氨酸突变引起的胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段活性丧失

通过易错PCR方法建立了一个鼠肺不同长度的nGLP-1R(从第21个氨基酸开始到第145个氨基酸)的噬菌体随机突变展示肽库,通过噬菌体表面展示技术检测胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段(nGLP-1R)在缺失一段或两段基因后是否还具有结合Exendin-4的活性.经ELISA分析发现了一株无结合活性的突变株,命名为EP16.经测序比对,发现EP16缺失了前20个和后10个氨基酸,且第52位色氨酸突变为精氨酸.为确定EP16与Exendin-4无结合活性的原因,重新构建了无前20个和后10个氨基酸的EP16野生型及第52位色氨酸变为精氨酸的全长nGLP-1Rw52R与EP16进行对比分析.结果表明,EP16的活性丧失是由保守的第52位色氨酸突变为精氨酸引起的,缺失的前20个和后10个氨基酸没有影响其生物学活性.关键位点单个氨基酸残基的突变可以改变胰高血糖素样肽1受体N端片段整个蛋白质的生物学活性.     

基于易错PCR的假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶耐高温定向进化

本研究利用易错PCR技术突变假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47β-甘露聚糖酶野生型基因,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体pYCα上连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后电转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,构建了库容为10_4的初级突变体库,筛选得到耐高温最佳突变株M262.DNS法测得80℃处理30 min后最大酶活力为25 U/mL,较之野生型最适条件酶活力提高了4.3倍.序列分析表明,突变体有3个碱基发生了突变:T343A/C827T/T1139C,相应的氨基酸改变为Ser115Thr/Thr276Met/Val380Ala,利用SWISS-MODEL数据库同源建模显示,这3个突变氨基酸分别位于第4个13折叠的第6个氨基酸、第6个α螺旋的第1个氨基酸、第10个α螺旋和第11个β折叠之间的转角.     

鸭FTO基因多态位点筛选和生物信息学分析

为挖掘FTO基因的SNP,为今后进一步研究该基因遗传变异奠定基础。本研究以樱桃谷鸭为试验对象,构建DNA池,对第2外显子、第4外显子和第5外显子直接测序,筛选与脂质性状相关的SNP位点。结果表明:FTO基因存在2个SNPs位点突变,在第5外显子发现1个SNP位点突变,另外一个在g.33942位点处,碱基A突变为碱基G,引起天冬氨酸(GAT)变为甘氨酸(GGT),在g.33781位点处,存在碱基T和A的突变(在内含子处,没有引起氨基酸的改变);RNA二级结构的最小自由能由-475.50 kcal/mol变为-477.40 kcal/mol。蛋白质二级结构分析发现,突变前后,α螺旋、β转角、延伸链和自由卷曲数值均有所改变。其中,α螺旋所占比例有所下降,但比重仍为最大,自由卷曲数量由原来的186个减少到185,比例由33.27%减少32.09%。突变前后多态位点导致FTO基因编码的蛋白三级结构也有所改变。FTO基因筛选出的SNP位点,引起RNA二级结构甚至是其编码的蛋白质结构的改变,可能进一步引起功能的改变。     

基于易错PCR的假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47 b-甘露聚糖酶耐高温定向进化

本研究利用易错PCR技术突变假密环菌Armillariella tabescens MAN47 β-甘露聚糖酶野生型基因,PCR产物与大肠杆菌-酿酒酵母穿梭表达载体pYCα上连接,在大肠杆菌DH5α中扩增后电转入酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae,构建了库容为104的初级突变体库,筛选得到耐高温最佳突变株M262。DNS法测得80oC处理30min后最大酶活力为25U/mL,较之野生型最适条件酶活力提高了4.3倍。序列分析表明,突变体有3个碱基发生了突变:T343A/C827T/T1139C,相应的氨基酸改变为Ser115Thr/Thr276Met/Val380Ala,利用SWISS-MODEL数据库同源建模显示,这3个突变氨基酸分别位于第4个β折叠的第6个氨基酸、第6个α螺旋的第1个氨基酸、第10个α螺旋和第11个β折叠之间的转角。     

