牛科动物转录组微卫星变异分析

微卫星(simples equencere peats, SSRs)广泛分布于生物基因组中,是最常用的分子标记之一。本研究利用生物信息学方法搜索和统计了7种牛科动物转录组中完整型SSRs序列,揭示不同重复类型SSRs变异水平,并对其生物信息学特征进行比较分析。在牛科动物转录组中,牛、绵羊和山羊SSRs总丰度较高,三者基本一致(157.98, 157.09 vs 158.52个/Mb);其次是瘤牛和水牛(140.70 vs 129.63个/Mb);牦牛微卫星总丰度较低(96.99个/Mb),藏羚羊微卫星总丰度最低(63.71个/Mb)。牛科动物转录组中SSRs所占比例普遍偏低,范围为0.156%～0.753%,三碱基SSRs占主导地位,并且以(CCG)n和(AGG)n为优势重复基元,这可能与转录组编码区三联体密码子高度保守有关。在这7种牛科动物转录组中,相同单碱基至六碱基SSRs重复拷贝数(repeat copy number, RCN)分布高度一致。通过牛科动物转录组SSRs变异系数(coefficient of variability, CV)分析表明,单碱基SSRs和二碱基SSRs重复拷贝数变异水平较高,其次RCN变异模式如下:三碱基SSRs四碱基SSRs六碱基SSRs五碱基SSRs,六碱基SSRs重复拷贝数变异水平有稍微增加的趋势。本研究为牛科动物SSR标记的开发、遗传多样性评估和遗传育种提供科学依据。     

乙型肝炎病毒B2和C2亚型中SSRs的比较分析

乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)属于嗜肝DNA病毒科(hepadnaviridae),它分布在世界各地并严重危害人类的健康。本文从NCBI的GenBank中下载了106条B2亚型和130条C2亚型的基因组全长序列,以下载的数据为材料,分析简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSRs)在B2和C2亚型基因组序列中的分布情况。结果显示,简单重复序列的重复次数比较少;二型简单重复序列在研究的五种简单重复序列类型中占绝对优势;这可能与B2和C2亚型基因组序列有较高的突变率有关。同时还发现最普遍的SSRs、序列间SSRs的平均相对丰度和平均相对密度在B2和C2亚型中分布情况相似。     

家蚕全基因组微卫星分布规律及其生物信息学分析

本研究利用MSDB v2.4软件以及生物信息学方法获取了家蚕全基因组的完整型SSRs序列,并对其分布规律进行比较分析。家蚕全基因组中SSRs总数量为141 311个,相对丰度为209.01 No/Mb,总长度为2.41 Mb,全基因组SSRs六种碱基重复类型的数量和密度分布模式为:单碱基四碱基三碱基二碱基五碱基六碱基,说明全基因以单碱基为主要碱基类型,六种碱基类型中五碱基SSRs G-C含量最高。对全基因组3'非翻译区(3'UTR)、5'非翻译区(5'UTR)、编码区(CDs)、内含子区(Introns)和基因间隔区(Intergenics)等不同区域SSRs分析表明,Introns区SSRs数量最高,为125 178个,最小的是5'UTR,为278个,其数量大小顺序为IntronsIntergenics3'UTRCDs5'UTR。5个不同区域的SSRs的碱基的总计数差异较大,编码区总计数最大的是三碱基,而其他4个区域最多的是单碱基。分别对5个区域SSRs中六种重复拷贝类别进行统计分析,碱基总计数(或频率)最多的分别是A;AC、AG、AT;AAT、CCG;AAAT、AAAC;AAATC、AAACT和TAAGTT、GAATTT、AATTAA,Introns和Intergenics区的重复类型总计数显著高于3'UTR、CDs和5'UTR。各重复类型拷贝数分布范围为4～100,主要集中在4～30之间。这为进一步系统分析家蚕SSRs分子标记筛选和遗传分析打下基础。     

