瓯江流域水生植物多样性与生态位研究

根据2010-2013年调查结果,结合相关文献资料,研究了瓯江流域的水生植物多样性和物种生态位。结果表明:①瓯江流域有水生高等植物181种(含亚种、变种),隶属于41科78属,属的分布型以世界分布为主,占总属数43.59%,热带性质的属发育较温带性质充分。②30个临时样地划分了河流、沼泽、农田、沟渠、池塘、洪泛湿地等6类生境类型,单位面积物种数以洪泛湿地最高0.09 ind./m2,其次是沼泽生境0.07 ind./m2;农田和池塘生境物种多样性随流域高程降低逐渐升高,其余生境物种多样性以中游最高;优势种生活型以挺水、漂浮植物为主,沉水植物、浮叶植物重要值较低; ③挺水植物生态位宽度普遍高于其他生活型,沉水、浮叶植物生态位宽度普遍较低;相同生活型植物生态位重叠以漂浮植物间最高,以沉水植物间最低;不同生活型植物生态位重叠以挺水-浮叶植物间最高,以沉水-漂浮植物间最低;生态型多样的喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生态位宽度较大,与其他物种生态位重叠高,由此推测喜旱莲子草可能引起瓯江流域水生植物群落结构的变化,导致乡土水生植物物种多样性的降低。       

天山中部地区北山羊食性及其季节变化

本研究采用粪便显微组织分析法,调查了天山中部地区北山羊(Capra sibirica)的食物组成及季节变化。结果表明,在北山羊的粪便显微装片中共鉴定出14科37种(属)植物。禾本科为北山羊主要食物,夏季和冬季分别占食谱的54.30%和59.34%。莎草科、豆科、蔷薇科以及菊科也是北山羊较为重要的食物。其中高山早熟禾(Poa alpina)、嵩草属(Kobresia spp.)和针茅属(Stipa spp.)物种均为夏季和冬季采食较多的植物。卡方检验结果表明,北山羊的食物组成在夏季和冬季间有明显变化,蔷薇科和菊科在冬季食谱中所占的比例显著低于夏季(蔷薇科,Pearson χ~2=13.737,df=1,P0.01;菊科,Pearson χ~2=4.784,df=1,P0.05),而对禾本科的采食比例冬季显著高于夏季(禾本科,Pearson χ~2=4.319,df=1,P0.05)。种属水平上北山羊夏季与冬季的采食食物种类的比例具有极显著差异(Pearson χ~2=89.495,df=36,P0.01)。上述研究结果表明,天山中部地区的北山羊属于泛食性物种,且食性有明显的季节变化。     

挺水植物与浮叶植物在苏北湿地景观中的应用

本研究通过对挺水植物和浮叶植物微生物群落的分解代谢能力和分解代谢谱的分析,以实现对挺水植物和浮叶植物在湿地景观中的应用探究。在挺水植物和浮叶植物中,根据湿地存在不同植物的物种或组合不同会产生不同景观。本实验将苏北湿地的挺水植物与浮叶植物作为研究对象,使用四种不同的植物物种建立了自由漂浮植物系统处理湿地中生物:菖蒲(L)、荷花(S)、睡莲(E)和田子萍(P)。自由漂浮植物组被安排为单一栽培(一种植物种)、双栽培(两种不同的植物种;所有可能的配对)或四种栽培(每种植物种)。使用稀释的养殖场污泥流出物,每周两次用20 L再生废水喂养自由漂浮植物系统。使用群落级生理剖面法(CLPP)在4个月的操作期后评估每个中胚层中的微生物群落。据观察,单一栽培湿地系统具有不同的分解代谢活性和分解代谢丰富度。本研究还发现来自单一栽培生物群的微生物群落的碳源利用模式彼此明显不同,并且混养群落与相应的单一栽培对应物不同。     

