产氢产乙酸菌ZR-1 的分离鉴定及产酸特性

采用改良的亨盖特厌氧操作技术, 从有机废水污泥中分离到一株耐低温高效产氢产乙酸菌ZR-1。经过对其形态学观察、生理生化特征研究及16S rRNA 序列比对, 初步鉴定为梭状芽胞杆菌属的乙二醇梭菌(Clostridium glycolicum)。通过单因子实验, 在厌氧条件下对该菌株的培养温度、pH、最适底物、金属离子的影响等产酸条件进行了优化。结果表明该菌株最适生长温度37 °C,最佳培养基初始pH 值8.5, 最适发酵底物丁酸盐, Mn²⁺对其产酸有一定的激活作用。最适培养条件下丁酸盐降解率达到12.7%, H₂ 含量达到了28.73%。     

厌氧发酵产氢细菌的筛选及其产氢优化

本研究以河底泥为来源, 使用产氢培养基进行初筛, 再利用小管产氢试验进行复筛, 得到5株产氢能力较好的菌株。对产氢量最高的菌株FML-C1进行16S rDNA序列分析, 鉴定为阴沟肠杆菌, 确定了其分类地位。培养基优化采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出影响产氢的3个主要因素: 葡萄糖、缓冲液和还原剂。利用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区, 采用中心复合试验设计(CCD)及响应面分析法(RSM)进行回归分析, 建立产氢培养基优化的二次模型。模型求解产氢最佳培养基为葡萄糖21.5 g/L、缓冲液 13.6 mL/L 和还原剂10.0 mL/L, 最大理论产氢量2367.83 mL/L。5批验证试验结果平均值与预测值接近, 表明该模型与实际情况拟合良好, 实际最大产氢量2347.40 mL/L, 较优化前产氢量提高127.42%。     

产香细菌的筛选及产香特性分析

醇化烟叶作为巨大的微生物库,具有极其可观的研究和应用价值。本研究应用模拟烟叶生长环境的烟叶浸提物培养基筛选产香细菌,并分析所筛选菌株发酵烟叶的产香特性,用于研究其在烟叶醇化中提升烟叶香味的可行性,同时探究该微生物用于生产天然香料的可能性。实验结果表明:通过烟叶浸提物培养基筛选出一株细菌HD-40,该菌可发酵烟叶可产生明显奶香味;经生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,初步表明该菌属于甲基营养型芽孢杆菌;进一步,利用该菌株发酵处理烟叶,并将发酵液萃取后GC-MS检测,与未经菌株处理的发酵液对比,其所含的酯类、醛类、酸类等对香气有贡献的成分明显增加,特别是其中3-羟基-2-丁酮的比例可高达60%以上。HD-40可发酵烟叶产生明显的奶香味,其不仅在烟叶醇化方面,用于提高烟叶香气、改善烟叶吸味等,还可在制备天然香料香精方面均有着很好的应用前景。     

颗粒厌氧污泥中的产氢产乙酸细菌研究

本文报道颗粒厌氧污泥中产氢产乙酸细菌的含量及存在方式。在正常运行状态,随着颗粒污泥的培养和生长、产氢产乙酸细菌含量维持在10⁷-10⁸个/ml.一旦厌氧反应器“酸化”,颗粒污泥性能变差,产氢产乙酸细菌急剧下降,减小到约10⁵个/ml.比正常状态低2-3个数级,说明细菌生长受到了不可逆抑制。电镜观察表明,产氢产乙酸细菌的分布不是随机的,它们以微菌落方式存在并排列有序。除了与甲烷短杆菌互营共生外,还发现了一种和甲烷丝菌间的新型互营共生关系,分析     

产多聚唾液酸的菌种筛选及产酸条件

通过对40株大肠杆菌进行产多聚唾液酸的筛选,得到一株高产多聚唾液酸菌株C-8,对该菌的一系列培养条件进行了研究。最佳培养基为：山梨醇2.5％,硫酸铵0.5％,磷酸氢二钾90mmol／L,胰蛋白陈1.5％,硫酸镁0.04％,pH7．8。在37℃,250r／min摇床培养65h,可使菌体在每毫升培养液中产多聚唾液酸1200μg。     

微生物发酵产木聚糖酶研究进展

木聚糖是植物半纤维素的主要成分,是自然界中仅次于纤维素的可再生资源。木聚糖酶是一类重要的木糖苷键水解酶酶系,可将木聚糖逐次降解为低聚木糖及木糖,在饲料、造纸、食品和生物转化等行业应用广泛。目前利用微生物发酵生产木聚糖酶的研究很多,菌种涉及到细菌、真菌等,其发酵生产木聚糖酶的工艺、产量及特性也各有不同,对此进行了综述,并展望了木聚糖酶发酵生产的研究方向。     