蜜蜂EST中的微卫星分析

为加速分子标记在蜜蜂遗传、进化与行为等方面的利用,分析了简单重复序列(Simple Sequence Repeats,SSRs)在蜜蜂EST中的分布频率与密度。所分析的蜜蜂EST数据集包含15869条序列,总长为7．9Mb。结果显示,蜜蜂ESTs中SSRs的频率为1／0．52kb,其中6碱基重复基序占总SSRs的45．0％,是最丰富的重复单元,而2、1、3、4与5碱基重复基序分别占总SSRs的17．9％、14．1％、11．6％、9．2％和2．2％。同时,在各种SSRs重复单元中,富含A碱基的重复单元占据优势地位,如：A、AT、AG、AC、AAT、AAG、AAC、AAAT、AAAG、AAAAG、AAAAT、AATAT、AAAAAG和AAAAAT重复基序,而富含G碱基的重复单元在基因编码区中含量较低。进一步分析显示：蜜蜂SSRs在冗余与非冗余EST数据集中的分布频率与密度相似,仅存在极小的偏差,表明可从现有的部分ESTs数据中方便地获取有效的微卫星标记。     

埃博拉病毒基因组中微卫星序列的分布分析

微卫星或简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSR)在真核和原核生物以及病毒基因组中普遍存在,并被广泛用于遗传与进化研究。本研究从NCBI中下载埃博拉病毒属的四个不同种的埃博拉病毒全基因组序列,筛选36条作为实验材料,利用IMEx在线提取软件提取SSRs,用Python编程统计数据,从而分析SSRs在埃博拉病毒全基因组序列中的分布情况。分析得出,埃博拉病毒基因组序列中二型SSRs含量最为丰富,其次是一型SSRs,三型SSRs有少量,四型SSRs则更少,没有发现五型和六型SSRs。在更深入的分析中得出在埃博拉病毒属四个种中,含A/T碱基的SSRs含量远远大于含C/G碱基的SSRs。分析得出一型SSRs中(A)n/(T)n远多于(G)n/(C)n,二型SSRs中不存在(GC/CG)n,三型中也不存在(GGC/CGG/GCG/CCG/CGC/GCC) n。上述发现可能跟埃博拉病毒的致病机理有密切联系。通过对埃博拉病毒基因组序列中SSRs的分析,为研究埃博拉病毒的变异情况及致病机制提供更多参考。     

烟草EST-SSR位点分析

利用MISA软件对烟草EST公共数据库中的简单重复序列(SSRs)进行了分析。结果表明,在133523条EST序列中,共获得81757条SSR序列,SSRs之间的距离约为0.92 kb。其中,六碱基重复丰度最大,占60.3%,而单碱基、三碱基、四碱基、二碱基和五碱基重复丰度分别为20.0%、11.0%、4.2%、2.8%和1.7%。在单碱基、二碱基、三碱基和四碱基重复模体中,丰度最大的分别是A/T、AG、AAG和AAAT,而CG在编码区内丰度很低。用CAP3软件进行冗余分析表明,在这6种类型的重复模体中,冗余与非冗余的烟草EST之间没有显著差异。在得到的SSR序列中随机选择10个序列设计引物,在7个烟草品种中进行PCR扩增。结果表明,10对引物全部扩增出PCR产物,其中8对引物扩增出预期片段。用这8组扩增出预期片段的PCR产物进行变性PAGE凝胶电泳检测,结果表明,其中有4对引物(EB4、EB5、EB6和EB8)扩增出多态性条带。     

牦牛和水牛全基因组微卫星分布规律及其比较分析

微卫星(simple sequence repeats,SSRs)广泛分布于原核生物和真核生物基因组中,包括编码区和非编码区,是最常用的分子标记。本文利用生物信息学方法搜索和统计了牦牛和水牛全基因组中完整型SSRs序列,并对其生物信息学特征进行比较分析。牦牛和水牛全基因组中SSRs总数量分别为968 134个和1 052 443个,占其全基因组长度的比例分别为5.80‰和5.69‰。牦牛和水牛全基因组SSRs总丰度(366.01 vs 371.07个/Mb)和总密度(5 686.00 vs 5 799.34 bp/Mb)基本接近。牦牛和水牛全基因组SSRs丰富度分布模式如下:单核苷酸SSRs二核苷酸SSRs三核苷酸SSRs五核苷酸SSRs四核苷酸SSRs六核苷酸SSRs,这6种重复类型SSRs特征相互比较有显著差异,而相同重复类型SSRs特征基本一致。水牛第1条染色体上SSRs数量最多(72 934个),其次依次是第2、3、4条染色体,而较少的是第23、24条染色体,其所有染色体上SSRs丰度不存在显著差异(p0.05)。牦牛和水牛SSRs序列随着重复单元中核苷酸数量的增加,而其重复拷贝数逐渐下降。牦牛全基因组和水牛各染色体上各重复类型优势SSRs序列基本一致,并与普通牛、绵羊全基因组中不同重复类型SSRs优势序列相一致。     