定点突变提高木聚糖酶Umxyn10A的热稳定性

木聚糖酶是微生物半纤维素降解体系中的一种关键酶,被广泛地应用在工业中的多个领域。本研究为了提高木聚糖酶Umxyn10A (ABL73-883.1)的热稳定性,将Umxyn10A与GH 10家族4种耐热木聚糖酶进行多序列同源比对以及三维结构的同源建模分析,选定了Umxyn10A第31位氨基酸位点进行定点突变,将氨基酸Ala (A)突变为Phe (F)。分别将Umxyn10A和Umxyn10AA31F在大肠杆菌中进行重组表达,分析2种重组酶的酶学特性,结果发现,Umxyn10AA31F的最适反应温度为85℃,较野生重组酶提高了5℃;在65℃下的半衰期为105 min,较野生重组酶(15 min)提高了6倍;在70℃下突变重组酶的半衰期为15 min,较野生重组酶(5 min)提高了2倍;与此同时突变重组酶的pH耐受区间较原酶也有一定的增大。结果表明,将第31位氨基酸位点Ala突变为Phe能够显著的提高Umxyn10A的热稳定性。     

非解朊栖热菌HG102耐热β-糖苷酶的结构与功能研究

非解朊栖热菌HG10 2耐热 β-糖苷酶为 (β/α)₈桶状结构 ,是具有水解功能和转糖苷功能的单体酶。该酶可以作为一个很好的模型来研究糖苷酶的反应机制、底物特异性和耐热的分子基础。根据对该酶的晶体结构解析和同家族酶的结构比较 ,推测Glu164和Glu338分别是质子供体和亲核基团两个活性位点 ;在α-螺旋N端第一位的脯氨酸和蛋白质外周的精氨酸是耐热机制的关键位点和关键氨基酸残基。为确定这些氨基酸残基的功能 ,通过基因定点突变的方法分别把Glu164、Glu338、Pro316、Pro356、Pro344和Arg325置换成Gln、Ala、Gly、Ala、Phe和Leu ,同时还对Pro316和Pro356进行了双置换。突变酶经过纯化得到电泳纯 ,用CD光谱进行了野生酶和突变酶的结构比较。通过突变酶的酶功能和酶学性质分析 ,结果表明Glu164和Glu338分别是质子供体和亲核基团 ,亲核基团的突变酶TnglyE338A可以合成混合型糖苷键寡糖类似物 ;在α-螺旋N端第一位的Pro316和Pro356以及在蛋白质外周形成离子键的Arg325均是对耐热性有贡献的关键氨基酸残基。     

A型γ-氨基丁酸受体α1亚基Cys~(166)-Leu~(296)片段的配体结合和结构性质

研究A型γ 氨基丁酸受体 (γ aminobutyricacidtypeA ,GABAAreceptor)α1亚基Cys166 Leu2 96片段的苯并二氮杂 (benzodiazepine ,BZ)结合位点及其结构特性 ,了解该片段结构与功能的关系 .利用PfuDNA多聚酶依赖的点突变技术将该片段的每一残基用丙氨酸替代 ,通过E .coli体系过表达 ,纯化得到各种突变蛋白 .运用圆二色性 (circulardichroism ,CD)技术测定突变蛋白的二级结构 ,借助荧光各向异性 (fluorescenceanisotropy ,FA)、荧光共振能量转移 (fluorescenceresonanceenergytrans fer,FRET)技术测定其与BZ荧光配基Bodipy FLRo 1986 (BFR)的结合强弱 .通过与野生型的比较 ,确定其残基是否与结构和或结合相关 .结果显示 ,突变体R191A、G2 12A、S2 13A、R2 14A及V2 79A的结合能力减弱 2～ 3倍 ,除V2 79A显著增加α螺旋外均无二级结构的改变 .E193A、S2 78A、V2 79A和P2 80A的α螺旋显著增多 ,N2 75A和R2 76A的α螺旋则显著减少 .推测Cys166 Leu2 96的Arg191,Gly2 12 ,Ser2 13 和Arg2 14 可能位于BZ的结合袋 ,其第 4个环区 (Glu2 10 Asn2 16)与结合密切相关 .Glu193 、Ser2 78和Pro2 80 参与维持β折叠结构 ,而Asn2 75和Arg2 76参与维持α螺旋结构 .Cys166 Leu2 96的第 9个环区 (Asn2 75 Pro2 80 )对其结     

