促卵泡激素结合片段通过PI3K/Akt-cyclinD1通路抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖活性

目的:研究促卵泡激素（FSH）结合片段对卵巢上皮性细胞癌细胞株hey增殖活性的影响。方法:应用卵巢上皮性细胞癌细胞株hey作为实验对象,分别加入FSH、FSH结合片段、FSH+FSH结合片段。用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法检测卵巢癌hey细胞的生长状况,Western blot检测cyclinD1、Akt、pAkt分子的表达。结果:FSH对卵巢癌hey细胞的生长有明显的促进作用,细胞生长活性提高21%。FSH结合片段对卵巢癌细胞的生长有明显抑制作用,对细胞平均抑制率为22%,且能下调cyclinDI的表达,在2.5×10^-9Mol/L达70%。FSH结合片段对FSH有竞争抑制作用,细胞抑制率为18%,能抑制FSH上调cyclinD1的作用,抑制率为61%。FSH能上调pAkt的表达,对Akt的表达没有明显影响,在40mIU/ml的浓度时pAkt/Akt上调率达224%。FSH结合片段对Akt的表达没有明显影响,但能明显下调pAkt的表达,且呈时间依赖性（在1 5分钟时达66%）和剂量依赖性(在2.5×10^-9Mol/L达31%)。FSH结合片段能抑制FSH上调pAkt的作用,抑制率为80%。结论:FSH结合片段可通过抑制FSH诱导的PI3K/Akt-cycl-inD1信号通路进而抑制上皮性卵巢癌hey细胞的增殖活性。     

体外缺血缺氧条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生的机制研究

目的：研究体外大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs）在缺血缺氧条件下发生凋亡的作用机制。方法：采取大鼠骨髓,以密度梯度离心分离出单个核细胞（MNCs）,于体外培养并由牛垂体提取物（PEX）诱导扩增传代培养出骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）。经形态学和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定后,骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）在缺血缺氧条件下培养,通过Annexin V／PI双染细胞凋亡检测比较不同组别细胞的凋亡率和蛋白印迹法（western blot）来观察细胞中蛋白的变化。结果：①经形态学观察和流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面标志物鉴定,提示骨髓间充质干细胞培养成功。②对照组（无缺血缺氧）与缺血缺氧组比较,缺血缺氧组的凋亡率显著性增加,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著性增加提示PI3K（Phosphoinositide-3kinase）／Akt（ProteinkinaseB,PKB）信号通路被激活（P〈0．05）;同时缺血缺氧组与缺血缺氧＋PI3K／Akt抑制剂（LY294002）组比较,缺血缺氧＋PI3K／Akt抑制剂（LY294002）组的凋亡率显著降低,而通过磷酸化Akt的表达量显著减少提示PI3K/Akt信号通路被抑制（P〈0．05）。结论：PI3K／Akt信号通路对体外缺血缺氧条件下培养的骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡发生有关键性作用。     

促卵泡激素结合片段通过P13K／Akt—cyclinD1通路抑制卵巢癌细胞增殖活性

目的：研究促卵泡激素（FSH）结合片段对卵巢上皮性细胞癌细胞株hey增殖活性的影响。方法：应用卵巢上皮性细胞癌细胞株hey作为实验对象,分别加入FSH、FSH结合片段、FSH＋FSH结合片段。用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法检测卵巢癌hey细胞的生长状况,Westernblot检测cyclinD1、Akt、pAkt分子的表达。结果：FSH对卵巢癌hey细胞的生长有明显的促进作用,细胞生长活性提高21％。FSH结合片段对卵巢癌细胞的生长有明显抑制作用,对细胞平均抑制率为22％,且能下调cyclinD1的表达,在2．5×10^-9Mol／L达70％。FSH结合片段对FSH有竞争抑制作用,细胞抑制率为18％,能抑制FSH上调cyclinD1的作用,抑制率为61％。FSH能上调pAkt的表达,对Akt的袁达没有明显影响,在40mlU／ml的浓度时pAkt／Akt上调率达224％。FSH结合片段对Akt的表达没有明显影响,但能明显下调pAkt的表达,且呈时间依赖性（在15分钟时达66％）和剂量依赖性（在2．5×10^-9Mol／L达31％）。FSH结合片段能抑制FSH上调pAkt的作用,抑制率为80％。结论：FSH结合片段可通过抑制FSH诱导的P13FdAkt-cycl—inD1信号通路进而抑制上皮性卵巢癌hey细胞的增殖活性,     