供氧对产丙三醇假丝酵母产丙三醇发酵研究

研究了产丙三醇假丝酵母(Candidaglycerolgenesis)产丙三醇及副产物与氧供给的关系。摇瓶试验发现其它营养条件一定,玉米浆添加量决定酵母量。在04%的玉米浆和装液比008时产丙三醇最高,副产物乙醇、乙酸和乙酸乙酯最小,玉米浆和装液比影响丙三醇和副产物的形成。在5L的反应器中以搅拌转速控制供氧水平,菌体生长阶段比耗氧速率为28mg/(g·h),在发酵阶段比耗氧速率16mg/(g·h)。适量供氧能得到高产率的丙三醇,而只产生微量的乙醇、乙酸和乙酸乙酯。     

产磷脂酶C芽孢杆菌Z-13产酶条件优化

以生物量和酶活为主要指标,采用单因素优化方法结合均匀设计试验,对芽孢杆菌Z-13产磷脂酶C(phospholipaseC,PLC)条件进行了优化。结果表明,该菌合适的产酶条件为:魔芋飞粉2.5 g/L、黄豆粉30 g/L、K2HPO4·3H2O 2.8 g/L、Zn2SO4·7H2O 1.3 g/L、接种量0.5%、摇床转速150 r/min、培养温度30℃、初始pH值9.0,在此条件下培养15 h,活菌总数为4.5×109CFU/mL,卵黄琼脂杯碟法测定磷脂酶C产生的沉淀圈(乳白色晕圈)直径可达30 mm。     

低温产纤维素酶菌株

农作物秸秆的生物高效综合利用已成为研究的热点,实施秸秆还田技术不仅使粮食产量增加6%-15%,而且由于逐步增加了土壤肥力,实现大面积以地养地、促进粮食产量的持续增加。在我国,秸秆还田技术已经被农业部大力推广,作为增肥改土工程和环保农业的重要技术,近几年取得了较快的发展。秸秆的快速腐解是秸秆还田的关键技术,重点研究秸秆复合菌系来快速降解秸秆具有非常重要的意义。虽然许多学者对分解秸秆的纤维素酶菌株的选育做了大     

藻类产烃研究进展

藻类产烃研究进展唐赢中（武汉城市建设学院）黄利群（湖北省化学研究所）严国安（武汉大学）一、前言随着７０年代以来全球性环境危机特别是温室效应、臭氧空洞和光化学烟雾,以及所谓石油危机引起的能源恐慌,寻找新的无污染、可再生的替代能源就成为研究者的重要课题。而当ＧｅｌｐｉＥ．和其它研究者从Ｂｏｔｒｙｏｃｏｃｕｓｂｒａｕｎｉ（葡萄藻,又名丛粒藻）等藻类中发现具有很多烃含量以后［１,２］,将藻类作为有希...     

Porosity and tortuosity relations as revealed by a mathematical model of biofilm structure

A biofilm is assumed to be submerged in a fluid with given viscosity and low Reynolds number. The interaction between fluid and bacteria is modeled through streamlines. We use finite-difference and boundary element numerical schemes to predict streamlines within the biofilm. The results show that this approach can provide information about prior distribution and geometry of the biofilm structure. Theoretical values of porosity and tortuosity are computed and compared with published data.     

DKP对3株病原菌生物膜的抑制作用研究

生物膜的存在使一些由病原菌引发的疾病变得更加难以治疗。经研究发现一种环二肽物质DKP——cyclo(Pro-Phe)能够抑制这3株病原菌(Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Candida albicans)生物膜的形成。通过对不同浓度DKP作用下所形成的生物膜进行结晶紫定量、菌落计数分析和结构显微分析表明:在DKP的浓度达到10 mg/ml时,S. aureus和P. aeruginosa的生物膜几乎消失;在DKP的浓度达到12 mg/ml时,C. albicans的生物膜被显著抑制。这一发现为寻找新型的生物膜抑制剂治愈顽固疾病带来了新的希望。     

Arvoredol—An unusual chlorinated and biofilm inhibiting polyketide from a marine Penicillium sp. of the Brazilian coast

Penicillium sp. F37 has been isolated from the marine sponge Axinella corrugata and shown to be closely related to Penicillium maximae. From the culture of Penicillium sp. F37 arvoredol, a novel chlorinated polyketide with 6,7-dihydro-4(5H)-benzofuranone moiety has been isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods Arvoredol prevented biofilm formation of the human pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 125 μg mL⁻¹ by 40%. It was also active against colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells with a MIC of 7.9 μg mL⁻¹.     