6种鳞翅目昆虫全基因组SSR分布规律

为探明鳞翅目昆虫全基因组SSR分布规律,本研究利用MSDB v2.4软件和生物信息学方法搜索和提取了家蚕(Bombyx mori)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、菜粉蝶(Pie ris rap ae)、烟草天蛾(Manduca sexta)、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)和帝王蝶(Danaus plexippus)共6种鳞翅目昆虫全基因组完整型SSRs序列,对其分布规律进行比较分析.结果 表明,基因组最大的昆虫是烟草天蛾,达到419.42 MB,但SSR总数最多的是家蚕,其SSR标记相对丰富,有141311个,占基因组的0.61％,SSRs总数与基因组大小不成正比.纯微卫星(pure microsatellites,P-SSRs)在调查的6种昆虫的SSR类型中最丰富,均占总SSR的97％以上;家蚕和棉铃虫中单碱基-SSRs最为丰富,分别占全部碱基类型的51％和33％,帝王蝶中二碱基-SSRs最为丰富,占43％,小菜蛾、菜粉蝶、烟草天蛾中四碱基-SSR最为丰富,分别占31.56％、31.74％和28.72％,五、六碱基在所有昆虫SSR中含量都非常低;6种昆虫SSR重复类型碱基A-T总含量均比G-C含量高,A-T含量最高的物种为菜粉蝶,最低的是小菜蛾.各物种的优势碱基基序不同,6种昆虫一至四碱基重复类型的优势碱基序列较一致,五、六碱基的优势序列差异较大,说明碱基重复次数越高,稳定性及多态性越低.每种昆虫显示了物种特有的碱基类型丰度及优势碱基序列,这与物种的遗传特性、SSR的检索和分析条件及序列大小等因素有关.研究结果为鳞翅目昆虫的SSRs分子标记筛选和遗传分析提供参考数据.     

柑橘衰退病毒基因组的简单重复序列分布分析

柑橘衰退病毒（Citrus tristeza virus,CTV）属于长线性病毒科（Closteroviridae）,是目前已知植物病毒中基因组最大的病毒,其引起的柑橘衰退病对全世界的柑橘产业造成着严重影响。本文以在GenBank登录的32条全长CTV基因组序列为材料,分析简单重复序列（Simple Sequence Repeats,SSRs）在其基因组序列中的分布情况。研究结果显示,在所有的CTV基因组中均有SSRs的分布,SSRs重复次数较少,二型SSRs占主导地位,未在CTV基因组序列中发现五型和六型SSRs。在32条基因组全长序列中仅在5条序列中发现四型SSRs。这是首次以柑橘病毒为材料进行的SSRs分析研究。     

蚊子全基因组中微卫星的丰度及其分布

微卫星是近年大力开发的一种遗传标记,为推进按蚊遗传学相关研究,对按蚊全基因组中由 1~6 个碱基重复单元组成的简单序列重复 ( 微卫星 ) 进行了分析 . 进而对其微卫星的丰度和分布进行了比较分析,也比较了染色体各个区域 ( 外显子、内含子和基因间隔区 ) 之间的分布差异 . 微卫星在按蚊基因组中的比例约占 2.14% ,其中 X 染色体拥有微卫星的密度最大 . 对按蚊基因组中微卫星丰度而言, A 碱基和 C 碱基重复在基因组中丰度相似, AC 单元的丰度是 AG 单元的两倍多,然而 AT 和 CG 单元非常稀少;对于三四碱基而言, AGC, AAAC 和 AAAT 单元最为丰富, ACG, ACT, AGG, CCG, ATGC, CCCG, ACTG, AACT, ACGT, AGAT, CCGG, ACCT 和 AGCT 单元等均很稀少,而一些五碱基重复,在某条甚至某几条染色体中均未分布 . 除两碱基重复单元在 2L 的外显子区域丰度较高外,其他重复单元均在内含子和基因间隔区丰富 . 进一步分析显示,微卫星在每条染色体两臂的丰度和分布存在着很多的相似性 .     

Similar distribution of simple sequence repeats in diverse completed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 genomes

The survey of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) has been extensively made in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, its still rare in viruses. Thus, we undertook a survey of SSRs in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) which is an excellent system to study evolution and roles of SSRs in viruses. Distribution of SSRs was examined in 81 completed HIV-1 genome sequences which come from 34 different countries or districts over 6 continents. In these surveyed sequences, although relative abundance and relative density exhibit very high similarity, some of these sequences show different preference for most common SSRs and longest SSRs. Our results suggest proportion of various repeat types might be related to genome stability.     

