不同小鼠品系囊胚受体对C57BL/6胚胎干细胞种系嵌合效率的影响

目的考察不同品系的小鼠囊胚对C57BL/6胚胎干细胞种系嵌合效率的影响,进而提高通过在C57BL/6胚胎干细胞中同源重组制作基因打靶小鼠的效率。方法选取近交系B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J和BALB/c品系及封闭群ICR作为囊胚供体鼠,通过在TLX3、Ai3K和SL三个不同基因修饰ES细胞的种系嵌合实验中,平行比较三者的囊胚利用率、嵌合鼠获得效率以及种系遗传效率等三个方面,并进一步针对囊胚来源这一因素对效率的影响进行统计学分析。结果三种ES细胞均未能通过B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2J品系囊胚的注射获得种系遗传。而BALB/c品系与ICR品系相比,囊胚利用率明显低于ICR品系(P0.05);嵌合鼠获得效率方面,BALB/c与ICR相当(P=0.115);而种系遗传效率方面,BALB/c品系显著高于其他品系(P0.01)。结论 BALB/c品系在C57BL/6胚胎干细胞种系嵌合效率方面确实具有优势,然而,由于BALB/c囊胚较难获得,并且存在发育延迟和透明带脆性高等问题,而ICR品系在囊胚获得和利用方面的效率明显高于BABL/c,并且也可以支持C57BL/6胚胎干细胞的种系遗传,因此也是C57BL/6胚胎干细胞囊胚注射中较好的选择。     

不同品系小鼠在三种常见抑郁检测方法中的行为学表现

目的探讨4种不同品系小鼠在3种实验（空场实验、悬尾实验及强迫游泳实验）中的行为学差异,为抗抑郁新药研究中的实验动物选择提供参考。方法利用空场实验检测C57BL/6、BALB/c、ICR、和昆明小鼠的自主活动能力和对新奇环境的探索能力;利用悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验检测它们在应激刺激下的行为绝望状态。结果在空场实验中,BALB/c、ICR和昆明小鼠的运动总路程、运动速度和运动时间明显高于C57BL/6小鼠（P〈0.05）,ICR和昆明小鼠的直立次数也明显高于C57BL/6小鼠（P〈0.05）;悬尾实验C57BL/6小鼠的不动时间显著长于其他3种品系小鼠（P〈0.05）,但是4种品系小鼠在强迫游泳实验中的不动时间差异无显著性。结论 C57BL/6小鼠自发活动量低,对新奇环境的探索能力差,并且在急性应激刺激下容易造成行为绝望,因此C57BL/6小鼠可能适合作为急性应激抑郁模型动物。     

不同品系小鼠对代谢性高尿酸血症造模的影响

目的:分别以昆明种小鼠及ICR、C57BL/6J小鼠为研究对象,比较在复制高尿酸血症模型时可能的小鼠品系差异,并通过降尿酸药物别嘌呤醇与非布索坦验证选择降尿酸药物筛选时选用不同品系动物造模的影响。方法:采用不同剂量次黄嘌呤腹腔注射联用尿酸酶抑制剂氧嗪酸钾皮下注射给药,测定不同造模时段各品系小鼠血清尿酸值。结果:ICR、C57BL/6J小鼠对高尿酸血症造模耐受显著高于昆明种小鼠,在腹腔注射次黄嘌呤500mg/kg,皮下注射氧嗪酸钾300mg/kg时,才可获得稳定的可用于药物筛选的高尿酸血症模型。结论:选择高尿酸血症在体模型时,昆明种小鼠灵敏度高于ICR小鼠以及近交系的C57BL/6J小鼠。     

不同品系小鼠对代谢性高尿酸血症造模的影响

目的：分别以昆明种小鼠及ICR、C57BL/6J小鼠为研究对象,比较在复制高尿酸血症模型时可能的小鼠品系差异,并通过降尿酸药物别嘌呤醇与非布索坦验证选择降尿酸药物筛选时选用不同品系动物造模的影响。方法：采用不同剂量次黄嘌呤腹腔注射联用尿酸酶抑制剂氧嗪酸钾皮下注射给药,测定不同造模时段各品系小鼠血清尿酸值。结果：ICR、C57BL/6J小鼠对高尿酸血症造模耐受显著高于昆明种小鼠,在腹腔注射次黄嘌呤500mg/kg,皮下注射氧嗪酸钾300mg/kg时,才可获得稳定的可用于药物筛选的高尿酸血症模型。结论：选择高尿酸血症在体模型时,昆明种小鼠灵敏度高于ICR小鼠以及近交系的C57BL/6J小鼠。     

