鸡痘病毒NX10株TK基因在病毒复制中不是完全非必需的

【目的】禽痘病毒(FPV)是痘病毒科禽痘病毒属的成员。FPV因其基因组庞大,含有大量复制非必需区,目前作为活病毒载体在禽类和哺乳动物中广泛使用。重组位点的选择是禽痘病毒载体构建的先决条件,外源基因的插入不影响病毒复制是筛选插入位点的前提。因此,鉴定可供外源基因插入的复制非必需位点将为重组病毒的构建提供更多选择。本研究拟鉴定FPV NX10株胸苷激酶(TK)基因在病毒复制中的必要性。【方法】以TK基因作为靶基因,增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)为筛选标记构建转移载体,FPV NX10株为亲本病毒,通过同源重组筛选重组病毒r FPV-ΔTK-EGFP。通过在CEF细胞培养物中添加5-溴脱氧尿苷(BUd R)验证TK基因在FPV复制中的作用。【结果】构建了转移载体p UC19-TK AB-EGFP。在转染后重组病毒克隆纯化过程中,蚀斑克隆中绿色荧光病变所占的比例逐渐增加,但在荧光蚀斑的边缘能观察到不带荧光病变的存在。对第9-15轮随机选取的蚀斑克隆的Western blot分析表明,重组病毒中插入的EGFP基因均能够正确表达,但PCR结果显示在重组病毒中始终存在野生型病毒。在细胞培养液中添加BUd R后,重组病毒不能继续生长。【结论】FPV NX10毒株TK基因在该病毒的复制中不是完全非必需的。     

非洲猪瘟病毒的非必需基因：真的可有可无吗？

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起的一种出血性、致死性的猪烈性传染病。ASF在全球广泛传播,给养猪业造成重大的经济损失。ASFV基因组庞大,可编码150多种蛋白,一些非必需基因编码的蛋白与调控病毒毒力、复制和免疫逃逸等相关。通过删除ASFV毒力相关的非必需基因所构建的减毒株是当前比较有前景的疫苗,然而其安全性有待提高。系统地鉴定ASFV非必需基因及其功能,不仅有助于ASF基因缺失疫苗的研发,也有益于ASFV致病机制研究。本文对目前已鉴定的ASFV非必需基因及其功能研究进行了总结分析,着重讨论了影响ASFV毒力、调控病毒复制、参与免疫逃逸的非必需基因及其编码蛋白的功能,旨在加深对ASFV病原学的认识,为新的ASFV非必需基因的鉴定和功能研究提供参考。     

一种温敏复制缺陷T载体的构建及在鸡白痢沙门氏菌基因敲除中的应用

基因敲除是基因功能研究的重要手段,载体是基因敲除的工具和核心。为获得有效的基因敲除载体以快速构建基因突变株及鉴定相应基因的必需性,在已有温敏复制缺陷pIDM1质粒的基础上,于EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ位点间插入串联的XcmⅠ酶切位点接头,构建了pIDM-T质粒;该质粒经XcmⅠ酶切可获得末端突出T的线性化pIDM-T载体。在验证了pIDM-T质粒复制的温敏特性基础上,应用构建的T载体克隆鸡白痢沙门氏菌CVCC527菌株的eno和ybdr两个基因,鉴定获得pIDM-T_eno和pIDM-T_ybdr两个重组质粒;将重组质粒转化527菌株,经IPC(Integration rate per cell)值计算,鉴定eno为必需基因,ybdr为非必需基因。挑取非必需ybdr基因527菌株重组菌(SalΔybdr),经PCR和测序,确认突变菌株重组位点的正确性。pIDM-T载体可快速克隆PCR产物,用于沙门氏菌的基因敲除及必需性鉴定,为沙门氏菌基因功能研究提供了一种有效快速的手段。     