不同季节适度放牧对高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响

于2007~2011年对青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸在不同季节适度(牧草利用率35%~60%)放牧处理(不放牧、夏季放牧和冬季放牧)下的植物群落组成和物种多样性进行观测研究,结果表明:(1)经过长期的不同季节的适度放牧处理后,夏季放牧与冬季放牧均降低了禾本科植物功能群的比例,提高了杂草类植物功能群的比例。(2)与未放牧(对照)相比,夏季放牧处理下莎草科植物矮嵩草和杂类草蒙古蒲公英、鹅绒委陵菜的相对生物量分别增加了151.38%和318.87%、344.15%,禾本科植物异针茅相对生物量降低了41.16%;冬季放牧鹅绒委陵菜相对生物量增加了124.08%,禾本科植物草地早熟禾减少了45.99%,但夏季放牧和冬季放牧对二柱头藨草、紫羊茅、垂穗披碱草、花苜蓿和高山唐松草等植物的影响均不显著。(3)总体上不同季节适度放牧对植物群落物种丰富度、多样性指数以及均匀度指数的影响均不显著,但对这三者的影响随年份变化而变化。     

基于无人机SfM数据的挺水植物生物量反演

生物量是衡量挺水植物生长状况的重要参数,对湿地生态系统健康评价具有重要意义。利用无人机影像生成运动重建结构Sf M(Structure from Motion,Sf M)数据,结合野外实测生物量构建定量反演模型,并根据反演模型对生物量进行空间制图,最后分析了挺水植物类型对生物量空间分布的影响。结果表明,文中基于Sf M数据建立的逐步线性回归模型(Stepwise Linear(SWL)regression model)具有较好的反演精度及估测能力。其模型显著性为显著(P0.01),决定系数为0.86,相对均方根误差为6.1%。挺水植物类型对生物量空间分布影响显著(P0.05)。通过对研究区挺水植物的生物量进行估算,为利用无人机遥感监测挺水植物生物量提供了新思路。     

四种挺水植物生理生态特性和污水净化效果研究

采用人工气候室水培系统以人工污水培养慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)、花皇冠(Echinodorus berteroi)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和芦苇(Phragmites australis) 4种挺水植物,比较它们的根和地上部分生物量、根长、根寿命、根孔隙度、根径向泌氧量(ROL)、光合作用等生理生态特性及对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效果。结果表明,ROL与根孔隙度、光合速率、地上生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与根长极显著正相关(P<0.01);TP的去除与光合速率、COD的去除与ROL显著正相关; TN的去除与生物量极显著正相关(P<0.01),但与根生物量和地上部分生物量的比值(根茎比)显著负相关(P<0.05)。慈姑和花皇冠拥有庞大生物量和发达的根系,根孔隙度、ROL和光合作用等生理指标较高,在水培系统中的污水净化效果接近甚至优于菖蒲和芦苇,是构建人工湿地的优良植物。     

洱海流域44种湿地植物的氮磷含量特征

研究湿地植物中的氮和磷含量既能帮助了解其所处生境的营养状况,又能为湿地生态恢复提供指导。测定了洱海流域44种湿地植物干生物量中的氮、磷含量。结果表明洱海湿地植物中总氮和总磷平均含量为15.7 mg/g和3.3 mg/g,变化范围为6.4-34.3 mg/g和1.4-6.5 mg/g,明显高于其他地区;氮磷比范围为2.2-9.5,显示该地区磷过剩,氮是限制因子;不同功能群植物间的氮和磷含量有显著差异,总氮含量以沉水植物最高而挺水和漂浮/浮叶植物最低,而总磷含量则为湿生植物最高而沉水植物最低;植物的地上部分分别占有整株72%的生物量、82%的氮含量和75%的磷含量,表明收割湿地植物的地上部分可以高效去除湿地生态系统中的氮和磷。     

海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物多样性的初步研究

记录到海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物68种,其中软体动物39种,占记录到物种数的57.4%;甲壳动物19种,占记录到物种数的27.9%。冬季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺(Cerithidea cingulata )、古氏滩栖螺(Batillaria cumingi )和环肋樱蛤(Cyclotellina remies );夏季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺、环肋樱蛤和红肉河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula rubromuscula )。大型底栖动物的生物量夏季平均为133.0 g/m²,冬季平均为63.0 g/m²; 栖息密度夏季平均为106.4 个/m²,冬季平均为103.5 个/m²。以密度为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.841,冬季为0.380,均匀度指数夏季为0.514,冬季为0.112;以生物量为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.994,冬季为1.751, 均匀度指数夏季为0.556,冬季为0.520。大型底栖动物的生物量、栖息密度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数大都有季节变化及底质差异,基本趋势是夏季明显高于冬季,沙泥底的滩涂高于泥底质的滩涂。     

