变态反应性支气管肺曲霉病临床特点探讨

目的分析变态反应性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA)的临床特征,以期早期诊断,合理治疗及预防。方法回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2009年6月至2011年7月收治的13例ABPA患者的临床资料,所有患者均依照目前通用的ABPA诊断标准进行诊断,分析其临床表现,影像学特征,治疗方案及疗效等。结果 ABPA好发于中老年患者,且都好发支气管扩张及哮喘患者。13例ABPA患者均有咳嗽,咳痰,8例气喘,4例发热,9例肺部可闻及哮鸣音。13例ABPA患者中有12例CT检查发现囊状或静脉曲张样中心性支气管扩张和支气管粘液栓形成及树芽征为主要特点的小叶中心结节形成。总IgE升高12例,嗜酸粒细胞绝对值升高6例,烟曲菌特异性IgE升高10例。12例接受激素及抗真菌药物治疗,均达到临床症状好转。结论 ABPA临床表现缺乏特异性,为提高对ABPA的认识,对可疑患者早期进行外周血嗜酸性粒细胞数、血清总IgE、烟曲霉菌特异性IgE、肺部CT等检查以确诊,糖皮质激素及伊曲康唑治疗ABPA能取得良好的疗效。     

血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液GM试验对非粒细胞缺乏患者不同类型肺曲霉病的诊断价值分析CSCD

目的探讨血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)GM试验在不同类型肺曲霉病中的诊断价值,并确定BALF GM试验对常见肺曲霉病的最优cut-off值。方法收集2017年1月至2021年3月在重庆医科大学附属第一医院诊断为肺曲霉病且同时送检过血清和BALF GM试验的非粒细胞缺乏患者资料146例,其中侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)97例,慢性肺曲霉病(chronic pulmonary aspergillosis,CPA)39例,变应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,ABPA)10例;并随机选取132例同时期患有其他类型肺部疾病者作为对照组。统计分析血清和BALF GM试验对不同类型肺曲霉病的诊断性能。结果在非粒细胞缺乏患者中,BALF GM试验对IPA和CPA诊断的最优cut-off值分别为1.0和0.91,敏感性分别为74.2%和74.4%,特异性分别为83.3%和81.1%,但对ABPA的诊断作用有限(AUC=0.648);在cut-off值为0.5时,血清GM试验对IPA和CPA的诊断敏感性分别为41.2%和10.3%,对ABPA的诊断价值较差(AUC<0.5)。结论在非粒细胞缺乏患者中,BALF GM试验对IPA和CPA的诊断均有良好辅助诊断作用,但对ABPA的诊断作用有限;血清GM试验对IPA和CPA的诊断敏感性较低,对ABPA的诊断价值更差。     

肺曲霉病40例的临床分析

目的：探讨肺曲霉病的临床表现、影像学特点、诊断和治疗,以提高对本病的认识。方法：回顾性分析本院2002年1月-2009年4月经病理确诊为肺曲霉病住院患者40例,总结其临床表现、影像学特点、诊断及治疗情况。结果：40例肺曲霉病患者中,曲菌球23例、侵袭性肺曲霉病17例。合并有基础疾病者36例（90．0％）：其中,肺结核15例（37．5％）,支气管扩张6例（15．0％）。肺曲霉病的主要症状为咳嗽32例（80．0％）,咳痰25例（62．5％）,咯血24例（60．0％0。影像学表现多样,肿块结节型23例（57．5％）,渗出型12例（30．0％）空洞样病灶12例（30．0％）,“洞中球征”和“晕征”各8例（20．0％）。所有病例均经过病理检出,手术切除后病理检出26例（65．0％）,纤维支气管镜下活检栓出12例（30．0％）,CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检检出2例。本组病例中,26倒在病理诊断前被初诊误诊,误诊率高达65．0％,初诊为肺结核13例（32．5％）,肺癌8例（20．0％）,细菌感染3例,支气管扩张并感染2例。26例（65．0％）经外科手术切除,随访均无复发;10例（25．O％）经抗真菌药物治疗,9例痊愈或显效。结论：肺曲霉病多继发于肺部基础疾病,临床表现以咳嗽、咳痰、反复间断咯血为主,缺乏特异性;影像学表现复杂多样。曲菌球和侵袭性肺曲霉病的发病危险因素、临床表现、影像学以及治疗方法均有不同。肺曲霉病误诊率高,确诊有赖于组织病理学;外科治疗和抗真菌药物治疗有较好的疗效。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的病理生理特点及其诊断策略