小鼠39个微卫星的PCR条件及其运用

目的探索小鼠基因组39个微卫星的PCR条件,评价微卫星在小鼠遗传检测中的运用.方法采用梯度法探索39个微卫星的PCR条件;选择本中心不同来源及引种时间的C57BL/6、BALB/c、DBA/2J、CBA/N、FVB/NJ、ICR共6个品系(8个组)小鼠,每组采用10只个体的鼠尾,提取DNA并混合成DNA池,用39个微卫星扩增后电泳观察、比较种系纯度.结果小鼠微卫星的PCR条件差异较大,Mg2+浓度多数在1.5 mmol/L左右,退火温度多数在59℃左右.在6个品系小鼠的39个微卫星位点中,C57BL/6、BALB/c、DBA/2J都是纯合的; 其余品系有1～3个杂合位点. BALB/c在D5Mitl68、D8Mit320、D13Mit262三个位点,DBA/2J在D14Mit205位点与数据库记录有差异.结论本研究为小鼠39个微卫星提供了候选的PCR条件,并对6个品系小鼠的微卫星概貌及微卫星的运用价值进行了探讨.     

一种新的近交系实验动物遗传监测方法及小鼠性别相关RAPD标记的发现

我们用21个10 bp的随机短引物对来自昆明、成都、上海、北京四个地方的BALB/c小鼠以及C57BL小鼠、昆明种小白鼠进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析,发现13个引物的扩增产物在BALB/c小鼠和C 57 BL小鼠中有差异,8个引物的扩增产物在BALB/c小鼠和昆明种小白鼠之间不同.在四个地方的BALB/c小鼠中,成都、上海、北京的BALB/c小鼠其遗传背景均一,而来自昆明的BALB/c小鼠中,有2只的4个引物的扩增产物不同于其它的BALB/c小鼠,表明这两只BALB/c小鼠可能曾发生过某种程度的遗传改变或污染。实验结果显示RAPD方法是一种有效的近交系实验动物遗传监测手段。实验中一个有趣的结果是,在OPG 2、OPE 4、OPE 9的扩增产物中,发现了严格的性别依赖的PAPD标记。OPE 9扩增产物中,凡雄性个体都有一条0.88 kb的标记.OPG 2、OPE 4则在所有的雄性个体中多扩增出一条约1.2 kb的带。通过交叉PCR扩增和斑点杂交证明OPG 2、OPE 4 得到的雄性特异性RAPD标记虽分子大小一致,但不具同源性。这些性别相关RAPD标记的染色体定位和性质分析正在进一步进行中.     

三个品系小鼠流感病毒气溶胶感染模型的比较

目的通过气雾攻击产生气溶胶的感染方式对三个品系的小鼠分别进行感染,比较三个品系小鼠在感染过程中的感染差异,从而对三个品系小鼠流感模型的特点进行分析,为流感发病机制的研究及疫苗和药物的开发选择合适的感染模型提供参考。方法选用A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)病毒株,采用气雾攻击的方法感染近交系C57BL/6、BALB/c和远交群ICR三个品系的小鼠,每日称小鼠体重,肉眼观察小鼠状态,分别于感染后3、7、14 d处死小鼠,取肺脏称其湿重,进行肺脏的病毒测定及病理观察。结果三个品系小鼠均可感染,其中C57BL/6小鼠的存活率低于其他两个品系,3 d的肺指数和病毒载量均明显高于ICR小鼠(P0.05),镜下病理结果显示较其他两个品系也更明显。BALB/c小鼠与其他两个品系小鼠相比,体重在后期的恢复最慢,存活率比C57BL/6高但比ICR低;肺指数和病毒载量与其他两个品系相比差异无显著性;镜下病理改变相似,但弱于C57BL/6强于ICR。ICR小鼠的发病进程与其他两个品系小鼠基本相似,但体重、存活率、肺指数、病毒载量及镜下病理改变等指标均弱于其他两个品系。结论三个品系小鼠均可建立流感气溶胶模型,但感染后的三个模型各有特点,在实验中可以根据不同的研究目的来选用合适的小鼠品系建立模型。     

