PBL教学法在肾科临床见习中的应用

目的：探讨以问题为基础的教学法（Problem Based learning,PBL）在肾科临床见习教学中的应用价值。方法：首都医科大学宣武医院63名参加内科学肾脏病临床见习的七年制学生随机分成对照组和观察组,对照组采用传统的基于授课的教学法进行教学,观察组用PBL教学法进行教学,比较2组学习成绩的差异;向学生发放问卷调查,调查学生对2种教学方法的认可程度。结果：2组学生的填空题、选择题及简答题成绩比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;观察组病例分析题成绩好于对照组（P=0.001）;培养临床思维、激发学习兴趣方面和自主学习能力方面PBL教学法优于传统教学法（P〈0.01）。结论：PBL教学法有助于学生临床思维和临床技能的培养,从而使教学质量得到提高。     

PBL教学法在神经病学本科临床见习教学中的应用

目的探讨以问题为基础的教学法(PBL)在神经病学本科临床见习教学中的应用效果。方法将我校2014级临床医学专业51名本科生随机分为实验组(25名)与对照组(26名)。实验组采用PBL方法,对照组采用传统讲授式教学方法。比较两组的理论考试和病历分析成绩,调查实验组学生对新教学方法的评价。结果两组理论成绩评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=9.760,P0.05)。实验组病案分析评分明显高于对照组(t=1.214,P0.05);实验组中,23名学生更喜欢新的教学方法。结论与传统的教学模式相比,PBL可以激发学生的学习兴趣,更好地培养学生的临床思维能力。     

PBL联合CBL在普通外科临床见习中的应用

目的:探讨以问题为基础的教学法(problem based learning,PBL)和案例教学法(case based learning,CBL)在普通外科临床见习中的应用。方法:根据接受教学方式不同,将学生分为PBL联合CBL教学组及传统教学组,以不记名方式进行问卷调查,了解学生对PBL联合CBL教学的意见和建议,并进行统一测试评判2种方式的教学效果。结果:超过80%的学生认为PBL联合CBL教学效果显著,特别有利于提高学习效率及临床思维的培养。统一测试发现联合教学组成绩明显高于传统教学组(P0.01)。结论:PBL联合CBL是普通外科临床见习中值得推广的教学方式。     

CBL-PBL整合教学法在颈椎病临床见习教学中的应用

目的评价基于临床案例为基础的教学模式(CBL)-基于以问题为基础教学模式(PBL)整合教学法对颈椎病临床见习教学效果,为临床教学提供参考。方法本研究共纳入100名在我科参加临床见习的2013级本科实习生,随机分为实验组和对照组各50名,实验组及对照组分别采用CBL-PBL整合教学法和传统LBL教学法进行课堂讲授。考核并比较两组理论知识、病例分析能力、临床技能操作能力的成绩,自拟调查问卷评价并比较两组的临床见习兴趣、医患沟通、自主学习规划、查阅文献、临床思维能力以及临床教学效果。结果 CBL-PBL整合教学组在理论知识、技能操作考核等方面的成绩均高于传统LBL教学组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CBL-PBL整合教学组的临床见习生在临床实习兴致、医患沟通能力、自主学习规划能力、查阅文献能力等方面及对教学方法的评价调查均高于传统的LBL教学组,两组间的差异具有显著的统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用CBL-PBL整合教学法有助于提升学生的见习积极性,能提高颈椎病临床见习教学质量,是培养复合型医学人才的重要措施,CBL-PBL整合教学法值得在医学教育中进一步推广。     

PBL结合CBL教学法在神经病学教学中的应用

目的:探讨"以问题为基础"(problem-based learning,PBL)教学法结合"以病例为基础"(case-based learning,CBL)教学法在神经病学教学中的应用效果。方法:选取第四军医大学临床医学专业5年制学生180人,随机分为观察组(90人)和对照组(90人)。观察组采取PBL结合CBL教学法完成神经病学教学任务,对照组采取传统的授课式教学法完成教学任务,采用调查问卷和理论考试评估教学效果。用SPSS16.0软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料的组间比较采用卡方检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:观察组在学习积极性、自学能力、临床思维培养、分析和解决问题能力、语言表达和沟通能力、团队协作能力及学习效率等方面的培养均明显优于对照组;前者的考试成绩(87.2±6.4分)亦明显高于后者(77.4±7.8分),组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PBL结合CBL教学法可激发学生的学习兴趣,提高考试成绩,对提升临床神经病学的教学质量具有积极意义。     