近年来,慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者侵袭性肺曲霉病的发病率不断上升,早期诊断对改善临床预后极为重要。慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支气管-肺功能和结构损害,并经常接受激素治疗等特点导致患者合并侵袭性肺曲霉病时临床和CT表现不典型,有关侵袭性肺曲霉病的实验室诊断敏感性和(或)特异性降低,给诊断带来了困难。本文试从慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并侵袭性肺曲霉病的病理生理特点入手探讨其诊断上的一些问题。     

慢性肺曲霉菌病55例临床分析

目的分析慢性肺曲霉菌病(CPA)临床特点,为诊断和治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析55例临床诊断CPA患者的临床资料、影像学特征及实验室检查。结果在诊断为CPA55例患者中,34例诊断为慢性空洞性肺曲霉病,15例亚急性侵袭性肺曲霉菌病,4例单纯性肺曲霉菌球,2例曲霉菌结节。在CPA患者中合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病29例(52.7%),恶性肿瘤6例(10.9%)、肺结核5例(9.1%)、哮喘4例(7.3%)、支气管扩张4例(7.3%)、间质性肺疾病1例(1.8%)。CPA患者最常见症状是咳嗽(94.5%)、咳痰(81.8%)、咯血(54.5%)和发热(36.4%)。最常见胸部CT扫描异常是空腔(96.4%)、结节(63.6%)、渗出或实变(7.3%)和胸膜增厚(5.5%)。结论 CPA患者多合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病、恶性肿瘤、肺结核、哮喘、支气管扩张、间质性肺疾病,慢性空洞性肺曲霉病是CPA患者最常见的类型。积极寻找病原学和影像学证据,必要时行肺穿刺及肺切除手术,尽早开始抗真菌治疗,改善CPA患者的预后。     

侵袭性肺曲霉病10例临床分析

目的:提高对侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的认识,早期诊断、早期治疗.方法:回顾性对我院10例侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床资料并进行分析.结果:10例患者均符合侵袭性肺曲霉病的诊断,6例患者通过纤支镜活检确诊,4例通过刷检及痰培养结果临床诊断,纤支镜下主要表现为粘膜充血水肿、息肉样肿物或伪膜性气道支气管炎,经伊曲康唑口服治疗,10例患者均能达到临床治愈.结论:侵袭性肺曲霉病症状不典型,纤支镜检查对早期诊断有重要意义,对于轻中症患者,伊曲康唑口服治疗经济有效.     

18例肺曲霉病临床分析

目的提高对肺曲霉病的认识。方法对诊断为肺曲霉病的18例病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果83%的肺曲霉病患者伴有基础疾病;有临床症状者占89%;胸部影像表现为：以右肺为主,多见于上叶,且多分布于外周;大叶性肺炎型占17%,肺曲霉球型占50%,结节或肿块型占33%,支气管肺炎型占6%,双肺弥漫病变型占22%,且有22%合并胸腔积液;组织病理学发现呈约45°分支和有隔膜的曲霉菌丝;50%患者行肺叶切除术,术后应用抗真菌药物,50%患者仅接受抗真菌药物治疗;89%的患者治愈或好转,11%死亡。结论肺曲霉病患者多有基础疾病;部分类型有典型影像学改变;诊断需结合既往病史、临床表现和胸部影像表现及相关实验室检查,确诊有赖于组织病理学检查;治疗主要是药物,部分可手术。     