两种玻璃化胚胎冷冻方法对不同品系小鼠胚胎冷冻效果比较

目的探讨EFS和DAP两种玻璃化冷冻方法对不同品系小鼠胚胎冷冻的效果。方法6个品系小鼠（KM、ICR、BALB／c、C57BL／6J、OB／OB、LAP／~TAOF59）的2-cell胚胎分别用EFS和DAP两种玻璃化冷冻方法进行冷冻和复苏,比较两种冷冻方法的胚胎复苏率和着床率。结果6个品系小鼠冷冻胚胎EFS方法的平均复苏率为69．97％（47．9％～83．6％）,DAP方法的平均复苏率47．23％（26．3％-76．7％）,EFS方法明显优于DAP方法。其中KM、ICR和BALB／c小鼠EFS方法的冷冻复苏率显著高于DAP方法（P〈0．01）;冻融胚胎移植后EFS方法的平均着床率27．23％（1．75％一45．0％）,DAP方法的平均着床率31．43％（7．0％一46．3％）。除KM、ICR小鼠外,其他4个品系小鼠的着床率DAP方法高于EFS方法。结论KM和ICR远交群小鼠胚胎适合用EFS方法冷冻保存;C57BL／6J、OB／OB、LAP／aTAOF59三个品系小鼠DAP方法优于EFS方法,但差异不大;BALB／c小鼠两种玻璃化冷冻方法的冻融胚胎着床率均较低,需进一步研究。     

水迷宫实验中三种品系小鼠学习记忆能力的比较

目的探讨三种品系小鼠在Morris水迷宫实验中的学习记忆能力差异,为与改善学习记忆能力相关新药研究的实验动物选择提供参考。方法选用C57BL/6小鼠、昆明种小鼠和ICR小鼠,进行定位航行实验(5d)、空间搜索实验(1d)和工作记忆实验(4d),考察其学习记忆能力。结果定位航行实验从第3天起C57BL/6小鼠的潜伏期明显小于昆明种小鼠和ICR小鼠(P0.01);空间搜索实验C57BL/6小鼠穿过原平台位置的次数、在原平台象限游程比率和时间比率均明显多于昆明种小鼠和ICR小鼠(P0.05);动物每天工作记忆实验的潜伏期随测试次数增加而缩短,C57BL/6小鼠缩短的较昆明种小鼠和ICR小鼠稍多。结论C57BL/6小鼠的空间参考记忆能力与工作记忆能力均优于昆明种小鼠和ICR小鼠,且非空间因素对其学习记忆能力的评价干扰较小,可作为优先选择的水迷宫实验动物。     

泼尼松龙致不同品系小鼠药源性证候的比较

目的研究糖皮质激素药物作用于不同品系小鼠后肾上腺皮质功能抑制程度及其诱导药源性证候的差异性。方法选用ICR、BALB/c、C57BL/6J、KM和裸小鼠5种小鼠为实验对象,采用泼尼松龙进行干预。每种小鼠16只,其中正常对照组8只,泼尼松龙组8只。以0.5 mg/(kg·d)泼尼松龙连续灌胃14 d,每日观测小鼠体重,在给药第14天,运用小鼠辨证论治实验方法学检测小鼠中医四诊信息,次日处死小鼠,取脾、胸腺称重并计算脏器指数;运用ELISA检测血清皮质酮和ACTH含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测肾上腺Star、Cyp11a1、Cyp21a1、Cyp11b1、Cyp11b2基因表达;运用Western blot方法检测肾上腺LDLR、SRBI、StAR蛋白表达。结果与各自对照组比较:1)0.5 mg/(kg·d)泼尼松龙给药后第7天起ICR小鼠体重显著下降(P<0.01);给药后第13天起BALB/c小鼠体重显著下降(P<0.01);给药后第5天起C57BL/6J小鼠体重显著下降(P<0.01);给药后第13天裸鼠体重显著下降(P<0.05)。2)泼尼松龙导致ICR小鼠抓力显著下降以及躯干平均温度显著降低(P<0.05)。3)泼尼松龙导致ICR小鼠和裸鼠脾重量显著下降(P<0.01)以及裸鼠脾指数下降(P<0.05),泼尼松龙导致ICR、C57BL/6J和KM小鼠胸腺重量和胸腺指数均显著下降(P<0.01)。4)泼尼松龙显著导致BALB/c与KM小鼠血清皮质酮下降(P<0.05),也显著引起BALB/c小鼠血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量下降(P<0.01)。5)泼尼松龙显著下调ICR小鼠肾上腺Cyp21a1基因表达(P<0.05),下调C57BL/6J小鼠Star基因表达(P<0.01),下调KM小鼠Cyp11a1、Cyp21a1基因表达(P<0.01),下调裸鼠Star与Cyp21a1基因表达(P<0.05);且泼尼松龙抑制ICR小鼠肾上腺LDLR蛋白表达以及KM小鼠肾上腺StAR蛋白表达。结论泼尼松龙造成的小鼠药源性虚证主要表现为"气虚",涉及中医"肾藏象"与"脾藏象",其物质基础以肾上腺皮质类固醇激素合成酶分子表达被抑制以及垂体-肾上腺皮质轴功能被抑制为主;开展糖皮质激素药源性虚证研究建议首选ICR小鼠。     