神经胶质瘤细胞ATF5表达水平对HCMV复制的影响

人巨细胞病毒(human cytomegalovirus,HCMV)在神经胶质瘤细胞中的复制水平不一,其机制尚不清楚。本研究通过下调转录激活因子5(ATF5)在神经胶质瘤细胞中的表达,检测HCMV感染神经胶质瘤细胞后病毒复制水平的变化。首先用HCMV AD169(MOI=5)分别感染U87、SY5Y及A172细胞,观察细胞形态变化,分别在24、48、72、96、120 h取各时间点上清液检测病毒滴度;Real-time PCR检测HCMV即刻早期基因(IE2)、早期基因(UL44)、晚期基因(UL99)及ATF5的表达情况;Western-blot检测病毒基因编码蛋白及ATF5表达的情况。结果显示HCMV在U87、SY5Y细胞中复制水平与病毒在A172细胞中复制水平相比,U87、SY5Y细胞组明显高于A172细胞组(P0.05),ATF5表达在U87、SY5Y细胞组与A172细胞组相比,U87、SY5Y细胞组ATF5表达明显高于A172组(P0.05);利用慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术下调ATF5在U87、SY5Y细胞的表达,用HCMV感染细胞检测病毒基因及蛋白的表达,结果ATF5表达下调可抑制HCMV的复制(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在胶质瘤细胞中下调ATF5表达水平可以抑制HCMV的复制水平。     

铜绿假单胞菌必需基因的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌为专性需氧非发酵革兰氏阴性杆菌,是医院感染的常见条件致病菌之一,可引起呼吸道、泌尿道、烧伤创面和菌血症等严重感染。铜绿假单胞菌耐药形势日益严峻,给临床治疗带来困难。必需基因是生长过程中必不可少的看家基因,对铜绿假单胞菌必需基因进行深入研究,不仅有助于了解细菌的生长、毒力等基本特性,也有助于筛选新的抗菌药物靶标。本文针对铜绿假单胞菌及其必需基因进行综述,首先介绍了铜绿假单胞菌的基本生理特性及目前耐药趋势,又归纳了必需基因的研究方法,最后对铜绿假单胞菌必需基因的研究进展进行总结。     

孕中期巨细胞病毒宫内感染与血Free-β-HCG水平的相关性研究

目的:通过检测孕中期妇女人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)活动性感染、宫内感染以及血Free-β-HCG水平,分析血Free-β-HCG水平与HCMV宫内感染的相关性,初步探讨其可能影响机制.方法:通过酶免法测孕妇血HCMV-IgM和定荧光定量PCR对孕中期妇女血清和羊水中HCMV-DNA的检测以及DILFIA法(时间分辨免疫荧光法)定量检测孕中期妊娠妇女血Free-β-HCG的含量,研究HCMV感染状况与Free-β-HCG之间的相关性,探讨HCMV对母血Free-β-HCG水平的影响.结果:718例样本中共检出HCMV-IgM阳性和(或)HCMV-DNA阳性者共43例并进一步行产前诊断羊水HCMV-DNA阳性14例.孕中期HCMV活动性感染率为5.98％,HCMV宫内感染率为2.22％.孕中期感染组Free-β-HCG含量:7.32± 2.25 ng/ml,非感染组:8.47± 3.17 ng/ml,对照组:10.10± 3.67 ng/ml.结论:HCMV宫内感染组比非感染组孕中期外周血Free-β-hcG的测定水平降低,两者结果之间的差异具有统计学意义.HCMV可通过损伤胎盘绒毛滋养层细胞,使Free-β-hcG的分泌减少.     

微生物必需基因的理论研究现状

必需基因是生物体在优化条件下生长不可缺少的基因。近年来,对必需基因的研究已逐渐成为微生物学、基因组学和生物信息学研究领域的热点。文章首先描述了已经实验确定必需基因的微生物物种。然后,对必需基因的理论研究现状进行了综述。从进化保守性和序列组成两方面比较必需基因和非必需基因的差异,到必需基因的理论预测及必需基因在染色体上的分布等。最后,对这一重要研究领域的进展进行了总结和展望。     

杆状病毒部分功能基因的研究进展

杆状病毒以核型多角体病毒NPV的研究最为深入,到目前已有三种NPV的基因组全部测序：苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（AcMNPV）［1］、黄杉古毒蛾核型多角体病毒（OpMNPV）［2］、家蚕核型多角体病毒（BmNPV）（GenBank accession no.L33180）。 　　杆状病毒基因组除编码病毒复制必需的基因及结构基因外,还编码一些有利于病毒充分增殖但对病毒复制并非一定必需的基因,这些基因在病毒的增殖过程中执行特定的功能,这类功能基因体现了杆状病毒的复制策略、病毒与细胞的相互作用关系,与杆状病毒宿主特异性的决定有关。本文综述了杆状病毒部分功能基因的研究进展。     