家蝇几丁质酶MDCht9基因的克隆表达与酶活分析

[目的]对MDCht9基因进行生物信息学分析,构建原核表达载体,获得重组蛋白,并测其酶学活性。[方法]构建邻位连接树研究MDCht9基因的分类归属及其与黑腹果蝇、冈比亚按蚊和致倦库蚊几丁质酶的进化关系,采用生物信息学软件,分析MDCht9基因及编码蛋白的理化性质,信号肽、二级结构等,预测蛋白质的功能;根据其c DNA序列设计引物,PCR扩增,以p ET28(+)为载体构建重组质粒,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,异丙硫代-β-D半乳糖苷(IPTG)进行诱导,表达产物用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定,质谱鉴定纯化蛋白。几丁质酶活测定:以4MU-(Glc NAc)3为底物,测定重组蛋白的酶学活性。[结果]系统发育树表明MDCht9基因与果蝇Cht9基因同源性最高,其ORF全长1 401 bp,编码466个氨基酸,理论分子量为50 827. 2 Da,等电点为6. 97,属于亲水性蛋白。MDCht9基因编码蛋白的第1-22氨基酸为信号肽,剪切位点位于第22与第23位氨基酸之间。MDCht9蛋白的功能结构域位于第24-357位氨基酸间,是18家族几丁质糖基水解酶的催化域,第413-466位氨基酸之间的序列为几丁质结合区域。MDCht9蛋白的二级结构及三级结构显示有3种类型:以无规则卷曲为主(Cc),其次为α-螺旋(Hh)和β折叠(Ee)。构建了具有正确序列的MDCht9重组表达质粒,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达;通过亲和层析柱纯化的重组蛋白质谱鉴定,与MDCht9序列一致,提示MDCht9重组蛋白获取成功。酶学活性表明不同浓度的MDCht 9重组蛋白均有几丁质酶活性,而且呈现一定的量效关系,0. 18 mg/m L重组蛋白的4 MU生成量为53. 63 U,0. 045 mg/m L重组蛋白的4 MU生成量为9. 97 U。[结论]采用原核表达系统成功获得MDCht9的重组蛋白,且重组蛋白有较强的酶活性,为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础。     

A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素Thr-272基因定点突变与结构分析

利用定点突变技术,将A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素( CPA)第272位苏氨酸(ACA)定点突变成脯氨酸(CCG),构建了含CPA突变基因表达质粒的重组菌株BL21( DE3)(pMCPA-T272P).经酶切鉴定和序列测定证实,构建的重组质粒pMCPAT272P含有CPA-Thr272Pro突变基因,且基因序列和阅读框架正确.重组菌株BL21( DE3)(pMCPA-T272P)表达产物经SDSPAGE分析,其表达量占菌体总蛋白相对含量的18.34％.应用ExPASy服务器上的SOPMA法对CPA和CPA-Thr272Pro突变体分子进行二级结构预测,同时模拟了其3D结构.结果显示,CPA和CPA-Thr272Pro突变体蛋白的二级结构主要是由α-螺旋和无规则卷曲组成,3D结构非常相似.CPA和CPA-Thr272Pro突变体蛋白的圆二色(CD)光谱分析发现二者的CD光谱有一些微小变化.磷脂酶C活性检测结果表明,CPA-Thr272Pro突变体蛋白失去了α毒素的磷脂酶C活性.免疫试验结果表明,用CPA-Thr272Pro突变体蛋白免疫的小鼠可以抵抗1MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌标准株C57-1毒素攻击.     