肺部CT联合血清半乳甘露聚糖实验在白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病诊断及疗效评价中的应用

目的探讨肺部CT联合血清半乳甘露聚糖实验在白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病诊断及疗效评价中的应用价值。方法对我院2010年1月~2012年12月期间,收集临床诊断为IPA的白血病患者25例,回顾性分析其CT影像和GM实验。结果 CT表现出现结节及晕征17例,出现楔形实变影3例,弥漫分布粟粒或小结节模糊影4例;1例表现为两肺散在斑片影伴周围"卫星灶"。15例抗真菌治疗有效,治疗过程中GM值降低至正常;8例进展、GM值升高,之后调整抗真菌治疗方案有效、GM值降低;2例患者感染无法控制,GM值上升或虽有下降但一直处于阳性水平。结论肺部CT检查联合血清半乳甘露聚糖(GM)实验可监测临床诊断侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)的疗效。     

伊曲康唑序贯治疗肺曲霉球感染1例

肺曲霉感染分为侵袭性曲霉病、半侵袭性曲霉病(包括过敏性支气管肺曲霉病和过敏性肺炎)、过敏性曲霉病和曲霉球等4型[1]。肺曲霉球是寄生型的肺曲霉感染,大多寄生在肺结核、支气管扩张、肺囊肿、慢性肺脓肿、肺癌等的空洞或空腔内。1资料与方法1.1临床资料患者,女,53岁。患者20余年前因全身关节疼痛就诊,外院诊断为“系统性红斑狼疮”,长期服用激素治疗,最多时服用泼尼松40mg。此后患者逐渐出现双手手指、左肘关节、双膝关节肿胀畸形,又诊断为“系统性红斑狼疮合并类风湿关节炎”,予泼尼松 硫唑嘌呤 氯喹治疗。本次又因“双手关节疼痛伴恶心…     

肺淋巴瘤的CT表现

目的：肺部淋巴瘤可为原发,亦可为其他部位淋巴瘤的肺部浸润,临床上很少见。准确的影像学诊断对于采取及时的治疗措施具有重要意义,然而该病影像学表现复杂多变,容易与多种其他肺部病变混淆,以往文献对于肺部淋巴瘤的CT影像特征性表现报道不多,本文旨在探讨肺部淋巴瘤的特征性CT表现,以提高该痛影像诊断的准确率。方法：回顾性分析17例病理证实的肺淋巴瘤患者CT资料,分析特征性影像表现。结果：17例中多发者13例,单发者4例。叶段性或斑片状实变影13例,多发结节影13例,肿块状实变影8例,具有两种以上病灶的12例。特征性的征象有：病灶密度均匀（88．2％,15／17）、病灶边缘模糊（82．3％,14／17）、支气管气相（64．7％,11／17）、支气管血管柬增厚（58．8％,10／17）和CT血管造影征（41．2％,7／17）,对诊断有较大意义。结论：肺部淋巴瘤CT表现以多发、多形态病变居多,具有一定特征性影像表现,密度均匀、边缘模糊的实变、团块或结节影,具有支气管气相、支气管血管束增厚、增强扫描可见CT血管造影征等表现可高度提示本病的可能,结合病史、临床表现以及实验室检查,可提高本病的诊断准确率,对于及时开展有效的治疗措施、改善患者预后具有重要的临床意义。     

Diagnosis and treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare form of asthma that is most common in corticosteroid-dependent asthmatic patients and cystic fibrosis patients. It is caused by an abnormal T-helper class 2 response of the host to Aspergillus antigens. Although signs and symptoms of typical asthma are usually present with ABPA, unusual features such as fever, expectoration of brown plugs, and central bronchiectasis with or without mucoid impaction on chest radiographs may be present. ABPA is important to diagnose because inadequate therapy may lead to permanent lung destruction. Corticosteroids are the drug of choice for ABPA; however, the doses required are often greater than for routine asthma and corticosteroid dependence is not unusual. Azole therapy appears to have an adjunctive role in treatment in terms of improving signs and symptoms of the disease and demonstrating a corticosteroid-sparing effect.     