病例导入式教学与PBL结合教学法在留学生急诊教学中的应用

目的:研究病例导入式教学与PBL(以问题为中心的教学法)相结合在留学生急诊教学中的应用效果.方法:在我科实习的留学生33名分成2组,分别采用传统教学模式和病例导入式教学与PBL相结合教学法进行教学,出科时比较2组理论和技能成绩的区别;调查观察组学生对这种教学方法的认可程度.结果:应用病例导入式教学与PBL相结合教学法的留学生理论成绩和技能成绩均高于对照组(P＜0.05);94.1％的学生喜欢这种教学方法.结论:病例导入式教学与PBL相结合的教学方法能够激发学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的理论学习成绩和技能操作成绩,不断提高学生学习的主动性.     

PBL与LBL结合在血管外科临床见习教学中的应用

目的:为提高临床血管外科的教学质量,我们在临床见习中尝试将PBL教学模式与LBL传统教学模式相结合,研究PBL与LBL教学法相结合新的教学方法在临床血管外科教学中的作用。方法:选取在我院参加实习活动的临床医学系学生60名,随机分为LBL组与LBL+PBL组。其中LBL组采用传统教学模式,而LBL+PBL组则采用传统教学与问题导向型教学模式相结合的双轨教学法。课程结束后,对比两组学生的专业知识笔试成绩和临床操作技能测试成绩,评价两种教学模式的作用及意义。结果:PBL+LBL组学生的专业知识笔试成绩和临床操作技能成绩均显著优于LBL组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PBL与LBL教学法相结合的双规教学模式对血管外科的临床见习教学具有积极的意义,不但可以锻炼学生的临床思维能力,培养学生的综合素质,而且有利于提高临床教学的质量,该教学模式值得在医学院校实习教学中推广应用。     

PBL教学法在内科学临床见习教学中的临床应用

目的:研究以问题为基础(PBL)教学法在内科学临床见习教学中的临床应用,为临床带教提供依据。方法:选取2015年9月到2016年1月我院内科学临床见习学生200例,按照随机数字表法将学生分为研究组和对照组,每组100例,研究组给予PBL教学方法,对照组给予普通教学方法,见习结束后以考试和问卷调查的形式进行考察,比较两组教学效果。结果:研究组总分及病历分析得分显著高于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),两组基础知识得分比较无统计学意义(P0.05);问卷调查显示:研究组综合分析能力、自主学习能力、探索创新能力及教学满意程度均显著高于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:PBL教学方法能提高学生病历分析能力,综合分析能力、自主学习能力、探索创新能力及教学满意程度,教学效果显著。     

PBL与模拟人结合的综合教学法在麻醉心肺复苏见习课中的运用

目的:PBL教学法以学生为主体能极大的调动学生的主动性;高端模拟人技术弥补了医学生无法以真实病人为操作练习对象的临床实习空缺,是临床前期教学必要的实战工具。在麻醉学心肺复苏见习课中尝试将两者结合,探索一种多元化的教学模式,促进教学质量的提高。方法:将82名本校五年制临床医学专业学生随机分为两组。对照组:使用PBL联合单项操作训练教学;SM组:在对照组的基础上采用挪威Laerdal公司出品的Sim Man模拟人训练。课程结束时对学生进行操作考核和问卷调查。结果:SM组与对照组比较单项操作成绩无显著性差异(P0.05);SM组与对照组对教学效果的反馈意见有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:在麻醉学心肺复苏见习课上运用PBL与模拟人结合的综合教学法能够提高学生的学习兴趣,获得良好的教学效果,值得推广应用。     

PBL联合模拟教学在儿科泌尿系统疾病临床见习中的应用

目的探讨问题导向教学法(Problem-based learning,PBL)联合案例教学法(Case-based learning,CBL)在儿科泌尿系统疾病临床见习效果。方法将53名临床医学专业学生随机分为实验组27名,采用PBL联合CBL教学模式;对照组26名采用传统教学模式。对比两组学生在见习课结束时的测试成绩。结果与传统教学方法相比,PBL联合CBL教学模式在儿科泌尿系统疾病临床见习教学成绩更优(t=2.830,P=0.007)。结论 PBL联合CBL教学模式在临床医学专业学生儿科泌尿系统疾病临床见习中的教学效果满意。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.