人群预存免疫力是2009甲型H1N1流感大流行表现温和的重要原因

历史上最具杀伤力的1918年西班牙流感大流行由H1N1亚型流感病毒引起[1],随后H1N1亚型流感继续在人群中流行,并且在20世纪20年代到50年代又引起了数次暴发[2-3]。1957年,H1N1流     

2008～2009年珠海市H3N2亚型流感病毒HA1基因特性分析

为了解2008~2009年珠海市H3N2亚型流感病毒HA1基因变异情况,选择珠海市2008~2009年期间不同时间点的经狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)培养分离的H3N2亚型流感毒株20株,提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增HA1基因片段,将产物纯化并测序,推导氨基酸序列,进行基因进化特性分析。与同时期的疫苗株比较,2008年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点变异数少于4个;2009年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感毒株除09-0056外,HA1区存在5个位于抗原决定簇内的变异氨基酸位点。2008年H3N2亚型流感毒株的HA1区的糖基化位点与疫苗株一致;2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区丢失第144位糖基化位点。2008~2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株RBS氨基酸序列未见明显变异。与2008年H3N2亚型流感毒株比较,2009年H3N2亚型流感毒株HA1区抗原决定簇内存在多个位点的氨基酸替换。这些说明2008年珠海市流行的H3N2亚型流感病毒不是新变种;2009年流行的H3N2亚型流感病毒为新的变异株,这可能是H3N2亚型流感病毒在2009年6-9月为珠海地区季节性流感流行优势株的原因。     

H9可能是人类下次流感大流行的亚型

甲型流感病毒HA发生抗原性转换是流感世界性大流行产生的原因。20世纪人类共发生4次流感世界性大流行。自1％8年香港流感及1977年俄国流感之后,距今已有二三十年人类没有暴发过流感世界性大流行。在香港禽H5N1及H9N2感染人之后,H9亚型流感病毒的研究巳引起了流感学界的高度重视。本文综述了近年来H9的研究进展以及H9可能与人类下次流感大流行的关系。     

流感病毒疫苗(含甲型H1N1)生产制备和关键技术

1 流感与流感病毒 流行性感冒(以下简称"流感")由甲、乙、丙3种流感病毒引起.流感病毒易变异,传播迅速,其中甲型流感病毒最易引发大规模流行.根据甲型流感病毒表面抗原血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)结构及其基因特性的不同分成许多亚型,至今已发现的血凝素有16个亚型(H1～H16).神经氨酸酶9个亚型(N1～N9).     

云南省2009～2014年甲型H1N1流感病毒HA及NA基因特征分析

了解云南省2009~2014年甲型H1N1流感病毒的流行趋势,研究HA和NA基因进化特征。对云南省近6年来上报的流感监测病例数据进行病原谱总结,挑选出23株甲型H1N1流感毒株进行HA及NA基因分析。利用MEGA 5.0软件对测序结果构建进化树分析基因同源性。2009~2014年云南省共监测到4次甲型H1N1流感流行高峰,核酸检测结果中甲型H1N1流感占检出总量的28.8%。测序结果显示,HA与NA基因均分为3个类群,检测到一株具有H275Y突变位点的毒株。甲型H1N1流感是导致本省流感流行的重要亚型之一,2009~2014年间分离的毒株主要有Goup1、Gourp7和Gourp6三个支系,绝大部分甲型H1N1流感毒株仍对神经氨酸酶抑制剂敏感。     

从动物到人——流感病毒的跨种传播

正流感是由流感病毒引起的、流行于人群和多种动物中的急性传染病。20世纪以来,人类历史上曾发生过4次世界性的流感大流行,分别是1918年的西班牙流感(H1N1)、1957年的亚洲流感(H2N2)、1968年的香港流感(H3N2)和2009年的甲型流感(H1N1),此外还有一次疫情相对较轻的1977年俄罗斯流感     