Strain differences of ether susceptibility in mice

The susceptibility to ether in the following six strains of mice was tested: C57BL/6, DBA/2, BALB/c, C3H/He, ICR and ddY. Mice of 4 weeks old were exposed to a flow of air containing various concentrations of ether for 90 min and the mortalities were assessed. The C57BL/6 strain was the most resistant and the C3H/He strain was the most sensitive to the lethal effect of ether. The susceptibilities of the closed colony mice, ICR and ddY, were intermediate between those of C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice. The DBA/2 and BALB/c strains were more sensitive than these closed colony mice and made up a sensitive group with the C3H/He strain. The LD50 values for ether in male mice of C57BL/6 and C3H/He were 6.0 and 3.1% atm, and in female mice of these strains were 6.6 and 3.2% atm, respectively. The ED50 value of ether which was accompanied by loss of righting reflex after exposure for 10 min was also higher in male C57BL/6 mice than in male C3H/He mice.     

Abnormal glucose metabolism in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-infected mice

Five strains of male and female mice were infected with salivary gland-passaged murine cytomegalovirus (SG-MCMV) intraperitoneally. Although none of them became hyperglycemic, 13-30% of BALB/c male and female, ICR/Slc male and female and C57BL/6J male mice had abnormal values in glucose tolerance tests (GTT) 14 to 30 day post infection. Serum insulin levels in BALB/c male mice were low and infective virus was detected in the pancreas during the acute phase of infection. Histopathology showed mild edematous changes with inflammatory cell infiltrations in the pancreas. Viral antigen was located in acinar cells and occasionally in beta cells by an immunofluorescence test.     

不同品系小鼠对实验感染念珠状链杆菌敏感性的观察

本文通过念珠状链杆菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｂａｃｉｌｕｓｍｏｎｉｌｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ,Ｓ．ｍ．）实验感染昆明、Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ、ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ、ＩＣＲ、ＮＩＨ、ＤＢＡ共６个品系小鼠,观察其对Ｓ．ｍ．敏感性的差异。其中昆明、Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ两个品系在腹腔接种后表现出明显的临床、病理改变。昆明小鼠发病率和死亡率分别为９２％和８０％;Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ分别是８０％和１２％。昆明小鼠较之Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠起病急、病情严重,多数动物死于感染的急性期。其余品系的发病率为：ＮＩＨ８％、ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ和ＤＢＡ４％,没有动物死亡;ＩＣＲ在接种后无任何临床病理改变。在实验感染后临床病理改变方面,昆明小鼠和Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠间有较大不同。昆明小鼠以末梢血管淤血、四肢尾部水肿、关节炎、截瘫、腹泻为主,而Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠则以注射部位和其它部位皮下脓肿、化脓性关节炎为主。本研究提示,中国昆明小鼠对Ｓ．ｍ．敏感性最高,可以将其作为“哨兵动物”用于实验大鼠Ｓ．ｍ．的常规监测;不同品系小鼠不仅对实验感染Ｓ．ｍ．的敏感性不同,而且表现出不同的临床病理改变。     