脂肪细胞在肝细胞胰岛素耐受过程中的作用

目的研究脂肪细胞在不同分化阶段对肝细胞胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法体外诱导3T3-L1脂肪前体细胞分化,细胞内脂滴增加,逐步分化成脂肪细胞。采用不同分化阶段脂肪细胞（未分化0 d、中期分化4d、接近完全分化8d）与原代肝细胞共培养。Western印迹法检测共培养后肝细胞内胰岛素信号通路的反应性;葡萄糖同位素标记方法检测肝细胞糖原合成能力。结果以未共培养的肝细胞为对照组,共培养后肝细胞内胰岛素受体底物-2酪氨酸磷酸化（Tyr^612）（pIRS-2）水平及Akt磷酸化（Ser^473）（pAkt）水平均显著下调;肝糖原合成能力明显降低;与较成熟脂肪细胞共培养后,肝细胞pIRS-2及pAkt水平与其他分化阶段组共培养比较下调明显,肝糖原合成能力随着脂肪细胞的成熟而明显降低。结论脂肪细胞可能诱导肝细胞发生胰岛素抵抗,肝细胞胰岛素信号通路的阻滞程度与脂肪细胞的分化程度呈正相关。     

BMP9对人肺腺癌AS49细胞侵袭、迁移的影响及机制的研究

BMP9属于TGF-β超家族的成员,参与多种细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡、侵袭、转移过程。以人肺腺癌细胞A549作为目的细胞,采用腺病毒体外感染方式,外源性高表达BMP9。RT-PCR及Westernblot检测重组细胞中BMP9的表达,通过细胞划痕实验、Transwell侵袭实验检测AdBMP9细胞侵袭及迁移改变,RT-PCR及Westernblot检测感染BMP9腺病毒后IL-6的mRNA和蛋白表达：Westemblotg检测NPI3K／Akt信号通路中总Akt和磷酸化Akt蛋白的表达。结果显示：与对照组细胞相比,感染BMP9腺病毒后,A549中BMP9mRNA和蛋白表达明显升高;实验组划痕愈合率由对照的（85．4±2．11％与（86．5±3．4）％上升至（97．4±2．6）％（P〈0．05）;实验组穿膜细胞数由对照的（115．5±13．1）个与（123．3±14．9）个上升至（224．3±24．6）个（P〈0．05）;与对照组细胞相比,AdBMP9组IL-6的表达上调,磷酸化Akt蛋白表达上调。该研究表明,BMP9可能通过上调IL-6的表达,激活P13K／Akt信号通路,促进人肺腺癌A549的侵袭、迁移。     

原花青素B2通过Akt/FoxO4通路拮抗内皮细胞衰老的实验研究

研究原花青素B2(PCB2)对内皮细胞衰老的调控作用,探讨其可能的分子机制。以棕榈酸(PA)50μmol/L处理胰岛内皮细胞MS-1建立细胞衰老模型,根据细胞活力、β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色以及细胞周期相关基因的表达来评估内皮细胞衰老;同时加入PCB2干预,检测衰老相关指标及Akt/FoxO4通路的蛋白表达水平的变化情况。MS-1细胞经PA处理后SA-β-Gal阳性细胞增加,细胞周期相关基因p53和p21上调显示细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期,表明PA处理后能诱导内皮细胞衰老发生;经PCB2(50μg/mL)干预后能够有效改善PA诱导的细胞衰老。相比于正常组,经PA处理后抑制Akt活化,其表达由胞核转至胞浆,在胞核中表达明显减少;导致Akt下游信号FoxO4的磷酸化降低,使其在细胞核中明显增加;而应用PCB2(50μg/mL)处理后能有效逆转这一现象;PCB2对棕榈酸诱导的内皮细胞衰老有明显的保护作用,其可能通过Akt/FoxO4信号通路发挥调控作用。     

竹节参皂苷IVa通过Akt/mTOR通路保护胰岛β细胞损伤

摘要 目的：研究竹节参皂苷IVa（CHS）对高糖诱导的胰岛β细胞损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法：采用高糖建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型,分为正常组、模型组、CHS给药低、中和高剂量组（25、50 和100 μM）。MTT法检测CHS对胰岛细胞存活率的影响,胰岛素释放实验检测CHS对胰岛β细胞功能的影响,试剂盒检测Caspase 3和细胞色素c的水平,蛋白印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2、Akt、mTORC1、S6K蛋白表达和磷酸化水平变化。结果：与正常组比较,高糖使INS-1细胞存活率降低,胰岛素释放减少,同时Caspase-3,细胞色素c,Bax蛋白表达增加,Bcl-2蛋白表达减少;与模型组比较,CHS可以明显逆转这一趋势（P <0.05）。此外,CHS可剂量依赖性的促进Akt,mTORC1和S6K磷酸化水平,进一步研究发现,CHS保护胰岛INS-1细胞的作用及对mTORC1和S6K磷酸化的作用被siAkt抵消。结论：CHS可以对抗胰岛β细胞的糖毒性,降低胰岛INS-1细胞凋亡,增加胰岛素释放水平,其作用机制可能与激活Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