从甲型H1N1 流行性感冒防控中领略多学科间交叉、融合的重要性

2009 年3—4 月, 墨西哥暴发了一次原因不明的肺炎, 仅墨西哥城就发生数百例, 其中59 例死亡。同年4 月15 日美国首次出现了由新“猪流行性感冒( 简称流感) ”病毒引起的感染病例, 证实为一种过去在人及猪中均未出现过的新甲型H1N1 流感病毒^[1] , 在墨西哥暴发流行的肺炎病原就是该新甲型H1N1 流感病毒^[2] , 现正式将其命名为2009 甲型H1N1 流感病毒。由于人群中普遍缺乏对此新病毒的抵抗力, 新病毒很快在美洲其他国家传播, 世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO) 2009 年于4 月29 日宣布将流感大流行警告级别升为5 级; 随后新病毒又在欧洲快速传播, 2009 年6 月11 日,WHO进一步将流感大流行的警告级别升为最高级( 6 级) , 即正式宣告流感已在全球大流行。这引起各国政府和人民的高度关注, 同时对疫苗的生产和接种提出了要求^{[ 3, 4 ]} 。目前2009 甲型H1N1 流感流行尚未结束, 现就有关的一些科学问题讨论如下。     

从2009甲型H1N1流行性感冒暴发看流行性感冒病毒的演化

流行性感冒(简称流感)病毒已经与人类“相处”了400多年,可在各年龄段的人群中流行和引起发病,每年在全球引起25万～50万人发病[1]。2009年3月在北美地区暴发了新型H1N1流感,截至2009年6月8日,已有73个国家和地区的25288人被感染,其中139人死亡(http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_06_08/en/index.html)。世界卫生组织(WorldHealthOrganization,WHO)曾称其为猪流感,原因是其多数基因片段来源于猪流感病毒。猪流感这一名称直接导致了埃及4月30日为预防流感蔓延而扑杀了30万头生猪。随后,WHO将其改名为甲型H1N1流感(下称2009甲型H1N1流感)。因此,甲型H1N1流感病毒的起源毫无疑问成为世界各国关注的热点,本文就2009甲型H1N1流感、1997年人际传播的H5N1禽流感以及人类历史上的几次人流感大流行,对甲型流感病毒的基因组结构特点及其特有的进化机制作一简单介绍......     

海南省2016-2018年A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒基因特性分析

2009年A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒在墨西哥暴发,之后在全世界流行。为了解海南省2016-2018年A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒流行态势,分析血凝素(HA)与神经氨酸酶(NA)基因遗传进化特征与变异情况,本研究从中国流感监测信息系统获取海南省2016-2018年流感病毒病原学监测数据,选取5家流感监测网络实验室分离鉴定的37株A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感毒株进行HA与NA基因测序,利用MEGA 10.1.8构建HA与NA基因种系进化树,并分析其氨基酸变异情况。结果显示,2016-2018年共出现3次A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒活动高峰。2017年10月份以后的分离株(4/8)与2018年大部分分离株(21/22)独立于疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015聚为一个小支,发生20余处HA与NA氨基酸位点变异。与疫苗株A/California/7/2009(2010-2016)相比,2016-2018年流感病毒分离株在HA基因抗原决定簇上发生7处氨基酸变异并有一个潜在糖基化位点,未发现HA基因受体结合位点变异与NA基因耐药性变异。本研究提示,2016-2018年,A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒逐步发生规律性进化,氨基酸变异频率有增加趋势,今后应持续加强流感病毒病原学监测,密切追踪A(H1N1)pdm09亚型流感病毒基因变异情况,为科学防控提供理论依据。     

抗击甲型H1N1流感大流行第一线的中国企业

自2009年3月18日墨西哥发现人感染甲型H1N1病毒疑似病例以来,一种新的猪源性H1N1型流感病毒开始在墨西哥和美国蔓延开来．并在数周内扩散到很多国家和地区．不断引起人类感染和死亡。伴随着流感疫情在全球范围内的迅速蔓延,6月初,世界卫生组织宣布把甲型H1N1流感警戒级别升至6级．甲型H1N1流感疫情已经发展成为全球性“流感大流行”。甲型H1N1流感疫情成为了全球高度关注的突发公共卫生事件。     

DEC1 and MIC-1

Comment on: Qian Y, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109:11300-5.     