Recurrence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis after adjunctive surgery for aspergilloma: a case report with long-term follow-up

Background

Coexistence of aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) has rarely been reported. Although the treatment for ABPA includes administration of corticosteroids and antifungal agents, little is known about the treatment for coexisting aspergilloma and ABPA. Furthermore, the impact of surgical resection for aspergilloma on ABPA is not fully understood. Here, we present an interesting case of recurrent ABPA with long-term follow-up after surgical resection of aspergilloma.

Case presentation

A 53-year-old man with a medical history of tuberculosis was referred to our hospital with cough and dyspnea. Imaging revealed multiple cavitary lesions in the right upper lobe of the lung, with a fungus ball and mucoid impaction. The eosinophil count, total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), and Aspergillus-specific IgE levels were elevated. Specimens collected on bronchoscopy revealed fungal filaments compatible with Aspergillus species. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of ABPA with concomitant aspergilloma was made. Although treatment with corticosteroids and antifungal agents was administered, the patient’s respiratory symptoms persisted. Therefore, he underwent lobectomy of the right upper lobe, which resulted in a stable condition without the need for medication. Twenty-three months after discontinuation of medical treatment, his respiratory symptoms gradually worsened with a recurrence of elevated eosinophil count and total serum IgE. Imaging revealed recurrent bronchiectasis and cavities with mucoid impaction in the right lower lobe, suggesting relapse of aspergilloma and ABPA. Corticosteroids and antifungal agents were re-administered; aspergilloma improved slightly over a 5-year period, and ABPA remained well controlled with low-dose prednisolone (5?mg/day).

Conclusions

We describe the long-term follow-up outcomes of a patient with concomitant ABPA and aspergilloma, who underwent surgical resection for aspergilloma. Physicians should carefully monitor patients with coexisting ABPA and aspergilloma, as the condition may relapse after remission, even despite surgical resection for aspergilloma. Additionally, surgical resection for aspergilloma could result in resolution of ABPA.

     

7例肺类癌的CT影像报道及文献复习

目的:分析肺类癌的CT影像表现,结合文献复习以提高对该病的认识。方法:回顾性分析7例经病理证实的肺类癌的CT表现,其中3例行胸部CT平扫检查,4例行胸部CT平扫及增强扫描。结果:7例患者中有6例为典型类癌,1例为非典型类癌。6例典型类癌中:1例为微瘤型类癌,表现为右侧肺门旁支气管扩张、结石及条片状影;1例为硬化性血管瘤合并类癌,表现为右侧肺门旁肿块,边缘较光整,伴晕征;2例为右侧肺门旁肿块,边缘光整,明显强化,伴有邻近支气管扩张或支气管粘液嵌塞、远端伴阻塞性肺不张或肺炎改变;2例表现为肺内孤立小结节,边缘光整,无强化。1例非典型类癌表现为不均匀强化的右肺门旁肿块,伴右肺门、纵隔淋巴结转移。结论:肺类癌的CT影像表现多样,典型病例的CT表现具有一定的特征性。     

支气管扩张症的X线平片、CT和HRCT对照分析

目的:对支气管扩张的X线平片、CT和HRCT表现做一对比分析,以提高诊疗水平。方法:取病理证实支扩20例,分别摄有胸正侧位片,常规CT扫描和HRCT扫描。HRCT选薄层,大矩阵和高分辨率算法。结果:显示X光平片漏诊率高(8/20),特异性低(3/20)。CT较平片显示肺“盲区”效果好,有粘液嵌塞者,常规CT像上有时不易与血管性病变鉴别,HRCT可显示部分含气的支气管腔存在。结论:HRCT扫描诊断支扩特异性高,可与支气管造影相媲美,它不仅显示支扩范围、程度和部位。还能显示小叶中央性改变。常规CT较平片显示率高。     

An alternate method of classifying allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis based on high-attenuation mucus

Background and Aim

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is classified radiologically based on the findings of central bronchiectasis (CB) and other radiologic features (ORF). However, the long-term clinical significance of these classifications remains unknown. We hypothesized that the immunological activity and outcomes of ABPA could be predicted on HRCT chest finding of high-attenuation mucus (HAM), a marker of inflammatory activity. In this study, we evaluate the severity and clinical outcomes of ABPA with different radiological classifications.