中国菰资源研究现状及应用前景

中国菰(Zizania latifolia(Griseb.)Turcz.ex Stapf)是一种多年生禾本科稻亚科稻族菰属挺水植物。研究表明,菰具有现代水稻栽培品种所需要的许多优良性状,在生态治理方面表现出应用潜力;菰米营养价值高于普通稻米,且兼具保健功效。菰的这些特性使其在水稻种质改良、重金属离子污染土壤治理以及功能性食品开发方面表现出诱人的前景。近年来,菰属植物的研究工作取得了一定的进展,主要涉及菰的起源进化、菰的经济价值、菰与生态环境的关系、菰遗传多样性分析、菰组学及育种应用等五方面。因文献报道的时间跨度大,涉及面广,目前未见详尽的有关该物种研究进展的专门论述。本文从上述5个方面进行总结,促进对菰的了解,为这种重要野生资源的研究、保护和开发利用提供借鉴,进而加速该物种的研究进程。     

植物组合及水体营养梯度对三种功能性植物生物量累积与分配的影响

设置4个营养水平(I: 0.5 mg N·L^-1, 0.1 mg P·L^-1; II: 1.5 mg N·L^-1, 0.3 mg P·L^-1; III: 4.5 mg N·L^-1, 0.9 mg P·L^-1; Ⅳ: 13.5 mg N·L^-1, 2.7 mg P·L^-1), 研究了水体营养水平、物种组合及其交互作用对入侵漂浮植物凤眼莲、本地扎根浮叶植物黄花水龙和沉水植物苦草生物量累积与分配的影响.结果表明：随营养水平的升高,4个营养水平的凤眼莲和黄花水龙单种和混种的总生物量及茎叶生物量都呈上升趋势,凤眼莲和黄花水龙的总生物量在Ⅲ、Ⅳ处理下平均比Ⅰ、Ⅱ处理下分别增加了54.47%和102.63%;不同植物组合下,苦草各部分生物量呈下降趋势,Ⅲ、Ⅳ处理的总生物量比Ⅰ、Ⅱ处理平均降低了45.88%;经双因素分析,水体营养水平对凤眼莲和黄花水龙生物量有极显著的正影响（P<0.01）,对苦草生物量有极显著的负影响（P<0.01）;而植物组合的影响随目标植物的不 同呈现出差异.     

Floating mats: their occurrence and influence on shoreline distribution of emergent vegetation

1. A study was conducted on the northern shore of Lake Victoria (Uganda) to determine the factors controlling the occurrence of floating root mats and the influence of the floating mats on the distribution of emergent vegetation. 2. Environmental conditions within 78 bays in the study area were characterised using bay size, wave exposure, water depth, littoral slope, sediment characteristics and water level fluctuations. Emergent plants that form floating root mats occur along the shores of these bays. The way in which commonly occurring shoreline vegetation was distributed across a wave‐exposure gradient was compared with their distribution across a water level fluctuation gradient. 3. Results suggested that wind–wave action and water level fluctuations are important factors determining the occurrence of floating mats. Mat‐forming plants occur in the most sheltered locations along the shore and in waterbodies with modest water level fluctuations. 4. The ability to form mats facilitated the lakeward expansion of emergent plants. Plants forming floating root mats had a larger depth range than non‐mat forming plants. 5. The initiation mechanisms for the floating mats of emergent vegetation in Lake Victoria appear to be: (i) invasion of mats of free‐floating plants by emergent vegetation; and (ii) detachment of emergent plants from the lake bed following flooding. 6. The formation of floating mats comes with a cost and benefit to emergent plants. The cost is increased vulnerability to damage by water level fluctuations or wind–wave action, leading to reduced horizontal distribution. The benefit is that deep flooding is avoided, thus increasing vertical distribution. The net effect may be to lead to dominance of mat‐forming plants in low‐energy environments and non‐mat‐forming plants in high‐energy environments.     