LINE-1编码蛋白L1-ORF1的原核表达纯化和多克隆抗体制备

目的: 制备具有肿瘤组织特异性表达的L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体并进行初步应用研究。方法:采取基因工程表达方法制备L1-ORF1蛋白,免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,间接ELISA检测抗体效价,Western blot和细胞免疫荧光方法检测抗体特异性,免疫检测验证其识别肿瘤细胞内L1-ORF1蛋白的特异性。结果:制备的抗L1-ORF1蛋白多克隆抗体具有很高的敏感性与特异性,免疫学检测表明该抗体不仅能检测出正常细胞中瞬时表达的L1-ORF1蛋白,而且可检测出肿瘤细胞中天然表达的L1-ORF1蛋白。结论:制备的多克隆抗体具有较高的敏感性与特异性,为以后该抗体的进一步应用奠定了基础。     

Role of the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal in Daxx trafficking and ASK1 oligomerization

Overexpression of JNK binding domain inhibited glucose deprivation-induced JNK1 activation, relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) oligomerization in human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells. However, SB203580, a p38 inhibitor, did not prevent relocalization of Daxx and oligomerization of ASK1 during glucose deprivation. Studies from in vivo labeling and immune complex kinase assay demonstrated that phosphorylation of Daxx occurred during glucose deprivation, and its phosphorylation was mediated through the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 signal transduction pathway. Data from immunofluorescence staining and protein interaction assay suggest that phosphorylated Daxx may be translocated to the cytoplasm, bind to ASK1, and subsequently lead to ASK1 oligomerization. Mutation of Daxx Ser667 to Ala results in suppression of Daxx relocalization during glucose deprivation, suggesting that Ser667 residue plays an important role in the relocalization of Daxx. Unlike wild-type Daxx, a Daxx deletion mutant (amino acids 501-625) mainly localized to the cytoplasm, where it associated with ASK1, activated JNK1, and induced ASK1 oligomerization without glucose deprivation. Taken together, these results show that glucose deprivation activates the ASK1-SEK1-JNK1-HIPK1 pathway, and the activated HIPK1 is probably involved in the relocalization of Daxx from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The relocalized Daxx may play an important role in glucose deprivation-induced ASK1 oligomerization.     

Regulation of PCTAIRE1 protein stability by AKT1, LKB1 and BRCA1

PCTAIRE1, also known as CDK16, is a cyclin-dependent kinase that is regulated by cyclin Y. It is a member of the serine-threonine family of kinases and its functions have primarily been implicated in cellular processes like vesicular transport, neuronal growth and development, myogenesis, spermatogenesis and cell proliferation. However, as extensive studies on PCTAIRE1 have not yet been conducted, the signaling pathways for this kinase involved in governing many cellular processes are yet to be elucidated in detail. Here, we report the association of PCTAIRE1 with important cellular proteins involved in major cell signaling pathways, especially cell proliferation. In particular, here we show that PCTAIRE1 interacts with AKT1, a key player of the PI3K signaling pathway that is responsible for promoting cell survival and proliferation. Our studies show that PCTAIRE1 is a substrate of AKT1 that gets stabilized by it. Further, we show that PCTAIRE1 also interacts with and is degraded by LKB1, a kinase that is known to suppress cellular proliferation and also regulate cellular energy metabolism. Moreover, our results show that PCTAIRE1 is also degraded by BRCA1, a well-known tumor suppressor. Together, our studies highlight the regulation of PCTAIRE1 by key players of the major cell signaling pathways involved in regulating cell proliferation, and therefore, provide crucial links that could be explored further to elucidate the mechanistic role of PCTAIRE1 in cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 Toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC₅₀s were obtained. All of these LC₅₀s were significantly higher than the expected LC₅₀s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC₅₀ of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm² of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC₅₀s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm² of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm² of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Antagonism between Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 toxins of bacillus thuringiensis