HCMV在基因转染细胞中复制的研究

用人喉上皮细胞癌细胞系(HEP_2)的DNA转染人胚肺细胞(HEL),得到了5株基因转染细胞(GTC),命名为A5、B3、G8、D3和H3.这些GTC的染色体数在HEL的染色体数与两个亲代细胞(HEP-2和HEL)染色体的和数之间,感染人巨细胞病毒ADI69株后4d,D3比A5、B3、G8和H3有更多的荧光阳性细胞和更高的病毒滴度.在D3中HCMV复制随感染剂量的增大而增速.不同代数的D3对HCMV具有相似的敏感性,HCMV感染传至100代的D3,电镜证实仍可象原代D3复制大量的HCMV.永生性的D3可以用作分析调控HCMV复制的宿主细胞因子、分离培养HCMV等的工具.     

HCMV-DNA定量检测和HCMV-IgG抗体AI检测在儿童HCMV感染诊断中的临床价值

摘要 目的：探讨人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）-DNA定量检测和HCMV-免疫球蛋白G（IgG）抗体亲和力指数（AI）检测在儿童HCMV感染诊断中的临床价值。方法：收集高度疑似HCMV活动性感染患儿血清样本103例作为研究组,健康体检儿童血清样本94例作为对照组。分析HCMV-DNA定量检测结果和HCMV-IgG抗体AI检测结果,并比较不同年龄、不同性别患儿HCMV-DNA阳性结果检出率和低HCMV-IgG抗体AI检出情况。结果：研究组血清HCMV-DNA阳性率为33.01%（34/103）,对照组血清HCMV-DNA均为阴性,研究组血清HCMV-DNA阳性率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组血清低HCMV-IgG抗体AI检出率为13.59%（14/103）,对照组未检出低HCMV-IgG抗体AI,研究组血清低HCMV-IgG抗体AI检出率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组不同性别之间患儿血清的HCMV-DNA阳性率、低HCMV-IgG抗体AI检测结果均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。研究组年龄1～5岁患儿血清HCMV-DNA阳性率明显低于年龄1 d～<6个月和年龄6个月～<1岁患儿（P<0.05）。三个年龄段患儿的血清低HCMV-IgG抗体AI检测结果均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：1岁以下儿童更易受到HCMV感染,HCMV-DNA定量检测和HCMV-IgG抗体AI检测结果可以为临床早期诊断和治疗HCMV感染提供有效依据。     

Functional genetic analysis of rhesus cytomegalovirus: Rh01 is an epithelial cell tropism factor

Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) is an emerging model for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pathogenesis that facilitates experimental CMV infection of a natural primate host closely related to humans. We have generated a library of RhCMV mutants with lesions in genes whose HCMV orthologues have been characterized as nonessential for replication in human fibroblasts, and we characterized their replication in rhesus fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The RhCMV mutants grew well in fibroblasts, as predicted by earlier studies with HCMV. However, mutations in four genes caused replication defects in rhesus retinal pigment epithelial cells: Rh01 (an HCMV TRL1 orthologue), Rh159 (HCMV UL148), Rh160 (HCMV UL132), and Rh203 (HCMV US22). Growth of the Rh01-deficient mutant was examined in detail. After entry into epithelial cells, the mutant expressed representative viral proteins, accumulated viral DNA, and generated infectious virus, but it failed to spread efficiently. We conclude that Rh01 is a cell tropism determinant that has the potential to dramatically affect virus spread and pathogenesis.     

Human cytomegalovirus persistence and latency in endothelial cells and macrophages

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a clinically significant herpes virus that maintains a lifelong infection in the host. HCMV infection of endothelial cells and macrophages plays an important role in the establishment of latency and persistence, which appears critical for the maintenance of HCMV within the host. HCMV infection is profoundly influenced by endothelial cell origin and the specific pathway of macrophage differentiation. Multiple HCMV genes appear to be involved in enabling virus replication in these two cell types. Although the specific HCMV gene(s) mediating endothelial and macrophage tropism are unclear, a number of genetic determinants required for replication in these two cell types have been identified in the closely related murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mouse model, revealing novel mechanisms of virus tropism. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of HCMV replication in endothelial cells and macrophages, and the viral determinants that mediate replication in these two important cell types.     