Identification and characterization of an anti-pseudomonal dichlorocarbazol derivative displaying anti-biofilm activity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant towards all currently available antibiotics are increasingly encountered, raising the need for new anti-pseudomonal drugs. We therefore conducted a medium-throughput screen of a small-molecule collection resulting in the identification of the N-alkylated 3,6-dihalogenocarbazol 1-(sec-butylamino)-3-(3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)propan-2-ol (MIC = 18.5 μg mL⁻¹). This compound, compound 1, is bacteriostatic towards a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including P. aeruginosa. Importantly, 1 also eradicates mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa. 1 displays no cytotoxicity against various human cell types, pointing to its potential for further development as a novel antibacterial drug.     

A quantitative method for determining the efficacy of algicides in industrial cooling towers

Summary Quantitative sampling of periphyton from natural substrates is difficult and uncommon due to the nonhomogenous and irregular nature of most natural substrates. This paper describes an experimentally verified method for quantitative sampling of periphyton directly from the relatively homogenous and regular upper deck of a cooling tower.     

A balanced model for biofilms developed at different growth and detachment forces

In a steady state biofilm culture, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) distribution between catabolism and anabolism can be described by a ratio of the DOC channeled into carbon dioxide (S_CO2) to the DOC converted into biomass (S_g). Based on a balanced oxidative reaction of DOC, a S_CO2/S_g-dependent observed growth yield (Y_obs) model was developed for biofilm culture and was verified with literature data. Growth and detachment forces are two decisive factors in biofilm process. The detachment force (D_f) normalized with respect to the growth force (G_f) was introduced to describe the interaction between the biofilm growth and detachment processes. Biofilm metabolism and structure were closely related to the D_f/G_f-ratio, and biofilm community could metabolically respond to changes in growth and detachment forces. A proper balance between growth and detachment forces is crucial for development of a compact and stable biofilm. The proposed D_f/G_f concept provides a theoretical basis for experimental data obtained at different growth and detachment forces to be interpreted in a unified sense. Biofilm structure may be manipulated by controlling the D_f/G_f ratio.     

营养及水力条件影响光合细菌生物膜生长特性实验

对平板式生物膜反应器内,流量及底物浓度范围分别为37.8~1080ml/h、0.05~10g/L的不同生长条件下光合产氢细菌生物膜生长特性进行了实验研究,讨论了不同水力及营养条件对沼泽红假单胞菌生物膜表面覆盖率、膜厚、干重和密度的影响。实验结果表明,不同水力及营养条件对生物膜生长速率及结构具有重要影响。在相同的时间间隔内,在高流速条件下光合细菌菌落生长较快,但过高的液体流速会导致部分生物膜脱落;高流速条件易使生物膜形成薄而致密的结构。光合细菌生物膜在循环液底物浓度较高时生长较快,密度也最高;而贫营养条件可以促成结构疏松生物膜在固液界面的形成,这种生物膜结构有利于微生物在低底物浓度条件下底物在生物膜内的传输。     

Biofilm producing indigenous bacteria isolated from municipal sludge and their nutrient removal ability in moving bed biofilm reactor from the wastewater

In the present study, improved moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was applied to enhance the nutrient removal ability of the municipal wastewater. A total of 18 indigenous bacterial isolates were screened from the sewage sludge sample and nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and hydroxylamine oxidase was analyzed. The strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa NU1 and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus K12 produced 0.87 ± 0.05 U/mg and 0.52 ± 0.12 U/mg hydroxylamine oxidase, 1.023 ± 0.062 U/mg and 1.29 ± 0.07 U/mg nitrite reductase, and 0.789 ± 0.031 U/mg and 1.07 ± 0.13 U/mg nitrate reductase. Nitrogen and phosphate removal improved by the addition of nutrient sources and achieved > 80% removal rate. pH and temperature of the medium also affected nutrient removal and improved removal was achieved at optimum level (p < 0.05). MBBR was designed with R1 (aerobic), R2 and R3 (anoxic) reactors. MBBR reactors removed acceptable level phosphorus removal properties up to 7.2 ± 3.8%, 42.4 ± 4.6%, and 84.2 ± 13.1% in the R1, R2, R3 and R4 reactors, respectively. Denitrification rate showed linear relationship at increasing concentrations nitrogen content in the reactor and denitrification rate was 1.43 g NO₂-N /m²/day at 1.5 g NO₂-N /m²/day. Dehydrogenase activity was assayed in all reactors and maximum amount was detected in the aerobic biofilm reactor. Based on the present findings, MBBRs and the selected bacterial strains are useful for the degradation domestic wastewater with minimum working area.