瑞舒伐他汀促进缺氧复氧间充质干细胞增殖的机制研究

目的：探讨瑞舒伐他汀对缺氧复氧损伤后脂肪来源间充质干细胞增殖的影响及机制。方法：酶消化法分离小鼠的脂肪间充质干细胞（AD-MSCs）,流式细胞术检测CD90、CD44、CD34、CD45等细胞标志物。建立缺氧（H）6h/复氧（R）42h细胞模型,AD-MSCs分为3组：①对照组;②缺氧/复氧组（H/R）;③H/R＋瑞舒伐他汀干预组（浓度分别为10-8、10-7、10-6mol/L）。MTT法测定各组细胞增殖,免疫印迹法检测细胞内Akt、Erk及其磷酸化的表达水平。结果：流式细胞术结果显示脂肪间充质干细胞CD44及CD90阳性,CD34、CD45阴性。MTT实验显示在缺氧环境中,瑞舒伐他汀的干预可显著增加AD-MSCs的增殖（P〈0.05）。Westernblot检测pAkt及pErk的表达在瑞舒伐他汀干预组明显高于对照组和H/R组。（P〈0.05）。结论：瑞舒伐他汀可通过Akt、Erk信号途径促进H/R损伤后AD-MSCs的增殖。     

共轭亚油酸对HepG2细胞脂质沉积的影响

目的:研究共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)对HepG2细胞脂肪沉积的影响,以探讨其对肝脏脂肪沉积的可能机制.方法:体外培养HepG2细胞,不同浓度CLA(0、10、50、100 μmol.1-1)作用24小时后,100 nmol.1-1胰岛素作用1小时.以比色法测定培养液中游离脂肪酸的含量,油红O染色观察细胞脂肪沉积,Western-blot检测Akt和P-Akt蛋白表达.结果:随着CLA浓度增加,培养液中的游离脂肪酸含量显著降低,细胞中红染脂滴增多,Western-blot结果发现,Akt蛋白的磷酸化水平增高.结论:CLA可以增加细胞内脂肪合成和细胞中Akt蛋白的磷酸化水平.     

Analysis of activated EGFR signalling pathways and their relation to laminin-5 γ2 chain expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was shown for the majority of squamous cell carcinomas. The EGFR expression correlates to tumour size, stage and cytoplasmic accumulation of the laminin-5 γ2 chain (Ln-5/γ2), which is known as a marker of invading tumour cells. There is only limited knowledge if and how EGFR signalling pathways are important for invasion-associated processes and for the regulation of Ln-5/γ2. Therefore the distribution of phosphorylated Erk1/2, p38 MAPK and Akt was immunohistochemically defined in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of different histological grade and compared to histological criteria of invasion and cytoplasmic Ln-5/γ2 deposition. With raising histological grade, there is a slight increase in nuclear pErk1/2-stained tumour cells (P=0.398) and a loss of nuclear (P=0.593) and increased cytoplasmic staining (P=0.144) of pAkt mainly in invading OSCC cells. Nuclear pp38 MAPK could only be sporadically detected in few cases. In case of pErk1/2 and pAkt, only a partial co-localisation could be revealed in cases with abundant kinases and Ln-5/γ2. Among the investigated kinases, only pAkt shows a relation to histological grade and invasion in OSCC. pErk1/2, pp38 MAPK and pAkt do not represent a direct link between EGFR and Ln-5 synthesis. Therefore, enhanced Ln-5/γ2 may be a secondary phenomenon of EGFR-induced tumour cell proliferation and dissemination.     

Purinergic Receptor-mediated Rapid Depletion of Nuclear Phosphorylated Akt Depends on Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Phosphatase,Calcineurin, Protein Phosphatase 2A,and PTEN Phosphatases

