6-苄（基）腺嘌呤和抗坏血酸对渗透胁迫时杨树光合作用光抑制的影响

研究了6-BA和A5A对渗透胁迫时杨树幼苗叶片光合作用光抑制和活性氧代谢的影响．结果表明,渗透胁迫时杨树叶片净光合速率(Pn)和表观量子效率(AQY)降低,光合作用光抑制加剧,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,O2产生加快,H2O2和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量升高．6-BA和A5A预处理使胁迫时叶片SOD和APx活性升高。O2生成减少。H2O22和MDA含量降低,同时缓解了光合作用的光抑制．相关分析表明,杨树叶片活性氧水平和MDA含量与Pn和AQY呈负相关．胁迫时杨树叶片活性氧的积累与光合作用光抑制有一定关系,6-BA和A5A对光抑制的缓解作用与其对活性氧清除系统的促进作用有关。     

燕麦叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系

燕麦连体叶片与高体叶片衰老中,过氧化氢酶和超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,脂类过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)迅速积累,组织自动氧化速率显著加快。植物激素BA,GA_3,2,4—D及光、亚胺环己酮(CH),EDTA处理均不同程度地延缓离体叶片的衰老过程,同时抑制过氧化氢酶和SOD活性下降,阻止MDA的积累和组织自动氧化速率的提高.推测叶片衰老中活性氧起着重要的作用。     

不同菠菜品种对海水胁迫的生理响应差异

以耐海水菠菜品种荷兰3号和海水敏感品种圆叶菠菜为材料,采用水培方法,研究了海水胁迫对菠菜叶片、根系质膜的伤害作用以及叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:(1)海水胁迫对荷兰3号单株干重影响不大,而显著降低圆叶菠菜的单株干重,并使2个品种植株的叶片和根系MDA含量增加,质膜透性增大,叶片光合色素含量降低,但荷兰3号的变化幅度(叶片MDA除外)小于圆叶菠菜.(2)海水胁迫下,短期内2个品种由于气孔限制引起叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,净光合速率(Pn)下降;长期胁迫下,荷兰3号Pn恢复到对照水平,而圆叶菠菜同化力下降,Pn降低.(3)海水胁迫对荷兰3号光化学猝灭系数(qP)影响不大,实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)明显升高,而圆叶菠菜的qP和ΦPSⅡ均下降;荷兰3号初始荧光(F0)的下降幅度和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)上升幅度比圆叶菠菜大;2个菠菜品种的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)均下降,但荷兰3号光抑制程度(1-qP/qN)的升高幅度比圆叶菠菜小.研究结果说明,海水胁迫下,2个耐性不同的菠菜品种植株都产生了光合作用的光抑制和光氧化伤害,使膜质过氧化和叶绿素含量降低;耐性强的品种能够较多地将光能用于光化学反应,热耗散能力较强,光抑制程度较低,膜系统和光合色素受到活性氧的破坏程度较低,保持了较高的净光合速率,最终可明显降低海水胁迫对植株生长的影响.     

干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢及灌浆速率的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了干旱胁迫对小麦旗叶活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明,小麦旗叶内H2O2和O-·2水平随干旱胁迫的加剧和衰老进程的加快而逐渐升高,活性氧清除系统中的SOD和CAT活性逐渐下降,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,导致叶片内可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降,是干旱胁迫造成对籽粒产量贡献较大的旗叶伤害的主要原因之一,从而导致穗粒重下降.     

低温胁迫对黄瓜子叶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和谷胱甘肽含量的影响

低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗子叶抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和GSH含量显著下降,下降幅度随低温胁迫程度增加而递增。不同低温胁迫下酶活性和GSH含量变化与子叶电解质泄漏和MDA的增加呈负相关。幼苗用MV和MDA预处理可加剧由低温引起的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和GSH含量降低,而用苯甲酸钠和α-生育酚预处理则可减轻这种降低,显示出过量的活性氧及其引发的膜脂过氧化产物MDA对抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和GSH均有伤害影响。     