Phylogenetic analysis of H6 influenza viruses isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca) in Argentina reveals the presence of different HA gene clusters

Until recently, influenza A viruses from wild waterfowl in South America were rarely isolated and/or characterized. To explore the ecology of influenza A viruses in this region, a long-term surveillance program was established in 2006 for resident and migratory water birds in Argentina. We report the characterization of 5 avian influenza viruses of the H6 hemagglutinin (HA) subtype isolated from rosy-billed pochards (Netta peposaca). Three of these viruses were paired to an N2 NA subtype, while the other two were of the N8 subtype. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the internal gene segments revealed a close relationship with influenza viruses from South America, forming a unique clade and supporting the notion of independent evolution from influenza A viruses in other latitudes. The presence of NS alleles A and B was also identified. The HA and NA genes formed unique clades separate from North American and Eurasian viruses, with the exception of the HA gene of one isolate, which was more closely related to the North American lineage, suggesting possible interactions between viruses of North American and South American lineages. Animal studies suggested that these Argentine H6 viruses could replicate and transmit inefficiently in chickens, indicating limited adaptation to poultry. Our results highlight the importance of continued influenza virus surveillance in wild birds of South America, especially considering the unique evolution of these viruses.     

Molecular evolution of hemagglutinin genes of H1N1 swine and human influenza A viruses

Summary The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of influenza type A (H1N1) viruses isolated from swine were cloned into plasmid vectors and their nucleotide sequences were determined. A phylogenetic tree for the HA genes of swine and human influenza viruses was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. It showed that the divergence between swine and human HA genes might have occurred around 1905. The estimated rates of synonymous (silent) substitutions for swine and human influenza viruses were almost the same. For both viruses, the rate of synonymous substitution was much higher than that of nonsynonymous (amino acid altering) substitution. It is the case even for only the antigenic sites of the HA. This feature is consistent with the neutral theory of molecular evolution. The rate of nonsynonymous substitution for human influenza viruses was three times the rate for swine influenza viruses. In particular, nonsynonymous substitutions at antigenic sites occurred less frequently in swine than in humans. The difference in the rate of nonsynonymous substitution between swine and human influenza viruses can be explained by the different degrees of functional constraint operating on the amino acid sequence of the HA in both hosts.     

Molecular Surveillance of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds across the United States: Inferences from the Hemagglutinin Gene

A United States interagency avian influenza surveillance plan was initiated in 2006 for early detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild birds. The plan included a variety of wild bird sampling strategies including the testing of fecal samples from aquatic areas throughout the United States from April 2006 through December 2007. Although HPAIV was not detected through this surveillance effort we were able to obtain 759 fecal samples that were positive for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV). We used 136 DNA sequences obtained from these samples along with samples from a public influenza sequence database for a phylogenetic assessment of hemagglutinin (HA) diversity in the United States. We analyzed sequences from all HA subtypes except H5, H7, H14 and H15 to examine genetic variation, exchange between Eurasia and North America, and geographic distribution of LPAIV in wild birds in the United States. This study confirms intercontinental exchange of some HA subtypes (including a newly documented H9 exchange event), as well as identifies subtypes that do not regularly experience intercontinental gene flow but have been circulating and evolving in North America for at least the past 20 years. These HA subtypes have high levels of genetic diversity with many lineages co-circulating within the wild birds of North America. The surveillance effort that provided these samples demonstrates that such efforts, albeit labor-intensive, provide important information about the ecology of LPAIV circulating in North America.     

Construction and characterization of a bacterial clone containing the hemagglutinin gene of the WSN strain (HON1) of influenza virus

A synthetic dodecadeoxynucleotide primer has been used to prepare a double-stranded DNA form of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a human influenza virus (WSN strain, HON1). This DNA has been inserted in plasmid pBR322 and cloned in bacterial cells. The insert contains nearly the complete hemagglutinin gene. A restriction map of this insert has been determined and structurally important areas of the HA gene have been sequenced. Amino acid sequences of several regions of the HA protein were deduced from the DNA sequences and compared to the known amino acid sequences of other influenza A viruses. WSN HA shows extensive homology to all influenza A viruses in a few regions, namely the first 17 amino acids of the N-terminus of HA1 (N-terminal polypeptide of HA) and the first 24 amino acids of the N-terminus of HA2 (C-terminal polypeptide of HA). The sequence diverges extensively from other influenza A viruses in most other areas. The sequence of WSN virus HA is similar to that of other HON1 viruses with the exception of the C-terminus of the HA1 peptide. The change in this area may contribute to some of the unique properties of WSN virus among the HON1 viruses. In addition, WSN HA contains a 17-amino-acid precursor before the N-terminus of HA1 and a single amino acid, arginine, connecting HA1 and HA2.     