Akt is an important oncoprotein, and data suggest a critical role for nuclear Akt in cancer development. We have previously described a rapid (3–5 min) and P2X7-dependent depletion of nuclear phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) and effects on downstream targets, and here we studied mechanisms behind the pAkt depletion. We show that cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, or extracellular ATP, induced a complex and coordinated response in insulin-stimulated A549 cells leading to depletion of nuclear pAkt. It involved protein/lipid phosphatases PTEN, pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat phosphatase (PHLPP1 and -2), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and calcineurin. We employed immunocytology, immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assay techniques and show that PHLPP and calcineurin translocated to the nucleus and formed complexes with Akt within 3 min. Also PTEN translocated to the nucleus and then co-localized with pAkt close to the nuclear membrane. An inhibitor of the scaffolding immunophilin FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) and calcineurin, FK506, prevented depletion of nuclear pAkt. Furthermore, okadaic acid, an inhibitor of PP2A, prevented the nuclear pAkt depletion. Chemical inhibition and siRNA indicated that PHLPP, PP2A, and PTEN were required for a robust depletion of nuclear pAkt, and in prostate cancer cells lacking PTEN, transfection of PTEN restored the statin-induced pAkt depletion. The activation of protein and lipid phosphatases was paralleled by a rapid proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) translocation to the nucleus, a PCNA-p21^cip1 complex formation, and cyclin D1 degradation. We conclude that these effects reflect a signaling pathway for rapid depletion of pAkt that may stop the cell cycle.     

Potential involvement of LOX-1 in functional consequences of endothelial senescence

Numerous studies have described the process of senescence associated with accumulation of oxidative damage, mutations and decline in proliferative potential. Although the changes observed in senescent cells are likely to result in significant phenotypic alterations, the studies on consequences of endothelial senescence, especially in relation to aging-associated diseases, are scarce. We have analyzed effects of senescence on the functions of endothelial cells relevant to the development of atherosclerosis including angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and inflammation. In the course of progressing through the passages, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) displayed significant increase in size (+36% passage 12 vs. passage 4 , p<0.001) and reduction in both basal and VEGF-stimulated tube formation. The analysis of a scavenger receptor LOX-1, a key molecule implicated in atherogenesis, revealed a significant decline of its message (mRNA) and protein content in senescent endothelial cells (-33%) and in aortas of 50 wk (vs. 5 wk) old mice (all p<0.01). These effects were accompanied by a marked reduction of the basal expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Compared to early cultures, late passage HUVECs also exhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) and reciprocal shifts in BAX and BCL2 protein content resulting in almost 2-fold increase in BAX/BCL2 ratio and 3-fold increase in apoptotic response to TNFα exposure (p<0.04). These changes in senescent endothelial cells are suggestive of aberrant responses to physiological stimuli resulting in a less permissive environment for tissue remodeling and progression of diseases requiring angiogenesis and cell adhesion in elderly, possibly, mediated by LOX-1.     

Attenuation of NF-kappaB signaling response to UVB light during cellular senescence

The ability of cells to adapt to environmental stresses undergoes a progressive reduction during aging. NF-kappaB-mediated signaling is a major defensive system against various environmental challenges. The aim of this study was to find out whether replicative senescence affects the response of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway to UVB light in human WI-38 and IMR-90 fibroblasts. The exposure of early passage fibroblasts to UVB light inhibited the proliferation and induced a flat phenotype similar to that observed in replicatively senescent fibroblasts not exposed to UVB light. The UVB radiation dose used (153 mJ/cm2) did not induce apoptosis in either early or late passage WI-38 fibroblasts. UVB exposure induced a prominent activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway both in early and in late passage WI-38 and IMR-90 fibroblasts. Interestingly, the response to UVB light was significantly attenuated in late passage fibroblasts. This attenuation was most prominent in DNA binding activities of nuclear NF-kappaB complexes. Similar senescence-related attenuation was also observed in the DNA binding activities of nuclear AP-1 and Sp-1 factors after UVB treatment. Immunoblotting and -cytochemistry showed an increase in nuclear localization of p50 and p65 components of NF-kappaB complexes. Supershift experiments showed that the specific NF-kappaB complexes contain p50 and p65 protein components but not p52 and c-Rel proteins. Cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha showed a marked decrease at protein level but an increase in phosphorylation after UVB treatment. Transient transfection assays with TK5-CAT and TK10-CAT plasmids carrying NF-kappaB-responsive sites of the TNFalpha promoter were used to analyze the functional activity of the NF-kappaB complexes. Results showed that UVB exposure induced an increase in NF-kappaB-driven CAT expression both in early and in late passage fibroblasts though the response was significantly stronger in early passage fibroblasts. Our results show that the induction of NF-kappaB-mediated signaling by UVB light is highly attenuated in senescent fibroblasts. This attenuation may reduce the stress resistance during cellular senescence.     