Most strains of the insecticidal bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have a combination of different protoxins in their parasporal crystals. Some of the combinations clearly interact synergistically, like the toxins present in B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. In this paper we describe a novel joint activity of toxins from different strains of B. thuringiensis. In vitro bioassays in which we used pure, trypsin-activated Cry1Ac1 proteins from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Cyt1A1 from B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells revealed contrasting susceptibility characteristics. The 50% lethal concentrations (LC50s) were estimated to be 4,967 of Cry1Ac1 per ml of medium and 11.69 ng of Cyt1A1 per ml of medium. When mixtures of these toxins in different proportions were assayed, eight different LC50s were obtained. All of these LC50s were significantly higher than the expected LC50s of the mixtures. In addition, a series of bioassays were performed with late first-instar larvae of the cabbage looper and pure Cry1Ac1 and Cyt1A1 crystals, as well as two different combinations of the two toxins. The estimated mean LC50 of Cry1Ac1 was 2.46 ng/cm2 of diet, while Cyt1A1 crystals exhibited no toxicity, even at very high concentrations. The estimated mean LC50s of Cry1Ac1 crystals were 15.69 and 19.05 ng per cm2 of diet when these crystals were mixed with 100 and 1,000 ng of Cyt1A1 crystals per cm2 of diet, respectively. These results indicate that there is clear antagonism between the two toxins both in vitro and in vivo. Other joint-action analyses corroborated these results. Although this is the second report of antagonism between B. thuringiensis toxins, our evidence is the first evidence of antagonism between toxins from different subspecies of B. thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) detected both in vivo and in vitro. Some possible explanations for this relationship are discussed.     

Generation of 'humanized' hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) mouse line

Human/rodent CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 orthologs are well known to exhibit species-specific differences in substrate preferences and rates of metabolism. This lab previously characterized a BAC-transgenic mouse carrying the human CYP1A1_CYP1A2 locus; in this line, human dioxin-inducible CYP1A1 and basal vs dioxin-inducible CYP1A2 have been shown to be expressed normally (with regard to mRNAs, proteins and three enzyme activities) in every one of nine mouse tissues studied. The mouse Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes are oriented head-to-head and share a bidirectional promoter region of 13,954 bp. Using Cre recombinase and loxP sites inserted 3' of the stop codons of both genes, we show here a successful interchromosomal excision of 26,173 bp that ablated both genes on the same allele. The Cyp1a1/1a2(-) double-knockout allele was bred with the "humanized" line; the final product is the hCYP1A1_1A2_Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) line on a theoretically >99.8% C57BL/6J genetic background-having both human genes replacing the mouse orthologs. This line will be valuable for human risk assessment studies involving any environmental toxicant or drug that is a substrate for CYP1A1 or CYP1A2.     

Dial 9-1-1 for DNA damage: the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp complex

Genotoxic stress activates checkpoint signaling pathways that block cell cycle progression, trigger apoptosis, and regulate DNA repair. Studies in yeast and humans have shown that Rad9, Hus1, Rad1, and Rad17 play key roles in checkpoint activation. Three of these proteins-Rad9, Hus1, and Rad1-interact in a heterotrimeric complex (dubbed the 9-1-1 complex), which resembles a PCNA-like sliding clamp, whereas Rad17 is part of a clamp-loading complex that is related to the PCNA clamp loader, replication factor-C (RFC). In response to genotoxic damage, the 9-1-1 complex is loaded around DNA by the Rad17-containing clamp loader. The DNA-bound 9-1-1 complex then facilitates ATR-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Chk1, a protein kinase that regulates S-phase progression, G2/M arrest, and replication fork stabilization. In addition to its role in checkpoint activation, accumulating evidence suggests that the 9-1-1 complex also participates in DNA repair. Taken together, these findings suggest that the 9-1-1 clamp is a multifunctional complex that is loaded onto DNA at sites of damage, where it coordinates checkpoint activation and DNA repair.