Human cytomegalovirus entry into epithelial and endothelial cells depends on genes UL128 to UL150 and occurs by endocytosis and low-pH fusion

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication in epithelial and endothelial cells appears to be important in virus spread, disease, and persistence. It has been difficult to study infection of these cell types because HCMV laboratory strains (e.g., AD169 and Towne) have lost their ability to infect cultured epithelial and endothelial cells during extensive propagation in fibroblasts. Clinical strains of HCMV (e.g., TR and FIX) possess a cluster of genes (UL128 to UL150) that are largely mutated in laboratory strains, and recent studies have indicated that these genes facilitate replication in epithelial and endothelial cells. The mechanisms by which these genes promote infection of these two cell types are unclear. We derived an HCMV UL128-to-UL150 deletion mutant from strain TR, TRdelta4, and studied early events in HCMV infection of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the role of genes UL128 to UL150. Analysis of wild-type TR indicated that HCMV enters epithelial and endothelial cells by endocytosis followed by low-pH-dependent fusion, which is different from the pH-independent fusion with the plasma membrane observed with human fibroblasts. TRdelta4 displayed a number of defects in early infection processes. Adsorption and entry of TRdelta4 on epithelial cells were poor compared with those of TR, but these defects could be overcome with higher doses of virus and the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to promote fusion between virion and cellular membranes. High multiplicity and PEG treatment did not promote infection of endothelial cells by TRdelta4, yet virus particles were internalized. Together, these data indicate that genes UL128 to UL150 are required for HCMV adsorption and penetration of epithelial cells and to promote some early stage of virus replication, subsequent to virus entry, in endothelial cells.     

Open reading frames UL44, IRS1/TRS1, and UL36-38 are required for transient complementation of human cytomegalovirus oriLyt-dependent DNA synthesis.

Previous results showed that plasmids containing human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) oriLyt are replicated after transfection into permissive cells if essential trans-acting factors are supplied by HCMV infection (D. G. Anders, M. A. Kacica, G. S. Pari, and S. M. Punturieri, J. Virol. 66:3373-3384, 1992). We have now used oriLyt as a reporter of HCMV DNA replication in a transient complementation assay in which cotransfected cosmid clones, instead of HCMV infection, provided essential trans-acting factors. Complemented replication was oriLyt dependent and phosphonoformic acid sensitive and produced tandem arrays typical of HCMV lytic-phase DNA synthesis. Thus, this assay provides a valid genetic test to find previously unidentified genes that are essential for DNA synthesis and to corroborate functional predictions made by nucleotide sequence comparisons and biochemical analyses. Five cosmids were necessary and sufficient to produce origin-dependent DNA synthesis; all but one of these required cosmids contain at least one candidate homolog of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication genes. We further used the assay to define essential regions in two of the required cosmids, pCM1017 and pCM1052. Results presented show that UL44, proposed on the basis of biochemical evidence to be the HCMV DNA polymerase accessory protein, was required for complementation. In addition, three genomic regions encoding regulatory proteins also were needed to produce origin-dependent DNA synthesis in this assay: (i) IRS1/TRS1, which cooperates with the major immediate-early proteins to activate UL44 expression; (ii) UL36-38; and (iii) the major immediate-early region comprising IE1 and IE2. Combined, these results unequivocally establish the utility of this approach for mapping HCMV replication genes. Thus, it will now be possible to define the set of HCMV genes necessary and sufficient for initiating and performing lytic-phase DNA synthesis as well as to identify those virus genes needed for their expression in human fibroblasts.     

Human cytomegalovirus TRS1 and IRS1 gene products block the double-stranded-RNA-activated host protein shutoff response induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 infection

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) attachment and entry stimulates the expression of cellular interferon-inducible genes, many of which target important cellular functions necessary for viral replication. Double-stranded RNA-dependent host protein kinase (PKR) is an interferon-inducible gene product that limits viral replication by inhibiting protein translation in the infected cell. It was anticipated that HCMV encodes gene products that facilitate the evasion of this PKR-mediated antiviral response. Using a deltagamma1 34.5 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recombinant that triggers PKR-mediated protein synthesis shutoff, experiments identified an HCMV gene product expressed in the initial hours of infection that allows continued protein synthesis in the infected cell. Recombinant HSV-1 viruses expressing either the HCMV TRS1 or IRS1 protein demonstrate that either of these HCMV gene products allows the deltagamma1 34.5 recombinant viruses to evade PKR-mediated protein shutoff and maintain late viral protein synthesis.     