长江中游浅水湖泊水生植物氮磷含量与水柱营养的关系

水生植物组织内氮和磷(N和P)含量受到水体营养状况和植物生长状况影响。对长江中游江汉湖群不同营养水平湖泊中大型水生植物的N和P含量3个季度的研究表明,在不同生活型水生植物中,沉水植物主要分布在中营养到中富营养湖泊中,在富营养湖泊均无分布,浮叶和挺水植物在不同营养类型湖泊的沿岸带均有分布。N和P含量以沉水植物最高,浮叶植物次之,挺水植物最低。水生植物的N和P含量都达到或超过生长所需最低N和P阈值,代表性浮叶植物和沉水植物的N和P含量随着湖泊营养水平提高呈现规律性变化。湖泊5种常见的水生植物N和P含量与水柱中不同种类N和P浓度具有季节性相关:菱(TrapabispinosaRoxb.)春夏季P含量都与TP(总磷)和TDP(总溶解磷)明显相关,春季N含量与NH4—N(氨氮)明显相关;春季黄丝草(PotamogetonmaackianusA.Benn.)的P含量与TP明显相关,夏季与TDP明显相关,春季和夏季黄丝草和穗花狐尾藻(MyriophyllumspicatumL.)的N含量与TN(总氮)和TDN(总溶解氮)显著正相关,秋季成负相关;夏季芦苇(PhragmitescommunisTrin.)P含量与TP和TDP显著相关;春季芦苇和香蒲(TyphaorientalisPresl.)N含量与NH4N和NO2N(亚硝态氮)显著相关。       

Water-holding capacity of a floating peat mat determines the survival and growth ofMenyanthes trifoliata L (bog bean) in an oligotrophic lake

Menyanthes trifoliata is a threatened and endangered species in Korea and USA. To assess the important ecological characteristics for its conservation and restoration, we measured the level of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the water, total N and C contents in the plants, and the water-holding capacity of the surrounding floating peat mat. These factors, which limit the success of aquatic macrophytes, were examined for their effects on the growth of this species. Leaflet areas and petiole lengths ranged from 6.1 cm² and 12.4 cm, respectively, at a water depth of 5 cm, to 22.7 cm² and 33.0 cm, respectively, at 40 cm. The peat mat was able to retain water at a depth of 5 to 45 cm. SRPs ranged from 10 to 46 ppb, while total C and N contents were between 0.62% (petiole) and 2.76% (leaf), and between 39.7% (petiole) and 43.8% (stem), respectively. The water-holding level was not correlated with SRP, and neither phosphorus nor nitrogen content affected plant growth. However, the capacity of the floating mat to hold water as the depth subsided was positively related to growth. This suggests that such mats are good tools for restoring populations ofM. trifoliata when materials with high water-holding capacities are used.     

Diatom ecology in the phyllosphere of the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.)

Epiphyton associated with thick, floating mats of the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) was studied at four sites in western Canada between 1985 and 1988. Maximum epiphyton abundance generally occurred in spring as biomass of the duckweed mat was increasing. Epiphytic biomass was low during summer and increased at some sites in autumn with mat decomposition. The community was composed mostly of diatoms and, during summer, photosynthetic bacteria. Species richness of the diatom flora was low, suggesting that duckweed mats are environments to which few species are adapted. Photosynthesis - irradiance curves indicated that duckweed epiphyton was not adapted to low light levels that occurred in the mat (< 1 % of ambient), suggesting they may survive via other means of nutrition. The mat phyllosphere was also characterized by wide spatial and temporal variation in temperature, and sharp vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and nutrients.     

Restoration of floating mat bog vegetation after eutrophication damages by improving water quality in a small pond

We studied vegetation changes in a small floating mat bog in Mizorogaike Pond (Kyoto, Japan), which had experienced a severe decrease in the number and area of hummocks caused by nutrient loading in the 1960s and 1970s, to examine whether reducing the extent of nutrient loading can restore degraded wetland vegetation. However, nutrient loading in the region has been minimized since the 1980s. We examined the distributions of hummocks and Sphagnum cuspidatum mats in 1980, 1988, and 2006, as well as nine major vascular plants that dominated the hollows on the floating mat in 1980 and 2006. The total area of normal hummocks formed by Sphagnum palustre increased from 5865.3 m² in 1980 to 5913.6 m² in 1988 and 8485.2 m² in 2006. The total area of the S. cuspidatum mats also changed, from 416.4 m² in 1980 to 322.3 m² in 1988 and 1012.5 m² in 2006. Examination of the spatial distribution patterns of major plants revealed that emergent plants decreased in the northern part of the mat, but increased in the southern part. Thus, the improved pond water quality was effective at restoring hummocks, although nutrient loading may have caused some irreversible changes in the wetland vegetation.     