3种棱型大麦中脱水素6(DHN6)的性质、突变位点与蛋白质进化分析

脱水素(dehydrins,DHNs)是高等植物胚胎发育晚期产生的一类特异多肽,能够逆转细胞脱水所造成的伤害.为明确脱水素性质与功能的关系,本研究从3种棱型大麦分离到Dhn6基因,生物信息学分析其编码的蛋白质序列长度分别为523个(六棱)、502个(四棱)和486个(二棱)氨基酸残基;氨基酸突变位点分析发现该基因具有整体保守性和突变位点偏倚性.蛋白质性质与二级结构分析表明,DHN6是高度亲水的碱性蛋白质,线性结构和自由卷曲为二级结构的主要组分,K-片段参与α-螺旋结构的形成,由此推测DHN6的兼性α-螺旋结构域在稳定膜结构的水合保护体系过程中发挥着重要的生理功能.构建的21个物种DHN6蛋白质系统发生树,发现禾本科植物遗传距离较近,结合核苷酸序列的物种特异性,本研究认为Dhn6基因可作为物种鉴定依据.     

Glucagon antagonists. Synthesis and inhibitory properties of Asp3-containing glucagon analogs

In an effort to find analogs of glucagon that would bind to the glucagon receptor of the rat liver membrane but would not activate membrane-bound adenyl cyclase, several hybrid molecules were synthesized which contained sequences from both glucagon and secretin. [Asp3, Glu9]Glucagon and [Asp3, Glu9, Arg12]glucagon were inactive in the adenyl cyclase assay even at high concentrations but retained some binding affinity for the receptor. They were able to displace 125I-glucagon completely from its receptor and could completely inhibit the activation of adenyl cyclase by natural or synthetic glucagon. The inhibition index [I/A]50 was approximately 110 for both analogs. [Asp3]Glucagon, [Glu3]glucagon and [Asp3, Lys17, 18, Glu21]glucagon were weak partial agonists, while [Asp3, Glu21]glucagon was inactive and a poor inhibitor. The peptides were synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified to homogeneity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on C18 silica columns. These are the first fully synthetic competitive glucagon antagonists to be reported.     

Parallel measurement of Ca2+ binding and fluorescence emission upon Ca2+ titration of recombinant skeletal muscle troponin C. Measurement of sequential calcium binding to the regulatory sites

Calcium binding to chicken recombinant skeletal muscle TnC (TnC) and its mutants containing tryptophan (F29W), 5-hydroxytryptophan (F29HW), or 7-azatryptophan (F29ZW) at position 29 was measured by flow dialysis and by fluorescence. Comparative analysis of the results allowed us to determine the influence of each amino acid on the calcium binding properties of the N-terminal regulatory domain of the protein. Compared with TnC, the Ca(2+) affinity of N-terminal sites was: 1) increased 6-fold in F29W, 2) increased 3-fold in F29ZW, and 3) decreased slightly in F29HW. The Ca(2+) titration of F29ZW monitored by fluorescence displayed a bimodal curve related to sequential Ca(2+) binding to the two N-terminal Ca(2+) binding sites. Single and double mutants of TnC, F29W, F29HW, and F29ZW were constructed by replacing aspartate by alanine at position 30 (site I) or 66 (site II) or both. Ca(2+) binding data showed that the Asp --> Ala mutation at position 30 impairs calcium binding to site I only, whereas the Asp --> Ala mutation at position 66 impairs calcium binding to both sites I and II. Furthermore, the Asp --> Ala mutation at position 30 eliminates the differences in Ca(2+) affinity observed for replacement of Phe at position 29 by Trp, 5-hydroxytryptophan, or 7-azatryptophan. We conclude that position 29 influences the affinity of site I and that Ca(2+) binding to site I is dependent on the previous binding of metal to site II.     