Methods

Patients were classified based on CT chest findings as: (a) serologic ABPA (ABPA-S) and ABPA-CB; (b) ABPA-S, ABPA-CB, and ABPA-CB-ORF; and, (c) ABPA-S, ABPA-CB and ABPA-CB-HAM. The clinical, spirometric and serological (total and A fumigatus specific IgE levels, eosinophil count) severity of the disease and clinical outcomes in various classifications were analyzed.

Results

Of the 234 (123 males, 111 females; mean age, 34.1 years) patients, 55 (23.5%) had normal HRCT, 179 (76.5%) had CB, 49 (20.9%) had HAM, and 27 (11.5%) had ORF. All immunological markers were consistently higher in the HAM classification, while in other classifications these findings were inconsistent. On multivariate analysis, the factors predicting frequent relapses were presence of HAM (OR 7.38; 95% CI, 3.21–17.0) and CB (OR 3.93; 95% CI, 1.63–9.48) after adjusting for ORF.

Conclusions

The classification scheme based on HAM most consistently predicts immunological severity in ABPA. Central bronchiectasis and HAM are independent predictors of recurrent relapses in ABPA. Hence, HAM should be employed in the radiological classification of ABPA.     

结核后支气管扩张的临床特征及危险因素

摘要 目的：探讨结核后支气管扩张的临床特征，并阐述相关危险因素。方法：2020年6月到2022年1月选择在本院诊治的支气管扩张患者113例作为研究对象，其中结核后支气管扩张51例（合并组），非结核后支气管扩张62例（非合并组），调查所有患者的临床特征，并进行血液学、肺功能与影像学检查。结果：合并组的血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）含量明显高于非合并组，血清白蛋白（ALB）、血清总蛋白（TP）含量明显低于非合并组（P<0.05）。合并组的第一秒用力肺活量（FEV₁）、FEV₁/用力呼气容积（FVC）%明显低于非合并组（P<0.05）。合并组的斑片渗出影、"树芽征"、胸腔积液、"马赛克征"等CT特征占比分别为84.3 %、72.5 %、70.6 %、62.7 %，明显高于非合并组的35.5 %、33.9 %、37.1 %、40.3 %（P<0.05）。在113例患者中，Spearsman分析显示体重指数、CRP、支气管扩张病程、ALB与结核后支气管扩张的发生存在相关性（P<0.05）。二元Logistic回归模型分析显示体重指数、CRP、支气管扩张病程、ALB都为导致结核后支气管扩张发生的重要因素（P<0.05）。结论：结核后支气管扩张比较常见，可导致患者出现营养不良与肺功能下降，也使得肺部影像学特征发生改变，体重指数、CRP、支气管扩张病程、血清ALB都为导致结核后支气管扩张发生的重要因素。     

Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis with Aspergilloma: An Immunologically Severe Disease with Poor Outcome

Background and Aims

The association between allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and aspergilloma has been proposed as a severe form of ABPA. However, this conclusion is based on single-patient case reports. In this study, we describe the clinical details and immunological findings of this association and compare patients of ABPA with aspergilloma and those without.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of data of patients with ABPA managed in the Chest Clinic. We compared the clinical, radiological and immunological profile of patients with ABPA and central bronchiectasis, with and without the presence of aspergilloma on HRCT scan.