钙抑制剂对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片活性氧代谢的影响

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为材料,研究了叶面喷施Ca2+通道阻断剂氯化镧(LaCl3)和Ca2+螯合剂EGTA预处理对机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及氧自由基(O2?-)产生速率的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,机械损伤胁迫下合作杨叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性均显著升高,活性氧水平和MDA含量显著增加;外源喷施EGTA和LaCl3降低了机械损伤胁迫下叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,减缓了O2?-产生速率,H2O2含量和MDA含量显著下降;且EGTA的抑制作用比LaCl3更强.研究表明,机械损伤胁迫诱导的活性氧代谢需要Ca2+的参与,Ca2+和活性氧在植物防御信号传递过程中密切相关;伤害诱导胞外Ca2+内流是胞内Ca2+浓度增加的重要来源.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对苹果叶片耐弱光能力的影响

为了探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对苹果耐弱光性的影响,以‘润太2号’和‘郑优3号’两个品种苹果为材料,设置露天对照(CK)、轻度遮荫(LS)和重度遮荫(SS)3种光照条件,通过根际浇灌法研究了10mg·L~(-1) ALA处理对弱光条件下苹果叶片活性氧代谢与叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,弱光胁迫显著降低了两品种苹果叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增大了超氧阴离子(O_2~(-·))产生速率以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,且‘郑优3号’的活性氧产生速率及MDA含量在弱光下的升高幅度更大;ALA处理显著提高了弱光胁迫下两品种的保护酶活性,降低了活性氧产生速率和MDA含量,并以耐弱光性较差的‘郑优3号’的变化更显著。(2)在弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素b/a升高,而ALA处理使二者进一步显著升高。(3)弱光胁迫下,苹果叶片的叶绿素荧光参数V_J、M_o、DI_o/RC显著升高,而ψ_o、ψE_o、ψR_o、PI_(ABS)、PI_(CS)和PI_(total)显著降低;ALA处理抑制了叶绿素荧光参数在弱光胁迫下的变化,甚至使其达到优于对照的水平。研究表明,弱光条件下苹果的抗氧化能力较差,受到明显的氧化伤害,且‘郑优3号’的耐弱光能力比‘润太2号’差;ALA处理提高了苹果在弱光下的抗氧化能力,降低了弱光对苹果叶片的氧化伤害,同时还提高了弱光条件下苹果叶片捕捉、传递和转化光能的效率,改善了光合电子传递情况,增大了苹果叶片在弱光胁迫下的光能利用效率,改善了光合性能;根灌ALA可以明显提高苹果的耐弱光性。     

UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

糙草对水分胁迫的生理适应性研究

用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫处理糙草(Asperugo procumbensL.)幼苗,测定生理指标,研究其对水分胁迫的生理适应性。结果表明:5%PEG和20%PEG胁迫处理1d后,叶片RWC、CHL含量,MDA和膜相对透性及脯氨酸含量变化不大,抗氧化酶活性升高;5%PEG和20%PEG胁迫处理5d后叶片RWC下降为对照65%、43%,CHL含量下降为对照的53%、46%,MDA和膜相对透性及脯氨酸含量显著升高,抗氧化酶活性显著降低,并低于处理前水平。实验表明糙草幼苗在水分胁迫下叶片持水力较低,在短时间水分胁迫下可通过抗氧化酶之间的相互协调在一定时期能维持活性氧代谢平衡,并阻止或减弱膜脂过氧化的伤害,但随着处理时间的延长,抗氧化酶活性显著降低,膜脂过氧化作用增加,且叶绿素合成遭到破坏。     

井冈山杜鹃叶片抗氧化系统对高温胁迫的响应

以井冈山杜鹃(Rhododendron jinggangshanicum Tam)4年生实生苗为材料,通过人工气候箱盆栽实验,研究了不同高温处理下其叶片形态及生理生化指标的变化,以阐明高温胁迫下井冈山杜鹃抗氧化系统的防御机理.结果显示:(1)30℃和38℃处理6 d后,叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别比对照极显著(P<0.01)升高44.44%和127.16%、33.12%和129.35%、106.52%和188.64%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性增幅较小,分别比对照增加3.77%和5.11%.(2)随着胁迫温度的升高,可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸(Pro)含量均明显上升,而抗坏血酸(AsA)含量却显著降低;除30℃处理与对照之间的可溶性蛋白质含量差异显著(P<0.05)外,其它处理间差异均达到极显著(P<0.01).(3)随着胁迫温度的升高,叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量大量积累,各处理间差异达到极显著或显著;而形态上则表现为受害加重,植株出现轻度萎蔫、老叶褐化脱落、新叶坏死等现象.研究表明,井冈山杜鹃受到高温胁迫的氧化伤害可能与AsA含量显著下降和H2O2、MDA含量大幅增加有关,其植物体能诱导增加抗氧化保护酶活性及Pro含量以提高其抗氧化能力,从而减轻高温引发的活性氧毒害.     

Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis of high-yield rice (Oryza sativa L.) LYPJ during leaf senescence

Photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry was examined by chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence analysis in high-yield rice LYPJ flag leaves during senescence. Parameters deduced from the JIP-test showed that inhibition of the donor side of PSII was greater than that of the acceptor side in hybrid rice LYPJ. The natural senescence process was accompanied by the increased inactivation of oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and a lower total number of active reaction centers per absorption. It indicated that the inhibition of electron transport caused by natural senescence might be caused partly by uncoupling of the OEC and/or inactivation of PSII reaction centers. Chl fluorescence parameters analyzed in this study suggested that energy dissipation was enhanced in order to protect senescent leaves from photodamage. Nevertheless, considerably reduced PSI electron transport activity was observed at the later senescence. Thus, natural senescence inhibited OEC-PSII electron transport, but also significantly limited the PSII-PSI electron flow.     

Changes in activities of antioxidative system and monoterpene and photochemical efficiency during seasonal leaf senescence in Hevea brasiliensis trees

A variety of ecophysiological parameters were monitored in leaves of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) during seasonal leaf senescence. Higher levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and lower content of total protein and efficiency of photochemistry of photosystem II (PSII) were observed in the senescent leaves (SL) compared to the mature leaves (ML). A significant decrease in the contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) in SL was also observed, but with increase in ratio of Car/Chl. Moreover, activities of superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione reductase in SL were strongly suppressed. In contrast, the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the contents of reduced ascorbate, total ascorbate, reduced glutathione and total glutathione were considerably increased in SL compared to ML. In addition, α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene and total monoterpene pool in SL were drastically decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that the enhanced activities of POD and APX, and further activation of ascorbate-glutathione cycle conferred an important photoprotection against oxidative stress in senescent leaves of rubber trees. The increased Car/Chl could give the protection against photoxidation as well.     

Changes of Photosynthetic Characteristics in Relation to Leaf Senescence in Two Maize Hybrids with Different Senescent Appearance

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N) contents, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) contents and PEPC activity, and the photon-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P _Nsat), and their relationships with leaf senescence in two maize hybrids with different senescent appearance. One stay-green (cv. P3845) and one earlier senescent (cv. Hokkou 55) hybrid were used in this study, and we found that Chl and N contents and the P _Nsat in individual leaves of P3845 were greater than those in corresponding leaves of Hokkou 55 at the successive growth stages. In addition, larger contents of RuBPCO and PEPC, and a greater activity of PEPC were observed in P3845. Due to the lower rates of decrease of Chl, RuBPCO, and PEPC amounts per unit of N, and the lower net C translocation rate per unit of N in the stay-green hybrid, leaf senescence was delayed in comparison to the earlier senescent hybrid.     

田间大豆叶片成长过程中的光合特性及光破坏防御机制

田间大豆叶片在成长进程中光饱和光合速率持续提高,但气孔导度的增加明显滞后.尽管叶片在成长初期就具有较高的最大光化学效率,但是仍略低于发育成熟的叶片.随着叶片的成长,光下叶片光系统Ⅱ实际效率增加;非光化学猝灭下降.幼叶叶黄素总量与叶绿素之比较高,随着叶面积的增加该比值下降,在光下,幼叶的脱环氧化程度较高.因此认为大豆叶片成长初期就能够有效地进行光化学调节;在叶片生长过程中依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散机制迅速建立起来有效抵御强光的破坏.     

Differential changes in degradation of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II during flag leaf senescence of rice.

The stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) was investigated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence spectroscopy, absorption spectra and native green gel separation system during flag leaf senescence of two rice varieties (IIyou 129 and Shanyou 63) grown under outdoor conditions. During leaf senescence, photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation rate, carboxylase activity of Rubisco, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased significantly. The 77 K Chl fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoid membranes from mature leaves had two peaks at around 685 and 735 nm emitting mainly from PSII and PSI, respectively. The total Chl fluorescence yields of PSI and PSII decreased significantly with senescence progressing. However, the decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield of PSI was greater than in the yield of PSII, suggesting that the rate of degradation in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSI was greater than in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSII. The fluorescence yields for all chlorophyll-protein complexes decreased significantly with leaf senescence in two rice varieties but the extents of their decrease were significantly different. The greatest decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield was in PSI core, followed by LHCI, CP47, CP43, and LHCII. These results indicate that the rate of degradation for each chlorophyll-protein complex was different and the order for the stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf senescence was: LHCII>CP43>CP47>LHCI>PSI core, which was partly supported by the green gel electrophoresis of the chlorophyll-protein complexes.     

Characterization of photosynthetic pigment composition, photosystem II photochemistry and thermal energy dissipation during leaf senescence of wheat plants grown in the field

Photosynthetic pigment composition and photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry were characterized during the flag leaf senescence of wheat plants grown in the field. During leaf senescence, neoxanthin and beta-carotene decreased concomitantly with chlorophyll, whereas lutein and xanthophyll cycle pigments were less affected, leading to increases in lutein/chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments/chlorophyll ratios. The chlorophyll a/b ratio also increased. With the progression of senescence, the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry decreased only slightly in the early morning (low light conditions), but substantially at midday (high light conditions). Actual PSII efficiency, photochemical quenching and the efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII centres decreased significantly both early in the morning and at midday and such decreases were much greater at midday than in the early morning. At the same time, non-photochemical quenching, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin contents at the expense of violaxanthin increased both early in the morning and at midday, with a greater increase at midday. The results in the present study suggest that a down-regulation of PSII occurred in senescent leaves and that the xanthophyll cycle plays a role in the protection of PSII from photoinhibitory damage in senescent leaves by dissipating excess excitation energy, particularly when exposed to high light.     

Biochemical Changes that Occur during Senescence of Wheat Leaves : I. Basis for the Reduction of Photosynthesis

Changes in activities of photosynthetic enzymes and photochemical processes were followed with aging of vegetative and flag leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Roy). Activities of stromal enzymes began to decline prior to photochemical activities. In general, total soluble protein and the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and NADP-triose-phosphate dehydrogenase declined in parallel and at an earlier age than leaf chlorophyll (Chl), leaf photosynthesis, and photosynthetic electron transport activity. Leaves appeared to lose whole chloroplasts as opposed to a general degradation of all chloroplasts based on three lines of evidence: (a) electron transport activity calculated on an area basis declined much earlier than the same data expressed on a Chl basis; (b) Chl content per chloroplast was similar for mature and senescent tissue; and (c) the absorbance at 550 nanometers (light scattering) per unit of Chl remained essentially constant until the end of senescence. Chloroplasts did, however, undergo some modifications before they were lost (e.g. loss of stromal enzyme activities), but the reduction in leaf photosynthesis was apparently caused by a loss of whole chloroplasts.     

Characterization of photosynthesis of flag leaves in a wheat hybrid and its parents grown under field conditions

Two wheat cultivars, one with high yield and the other with a high tolerance against oxidative stress, were compared with a hybrid of these two cultivars by investigating their photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves. From the beginning of flowering to the 17th day, CO(2) assimilation rate (P(max)) was maintained and there were no appreciable differences between the hybrid and its parents. P(max) showed no decrease at noon compared to that in the morning. From the 20th to the 30th day of flowering, P(max) decreased significantly, and this decrease was significantly less in the hybrid than in its parents. The actual photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Phi(PSII)) and the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)) showed a significant decrease only on the 30th day after anthesis; this decline was much less marked in the hybrid relative to its parents, both in the morning and at noon. A decrease occurred in Phi(PSII) and F(v)/F(m) at noon when compared to that in the morning, but this decrease was less marked in the hybrid than in its parents. Rubisco activity decreased significantly from the 13th day of flowering and was higher in the morning than at noon both in the hybrid and its parents. However, the hybrid always showed a higher value of Rubisco activity. The activities of posphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase showed similar changes to those in Rubisco activity, particularly from the 20th to 30th day. The results of this study suggest that the higher photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaf in the hybrid can help to accumulate more dry material, and may be the physiological basis for higher yield over its parents.