A complete analysis of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses

Background

More and more nucleotide sequences of type A influenza virus are available in public databases. Although these sequences have been the focus of many molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses, most studies only deal with a few representative sequences. In this paper, we present a complete analysis of all Haemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences available to allow large scale analyses of the evolution and epidemiology of type A influenza.

Methodology/Principal Findings

This paper describes an analysis and complete classification of all HA and NA gene sequences available in public databases using multivariate and phylogenetic methods.

Conclusions/Significance

We analyzed 18975 HA sequences and divided them into 280 subgroups according to multivariate and phylogenetic analyses. Similarly, we divided 11362 NA sequences into 202 subgroups. Compared to previous analyses, this work is more detailed and comprehensive, especially for the bigger datasets. Therefore, it can be used to show the full and complex phylogenetic diversity and provides a framework for studying the molecular evolution and epidemiology of type A influenza virus. For more than 85% of type A influenza HA and NA sequences into GenBank, they are categorized in one unambiguous and unique group. Therefore, our results are a kind of genetic and phylogenetic annotation for influenza HA and NA sequences. In addition, sequences of swine influenza viruses come from 56 HA and 45 NA subgroups. Most of these subgroups also include viruses from other hosts indicating cross species transmission of the viruses between pigs and other hosts. Furthermore, the phylogenetic diversity of swine influenza viruses from Eurasia is greater than that of North American strains and both of them are becoming more diverse. Apart from viruses from human, pigs, birds and horses, viruses from other species show very low phylogenetic diversity. This might indicate that viruses have not become established in these species. Based on current evidence, there is no simple pattern of inter-hemisphere transmission of avian influenza viruses and it appears to happen sporadically. However, for H6 subtype avian influenza viruses, such transmissions might have happened very frequently and multiple and bidirectional transmission events might exist.     

Mutational changes in the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses result in the introduction of a glycosylation site which enhances the infectivity of the viruses

The complete amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of three equine-2 influenza viruses from tropical Africa are presented in comparison with that of a well characterized European equine-2 virus (Suffolk/89) and a consensus sequence from the database. The sequences of the tropical African viruses were deduced from the complete nucleotide sequences of their HA genes reported earlier. Mutational changes in the nucleotide sequences resulted in amino acid changes in the HA which led to the introduction of a new asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycosylation site in two viruses. This new glycosylation site enhanced the infectivity of these viruses as investigated by plaque assay, virus titration in embryonated chicken eggs and tunicamycin treatment. The role of N-linked glycosylation of influenza virus HA glycoprotein in virus infectivity, antigenicity and immunogenicity is discussed in the light of the results of our previous and present investigations.     

江苏首例甲型H1N1(2009)流感病毒分离及其血凝素分子遗传特征分析

2009年6月12日,江苏确诊首例甲型H1N1(2009)病例。通过细胞和鸡胚分离系统,我们分离到一株具有较高血凝活性的病毒,命名为A/Jiangsu/1/2009。为了跟踪病毒的变异情况,我们开展了病毒的全基因组测序工作,在此基础上对其血凝素基因(Haemagglutinin,HA)的遗传特性进行了详细研究。分离株HA蛋白不具有多碱基HA裂解位点,具有低致病性流感病毒特点。与参考株A/California/04/2009相比,分离株A/Jiangsu/1/2009HA蛋白的有4个氨基酸发生了突变,但都不在已知的抗原位点上。分离株有5个潜在糖基化位点,这与近年来古典猪H1N1和北美三源重配猪H1病毒完全一致,保留了古典猪H1的特点。与禽流感H1病毒相比,分离株HA蛋白受体结合位点上的E190D和G225D发生突变,这可能成为新甲型H1N1(2009)在人际间传播的一个重要分子基础。此外,其它受体结合位点上相关氨基酸同时具有人和猪流感病毒的特点。本研究首次对早期流行的甲型H1N1(2009)流感病毒的HA蛋白的分子遗传特征进行了详细研究,对进一步监测病原变异具有重要指导意义。