Silencing p110β prevents rapid depletion of nuclear pAkt

The p110β subunit in the class IA PI3K family may act as an oncogene and is critical for prostate tumor development in PTEN knockout mice. We tested the possible involvement of p110β in a recently described rapid depletion of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in the nucleus. Previous work showed that this down-regulation is induced by extracellular ATP or by statins and is mediated by the purinergic receptor P2X7. Here, we used p110β knock out mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and siRNA-treated cancer cells. We found that p110β is essential for ATP- or statin-induced nuclear pAkt depletion in MEFs and in several cancer cell lines including prostate cancer cells. ATP, statin or the selective P2X7 agonist BzATP also inhibited cell growth, and this inhibition was not seen in p110β knock out cells. We also found that p110β was necessary for statin-induced changes in binding between FKBP51, pAkt and PTEN. Our data show that p110β is essential for the ATP- and statin-induced effects and support a role of nuclear pAkt in cancer development. They also provide support for a chemopreventive effect of statins mediated by depletion of nuclear pAkt.     

Accumulation of apoptosis‐insensitive human bone marrow‐mesenchymal stromal cells after long‐term expansion

Cells undergo replicative senescence during in vitro expansion, which is induced by the accumulation of cellular damage caused by excessive reactive oxygen species. In this study, we investigated whether long‐term‐cultured human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are insensitive to apoptotic stimulation. To examine this, we established replicative senescent cells from long‐term cultures of human bone marrow MSCs. Senescent cells were identified based on declining population doublings, increased expression of senescence markers p16 and p53 and increased senescence‐associated β‐gal activity. In cell viability assays, replicative senescent MSCs in late passages (i.e. 15–19 passages) resisted damage induced by oxidative stress more than those in early passages did (i.e. 7–10 passages). This resistance occurred via caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 rather than via caspase‐8. The senescent cells are gradually accumulated during long‐term expansion. The oxidative stress‐sensitive proteins ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated and p53 were phosphorylated, and the expression of apoptosis molecules Bax increased, and Bcl‐2 decreased in early passage MSCs; however, the expression of the apoptotic molecules did less change in response to apoptotic stimulation in late‐passage MSCs, suggesting that the intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway was not induced by oxidative stress in long‐term‐cultured MSCs. Based on these results, we propose that some replicative senescent cells may avoid apoptosis signalling via impairment of signalling molecules and accumulation during long‐term expansion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PPARδ coordinates angiotensin II-induced senescence in vascular smooth muscle cells through PTEN-mediated inhibition of superoxide generation

Cellular senescence-associated changes in blood vessels have been implicated in aging and age-related cardiovascular disorders. Here, we demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ coordinates angiotensin (Ang) II-induced senescence of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand for PPARδ, significantly attenuated Ang II-induced generation of superoxides and suppressed senescence of VSMCs. A marked increase in the levels of p53 and p21 induced by Ang II was blunted by the treatment with GW501516. Ligand-activated PPARδ up-regulated expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and suppressed the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Knockdown of PTEN with siRNA abrogated the effects of PPARδ on cellular senescence, on PI3K/Akt signaling, and on generation of ROS in VSMCs treated with Ang II. Finally, administration of GW501516 to apoE-deficient mice treated with Ang II significantly reduced the number of senescent cells in the aorta, where up-regulation of PTEN with reduced levels of phosphorylated Akt and ROS was demonstrated. Thus, ligand-activated PPARδ confers resistance to Ang II-induced senescence by up-regulation of PTEN and ensuing modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling to reduce ROS generation in vascular cells.     

Protein kinase Akt2/PKBβ is involved in blastomere proliferation of preimplantation mouse embryos

Activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB) by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) controls several cellular functions largely studied in mammalian cells, including preimplantation embryos. We previously showed that early mouse embryos inherit active Akt from oocytes and that the intracellular localization of this enzyme at the two-cell stage depends on the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 oncogenic protein, Tcl1. We have now investigated whether Akt isoforms, namely Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3, exert a specific role in blastomere proliferation during preimplantation embryo development. We show that, in contrast to other Akt family members, Akt2 enters male and female pronuclei of mouse preimplantation embryos at the late one-cell stage and thereafter maintains a nuclear localization during later embryo cleavage stages. Depleting one-cell embryos of single Akt family members by microinjecting Akt isoform-specific antibodies into wild-type zygotes, we observed that: (a) Akt2 is necessary for normal embryo progression through cleavage stages; and (b) the specific nuclear targeting of Akt2 in two-cell embryos depends on Tcl1. Our results indicate that preimplantation mouse embryos have a peculiar regulation of blastomere proliferation based on the activity of the Akt/PKB family member Akt2, which is mediated by the oncogenic protein Tcl1. Both Akt2 and Tcl1 are essential for early blastomere proliferation and embryo development.