Single amino acid substitutions in one Ca2+ binding site of uvomorulin abolish the adhesive function

We show that a synthetic peptide corresponding to the sequence of one putative Ca2+ binding motif of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin is able to complex Ca2+. This function is abolished if the first Asp in the peptide is replaced by Lys. Accordingly, we expressed in L cells mutant uvomorulin with a replacement of Asp to Lys or Ala. Mutant protein was resistant to Ca2+/trypsin under mild conditions but became susceptible at or near the site of replacement at higher concentrations, leaving the remaining Ca2+ binding domains protected. Remarkably, in cell aggregation assays both mutant uvomorulins failed to mediate cell adhesiveness, demonstrating that a single amino acid substitution in one Ca2+ binding site inactivates the adhesive function.     

A reassessment of structure-function relationships in glucagon. Glucagon1-21 is a full agonist.

Glucagon1-21 has been prepared by treating native glucagon with carboxypeptidase A. Purified glucagon1-21 did not contain detectable methionine (less than 0.001 residue/mol) and the activity of the compound did not change after treatment with cyanogen bromide as has been shown with native glucagon. Glucagon1-21 stimulates hepatic adenylate cyclase activity to the same extent as native glucagon but with 0.1% the potency. Glucagon1-21 also displayed 0.1% the binding affinity of native glucagon to the glucagon receptor in hepatic membranes. Glucagon22-29 alone or in combination with glucagon1-21 did not activate adenylate cyclase or displase 125I-glucagon from its receptor. The finding that glucagon1-21 is a full agonist on adenylate cyclase is discussed in relation to the structure-function relationships required for the biological action of glucagon.     

Down-regulation of fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber with cardiac troponin-C and recombinant mutants. Structure/function studies with site-directed mutagenesis

Structure/function relationships in troponin C are studied with vertebrate fast-twitch fibers by exchanging the skeletal troponin C with two bacterially synthesized recombinant proteins designed by site-directed mutagenesis of cardiac troponin C. One mutant (CBM1) contained an additional active site, by deleting Val-28 and converting Leu-29, Gly-30, Ala-31 and Glu-32 to Asp, Ala, Asp and Gly, respectively, in the normally inactive trigger site 1 in the N-terminus. In another mutant (CBM2A), the normally active site 2 was inactivated by conversion of Asp-65 to Ala. The fibers were found to be down-regulated with recombinant cardiac troponin C (CTnC3), as with tissue-cardiac-troponin-C. With mutants, in one case (CBM1) the regulation was unmodified despite Ca2+ coordination by all sites. In contrast, regulation was found to be completely blocked with the mutant (CBM2A) where both trigger sites were inactive. The results provide the first indication that structural specification of the entire EF-hand motif of site 1, and not just Ca2+ coordination, is needed to operate fully the Ca2+ switch in fast-twitch fibers.     

Purification of peptide hormones from chinchilla pancreas by chemical assay

Glucagon was purified from chinchilla pancreas and its biological activity determined. It was isolated using a chemical assay to identify peptides with a histidyl residue at the N-terminus. Chinchilla glucagon has the amino acid sequence HSQGTFTSDYSKHLDSRYAQEFVQWLMNT. It differs from the usual mammalian glucagon by amino acid substitutions at positions 13, 18 and 21 from the N-terminus. Despite these sequence changes, its biological activity is conserved. Chinchilla glucagon has approximately the same potency as pig glucagon in stimulating liver membrane adenyl cyclase activity. Pancreatic polypeptide was also purified from chinchilla pancreas based on its Ala1 signal and has the sequence APLEPVYPGDNATPEQMAQYAAEMRRYINMLTRPRY#.     