Factors affecting human cytomegalovirus gene expression in human monocyte cell lines

To understand the mechanisms for establishing and reactivating monocytes and macrophages from latency by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human monocyte cell lines were infected and HCMV gene expression was investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with monoclonal antibody to HCMV major immediate early (MIE) IE1 or IE2 proteins revealed that HCMV MIE genes were expressed at low levels in relatively more differentiated THP-1 cells with TPA treatment after virus infection (posttreatment). Less differentiated cells such as U937 or HL60 did not support MIE gene expression even after TPA treatment. If THP-1 cells were pretreated before virus infection with TPA and became differentiated at the time of HCMV infection, MIE gene expression increased by 5-6 fold. Therefore, the relative degree of monocyte cell differentiation appears to be an important factor for regulating HCMV gene expression. Further IFA studies using monoclonal antibodies specific for IE1 or IE2 proteins indicate that the sequence and general pattern of IE1 and IE2 gene expression in THP-1 cells treated with TPA were similar to those in permissive human fibroblast cells with some delay in time. Formation of the replication compartment detected with monoclonal antibody to HCMV polymerase accessory protein UL44 in THP-1 cells suggests a fully productive replication process of HCMV in these cells. Monocytes are known to be induced to differentiate by hydrocortisone (HC), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interferon (IFN)-gamma. HC, which is known to stimulate HCMV replication in permissive human fibroblast (HF) cells, enhanced HCMV gene expression by 2-3 fold in TPA-pre or posttreated THP-1 cells, but TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma had little effect. Nitric oxide (NO) is released by immune cells in the defense against foreign stimuli and was shown to inhibit HCMV gene expression in HF cells. Increasing NO by nitroprusside significantly reduced HCMV gene expression in THP-1 cells. Therefore, it appears that the expression of HCMV immediate early genes in THP-1 cells treated with TPA closely resembles those in permissive HF cells.     

Depletion of cellular pre-replication complex factors results in increased human cytomegalovirus DNA replication

Although HCMV encodes many genes required for the replication of its DNA genome, no HCMV-encoded orthologue of the origin binding protein, which has been identified in other herpesviruses, has been identified. This has led to speculation that HCMV may use other viral proteins or possibly cellular factors for the initiation of DNA synthesis. It is also unclear whether cellular replication factors are required for efficient replication of viral DNA during or after viral replication origin recognition. Consequently, we have asked whether cellular pre-replication (pre-RC) factors that are either initially associated with cellular origin of replication (e.g. ORC2), those which recruit other replication factors (e.g. Cdt1 or Cdc6) or those which are subsequently recruited (e.g. MCMs) play any role in the HCMV DNA replication. We show that whilst RNAi-mediated knock-down of these factors in the cell affects cellular DNA replication, as predicted, it results in concomitant increases in viral DNA replication. These data show that cellular factors which initiate cellular DNA synthesis are not required for the initiation of replication of viral DNA and suggest that inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis, in itself, fosters conditions which are conducive to viral DNA replication.     

Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human cytomegalovirus in human term syncytiotrophoblast cells coinfected with both viruses.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) may interact in the pathogenesis of AIDS. The placental syncytiotrophoblast layer serves as the first line of defense of the fetus against viruses. We analyzed the patterns of replication of HIV-1 and HCMV in singly an dually infected human term syncytiotrophoblast cells cultured in vitro. Syncytiotrophoblast cells exhibited restricted permissiveness for HIV-1, while HCMV replication was restricted at the level of immediate-early and early gene products in the singly infected cells. We found that the syncytiotrophoblasts as an overlapping cell population could be coinfected with HIV-1 and HCMV. HIV-1 replication was markedly upregulated by previous or simultaneous infection of the cells with HCMV, whereas prior HIV-1 infection of the cells converted HCMV infection from a nonpermissive to a permissive one. No simultaneous enhancement of HCMV and HIV-1 expression was observed in the dually infected cell cultures. Major immediate-early proteins of HCMV were necessary for enhancement of HIV-1 replication, and interleukin-6 production induced by HCMV and further increased by replicating HIV-1 synergized with these proteins to produce this effect. Permissive replication cycle of HCMV was induced by the HIV-1 tat gene product. We were unable to detect HIV-1 (HCMV) or HCMV (HIV-1) pseudotypes in supernatant fluids from dually infected cell cultures. Our results suggest that interactions between HIV-1 and HCMV in coinfected syncytiotrophoblast cells may contribute to the transplacental transmission of both viruses.