Results

There were 98 men and 81 women with a mean (SD) age of 33.6 (12.2) years. Eight patients were diagnosed to have aspergilloma. Sputum cultures grew Aspergillus fumigatus in all these eight patients. The aspergilloma was solitary in six patients, and two each in two patients. Patients with aspergilloma had higher IgE levels (both total and A. fumigatus specific) than those without aspergilloma. Bronchiectasis was also more extensive in patients with aspergilloma. Overall, 70?% of the ABPA patients experienced relapse during the median (interquartile range) follow-up of 27 (19?C39) months. The number of relapses was significantly higher in patients with aspergilloma (p?=?0.0001). On a multivariate linear regression analysis, high-attenuation mucus and aspergilloma were independent predictors of relapse frequency.

Conclusions

The concurrent presentation of ABPA and aspergilloma is associated with an immunologically severe disease and risk of recurrent relapses.     

Influence of nutrient media on the chemical composition of the exopolysaccharide from mucoid and non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Two mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and their non-mucoid revertants isolated from two different clinical origins (cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis) were grown in various chemically defined media. The extracted exopolysaccharide was characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The exopolysaccharide was always heterogeneous, with an alginate fraction and a neutral fraction essentially composed of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and hexosamines. The alginate composition (mannuronate/guluronate ratio and O-acetylation degree) changed according to the carbon source in nutrient media and whether the strains tested were responding differently to these environmental stimuli. In all cases, the best carbon source for the alginate production was glycerol: the two cystic fibrosis strains produced a predominantly O-acetylated alginate whereas only the mucoid bronchiectasis strain produced a polymannuronate exopolysaccharide.     

Glycosaminoglycans in the bronchial mucus of patients with chronic bronchitis and mucoid impaction of the bronchus

Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from mucus of patients with chronic bronchitis and mucoid impaction of the bronchus, whose contents were approximately 56 mumoles and 80 mumoles of hexosamine per g of dry weight of mucus respectively. Electrophoretic and chemical characterization and enzymatic susceptibility demonstrated that the glycosaminoglycans in mucus from both groups of the patients contained hyaluronic acid as the main constituent, with undersulphated chondroitin as a minor component. In addition, in mucus from the patient with mucoid impaction of the bronchus chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate or heparan sulphate-like substance were identified.     

18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose focal uptake in very small pulmonary nodules: fact or artifact? Case reports

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography integrated/combined with computed tomography (PET-CT) provides the best diagnostic results in the metabolic characterization of undetermined solid pulmonary nodules. The diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG is similar for nodules measuring at least 1 cm and for larger masses, but few data exist for nodules smaller than 1 cm. CASE PRESENTATION: We report five cases of oncologic patients showing focal lung 18F-FDG uptake on PET-CT in nodules smaller than 1 cm. We also discuss the most common causes of 18F-FDG false-positive and false-negative results in the pulmonary parenchyma. In patient 1, contrast-enhanced CT performed 10 days before PET-CT did not show any abnormality in the site of uptake; in patient 2, high-resolution CT performed 1 month after PET showed a bronchiole filled with dense material interpreted as a mucoid impaction; in patient 3, contrast-enhanced CT performed 15 days before PET-CT did not identify any nodules; in patients 4 and 5, contrast-enhanced CT revealed a nodule smaller than 1 cm which could not be characterized. The 18F-FDG uptake at follow-up confirmed the malignant nature of pulmonary nodules smaller than 1 cm which were undetectable, misinterpreted, not recognized or undetermined at contrast-enhanced CT. CONCLUSION: In all five oncologic patients, 18F-FDG was able to metabolically characterize as malignant those nodules smaller than 1 cm, underlining that: 18F-FDG uptake is not only a function of tumor size but it is strongly related to the tumor biology; functional alterations may precede morphologic abnormalities. In the oncologic population, especially in higher-risk patients, PET can be performed even when the nodules are smaller than 1 cm, because it might give an earlier characterization and, sometimes, could guide in the identification of alterations missed on CT.