重组α-银环蛇毒素的纯化及活性分析

以表达重组α-银环蛇毒素的高效表达菌株BL21(PDZ04)为材料,研究重组α-银环蛇毒素(α-bungarotoxin,α-BgTx)的分离纯化.采取亲和色谱和离子交换色谱的方法都得到了重组α-银环蛇毒素的纯品.首先从天然的银环蛇毒干粉中分离纯化得到了天然α-银环蛇毒素的纯品.然后以天然α-银环蛇毒素为对照来检测重组α-银环蛇毒素的抗原性和毒性.ELISA结果显示其具有与天然α-银环蛇毒素相似的抗原性,以小鼠为动物模型,纯化的重组α-银环蛇毒素与天然α-银环蛇毒素相比,其腹腔注射的LD50也基本一致,约为0.22μg/g.结果表明利用基因工程的方法生产蛇神经毒素是可行的.     

Detailed characterization of the cooperative mechanism of Ca(2+) binding and catalytic activation in the Ca(2+) transport (SERCA) ATPase

Expression of heterologous SERCA1a ATPase in Cos-1 cells was optimized to yield levels that account for 10-15% of the microsomal protein, as revealed by protein staining on electrophoretic gels. This high level of expression significantly improved our characterization of mutants, including direct measurements of Ca(2+) binding by the ATPase in the absence of ATP, and measurements of various enzyme functions in the presence of ATP or P(i). Mutational analysis distinguished two groups of amino acids within the transmembrane domain: The first group includes Glu771 (M5), Thr799 (M6), Asp800 (M6), and Glu908 (M8), whose individual mutations totally inhibit binding of the two Ca(2+) required for activation of one ATPase molecule. The second group includes Glu309 (M4) and Asn796 (M6), whose individual or combined mutations inhibit binding of only one and the same Ca(2+). The effects of mutations of these amino acids were interpreted in the light of recent information on the ATPase high-resolution structure, explaining the mechanism of Ca(2+) binding and catalytic activation in terms of two cooperative sites. The Glu771, Thr799, and Asp800 side chains contribute prominently to site 1, together with less prominent contributions by Asn768 and Glu908. The Glu309, Asn796, and Asp800 side chains, as well as the Ala305 (and possibly Val304 and Ile307) carbonyl oxygen, contribute to site 2. Sequential binding begins with Ca(2+) occupancy of site 1, followed by transition to a conformation (E') sensitive to Ca(2+) inhibition of enzyme phosphorylation by P(i), but still unable to utilize ATP. The E' conformation accepts the second Ca(2+) on site 2, producing then a conformation (E' ') which is able to utilize ATP. Mutations of residues (Asp813 and Asp818) in the M6/M7 loop reduce Ca(2+) affinity and catalytic turnover, suggesting a strong influence of this loop on the correct positioning of the M6 helix. Mutation of Asp351 (at the catalytic site within the cytosolic domain) produces total inhibition of ATP utilization and enzyme phosphorylation by P(i), without a significant effect on Ca(2+) binding.     

Monovalent cation activation in Escherichia coli inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase

Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the oxidation of inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-monophosphate with the concomitant reduction of NAD to NADH. Escherichia coli IMPDH is activated by K(+), Rb(+), NH(+)(4), and Cs(+). K(+) activation is inhibited by Li(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+). This inhibition is competitive versus K(+) at high K(+) concentrations, noncompetitive versus IMP, and competitive versus NAD. Thus monovalent cation activation is linked to the NAD site. K(+) increases the rate constant for the pre-steady-state burst of NADH production, possibly by increasing the affinity of NAD. Three mutant IMPDHs have been identified which increase the value of K(m) for K(+): Asp13Ala, Asp50Ala, and Glu469Ala. In contrast to wild type, both Asp13Ala and Glu469Ala are activated by all cations tested. Thus these mutations eliminate cation selectivity. Both Asp13 and Glu469 appear to interact with the K(+) binding site identified in Chinese hamster IMPDH. Like wild-type IMPDH, K(+) activation of Asp50Ala is inhibited by Li(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+). However, this inhibition is noncompetitive with respect to K(+) and competitive with respect to both IMP and NAD. Asp50 interacts with residues that form a rigid wall in the IMP site; disruption of this wall would be expected to decrease IMP binding, and the defect could propagate to the proposed K(+) site. Alternatively, this mutation could uncover a second monovalent cation binding site.