Floating vegetation mats on a floodplain billabong in the Northern Territory of Australia

The floristics and physical structure of a floating mat of vegetation in the Finniss River area of the Northern Territory are described. During the dry season floating mats contain green productive vegetation when the adjacent flood plains are dry and many of the plants are withered. At this time insects are more abundant on the mats than on the adjacent flood plain. Some flood plain vertebrates appear to concentrate their activity on floating mats during the dry season. During the period 1963 to 1978 the area of floating mat in the Finniss River study area was greatly reduced, probably as a result of high densities of feral water buffalo (Bubalis bubalus).(Present address: c/o 38 Hardy Terrace, East Ivanhoe, Victoria 3079).(Present address: c/o 38 Hardy Terrace, East Ivanhoe, Victoria 3079).     

Nutrient removals by 21 aquatic plants for vertical free surface-flow (VFS) constructed wetland

An attempt was made to investigate the removal of high nutrient contents from polluted water. This study focused on the comparisons between nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates by area-based calculation and biomass-based calculation using various kinds of aquatic plants (18 emergent and 3 floating plants). Results showed that all floating plants performed maximum nutrient removal rates based on plant weight calculation while most emergent plants performed maximum nutrient removal rates based on planted area calculation. The reason is that the weights of rooted mass by emergent plants are heavier than their shoots, resulting to low nutrient removal efficiencies in terms of their total weight. The study suggests that the planted area and the plant's geometries (such as roots and shoots) should be considered for the effective design in aquatic plant treatment systems.     

Water quality assessment with simultaneous Landsat-5 TM at Manzala Lagoon,Egypt

This study aims at determining relationships between water quality parameters and radiance data from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM). Fortunately, water samples and the total biomass of aquatic plants were collected at the same time of acquired satellite image (September 1995). TM bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 and band ratios 3/1, 2/1, 2/4, and 3/4 were compared with in situ measurements and laboratory analysis of water samples. The water quality of interest included K⁺, Na⁺, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Salinity, depth, Secchi disc, and biomass of the aquatic plants (submerged, floating, and emergent). Correlation and regression models were developed between each of the water quality parameter measurements and the radiance of image data. Some water quality parameters were significantly correlated with TM radiance data. Subsequently, the regression models were used to prepare digital cartographic products depicting the water quality over the entire study area. This study constitutes the first effort to use Landsat TM data for mapping water quality parameters in all over the Egyptian lagoons.     

Wetland Restoration and Invasive Species: Apple snail (Pomacea insularum) Feeding on Native and Invasive Aquatic Plants

The apple snail Pomacea insularum is an aquatic invasive gastropod native to South America that has the potential to cause harm to aquatic ecosystems, wetland restoration, and agriculture. To predict the potential impact of this snail on aquatic ecosystems, we tested the feeding rate of P. insularum , under laboratory nonchoice experiments, for 3 species of invasive macrophytes and 13 species of native aquatic plants that are important for wetland restoration and health. High levels of consumption were recorded for four native species ( Ceratophyllum demersum , Hymenocallis liriosme , Ruppia maritima , and Sagittaria lancifolia ) and three invasive species ( Colocasia esculenta , Alternanthera philoxeroides , and Eichhornia crassipes ). In contrast, less than 10% of the biomass of Spartina alterniflora , Scirpus californicus , Thalia dealbata , and Typha latifolia was consumed by P. insularum over the test period. The palatability of macrophytes was negatively correlated with dry matter content, making our results generalizable to all regions where this invader may be present. Based on our results, wetland restoration in areas invaded by P. insularum should focus on emergent structural species with low palatability. Apple snails should not be considered as agents of biocontrol for invasive plants; although apple snails fed on invasive plants at a high rate, their consumption of many native species was even greater.     

江苏省湖泊水生植被的研究

 江苏为全国多湖泊的省份之一,水生植被十分繁茂。影响湖泊水生植被生长、分布的环境因素是多方面的,湖水深度与透明度的影响最为明显。江苏湖泊水生植被的组成植物隶属30科,48属,共62种,可区分为挺水、浮叶、漂浮及沉水四类生活型植物。它们的分布有一定的规律,在沿湖岸浅水处,形成挺水植物带,向湖心方向随着湖水变深,而为浮叶植物带、沉水植物带。漂浮植物因流动性大,通常不形成独立的植物带。各植物带内分别形成相应的植物群落,在两个植物带叠接处则形成混交的群落。江苏湖泊水生植被共有16个主要群落类型。本文对湖泊水生植被的经济用途作了较详细的讨论。