Genotype-dependent mice behavior in cognitive tasks. Effect of noopept

The interstrain differences in performance of C57BL/6J, BALB/c and DBA/2J male mice in two cognitive tasks were found. Mice C57BL/6J showed good learning ability and preservation of memory traces tested 10 days after performance in a simplified version of Morris water maze. Mice BALB/c learned the task but, virtually, no long-term memory traces were revealed, whereas DBA/2J demonstrated poor learning. The effect of nootropic drug Noopept (GVS-111, N-phenil-acetyl-L-prolylglycin ethyl ether) was shown to be genotype-dependent. Its administration (0.5 mg/kg i.p., 15 min before learning) improved the long-term memory in Morris test in BALB/c mice but failed to produce any improvement in C57BL/6J. The ability of mice for extrapolation of the direction of stimulus movement differently changed after Noopept injections: the proportion of correct task solutions increased in C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice, whereas the performance of DBA/2J did not change.     

Behavior of mice from different strains: modifications produced by noopept

Genotype-dependent behavioral effects were demonstrated in BALB/c, C57BL/6J [Russian character: see text] DBA/2J mice after injections of nootropic drug Noopept. In an elevated plus maze, drug administration induced an increase in the number of enterings into bright arms in BALB/c mice, whereas the opposite effect was observed in C57BL/6J. After the Noopept administration, animals from all the three strains increased the number of active avoidance reactions in stress-inducing slip-funnel test. A significant intensification of exploration behavior was observed in a closed plus-maze in BALB/c and C57BL/6J. The Noopept affected weakly or had no effect on the behavior of DBA/2J mice.     

Strain differences in histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80 or A23187

Strain differences among BALB/c, BDF1, CDF1, C3 H/He, C57 BL/6, DBA/2, ddy and ICR mice were investigated with respect to the ratios of histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80, a Ca2+ dependent histamine releaser, and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. The ratios of histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80 were found to be high in BALB/c, ddY and ICR mice, but low in BDF1, CDF1, C3 H/He, C57 BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Those induced by Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were high in BALB/c, BDF1, CDF1, C3 H/He, DBA2, ddy and ICR mice but low in C57 BL/6 mice. These results indicate that differences in histamine release from mouse peritoneal mast cells are strain dependent.     

Susceptibility of several strains of mice to Echinostoma hortense infection

Susceptibilities of 5 different mice strains, including C3H/HeN, BALB/c, C57BL6, FvB and ICR, to Echinostoma hortense infection, was evaluated. The worm expulsion rate, worm size and egg production were observed from 1 to 8 weeks after infection with 30 metacercariae. C3H/HeN and ICR mice showed the highest worm maturation rates. The worm recovery rate and the number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was also higher in C3H/HeN and ICR mice than in BALB/c, C57BL6, and FvB mice. It is suggested that E. hortense is highly infectious to ICR and C3H/HeN mice, but not to the other strains of mice. Based on the results obtained, we believe that the susceptibility of different mouse strains to E. hortense infection is dependent on the genetic and immunologic background of mice.     

The reproductive performance of XX/XY male chimeric mice

The reproductive performance of male aggregation chimeric mice was examined. C57BL/6 in equilibrium BALB/c male chimeras and control animals, C57BL/6, BALB/c, and their reciprocal F1 crosses, were mated with ICR females. Of 45 overt chimeras, 13 produced mixed-genotype progenies and were revealed to be XY/XY chimeras. By karyotype analysis 16 of 32 single-genotype progeny chimeras were determined to be XX/XY chimeras, but the remaining single-genotype progeny chimeras showed only XY metaphase plates, so that their chromosomal sex could not be determined. The mean litter size of C57BL/6 was significantly higher than that of BALB/c. In contrast, the birth rate of C57BL/6 was lower than that of BALB/c. XY/XY chimeras showed almost the same performance as C57BL/6 for litter size and as BALB/c for birth rate. There were no significant differences for both traits between the reciprocal F1 crosses and XY/XY chimeras. The mean litter size of XX/XY chimeras was lower than that of XY/XY chimeras and the differences was statistically significant. Some XX/XY chimeras had very small testes, while XY/XY chimeras had normal testes. Such results indicate that the reproductive performance of XX/XY male chimeras is inferior to that of XY/XY males.