衰老细胞中热休克转录因子1的异常调节和定位

为评估人热休克转录因子1（HSF1）在衰老细胞中呈现年龄依赖功能失调机制, 通过凝胶电泳迁移率改变实验(EMSA)和RNA酶保护实验等了解低总体倍增水平（PDLs）的年轻和高PDLs的衰老IMR90双倍体人肺纤维母细胞的HSF1 DNA 结合活性、HSF1蛋白质及其编码转录子mRNA水平和亚细胞分布.使用H2O2诱导年轻IMR90细胞成为“应激诱导早熟性老化(SIPS)” 细胞,并与复制性衰老细胞比较HSF1 DNA 结合活性、HSF1亚细胞分布和细胞内过氧化物含量.在不同年龄的IMR90细胞中,无论体内或体外,HSF1激活能力与细胞年龄呈反相关,但细胞内HSF1蛋白质与其mRNA水平并无改变.HSF1的亚细胞定位分析显示,HSF1主要存在于年轻细胞胞质中,热刺激促使三体形成和核转移;而在衰老细胞中,37℃时HSF1大部分存在于细胞核内,热刺激后形成三体,与DNA结合能力明显比年轻细胞弱;用H2O2诱导的应激成熟前老化细胞内,HSF1功能和亚细胞分布都与复制性衰老细胞相似.结果显示,细胞年龄与HSF1的激活和定位相关,而与HSF1含量无关,这些变化可能是通过氧化修饰所致.     

华蟾素对子宫内膜癌HEC-1-B细胞株凋亡和增殖的影响

目的：探讨华蟾素对体外培养子宫内膜癌HEC-1-B细胞凋亡、增殖以及侵袭能力的影响。方法：体外培养HEC-1-B细胞,经不同浓度华蟾素（0．2mg／ml、2mg／ml和20mg／m1）干预24h后,采用MTT法观察细胞生长情况,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡,Transwell小室检测细胞体外侵袭能力。结果：华蟾素能有效抑制HEC．1．B细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。未经华蟾素处理的细胞凋亡率仅为2．5％,经0．2mg／ml、2mg／ml、20mg／ml的华蟾素作用24h后,细胞凋亡率分别为7．4％、44．3％和78．5％。趋势卡方检验x^2=165．4983,P〈0．0001。HEC-1-B细胞经华蟾素作用后,细胞侵袭能力降低。在高浓度时,华蟾素有可能存在细胞毒作用。结论：华蟾素能通过诱导HEC-1-B细胞凋亡,从而抑制HEC-1-B细胞生长,并且降低细胞的侵袭能力。     

H_2O_2通过钙稳态失调诱导小鼠胚胎肝细胞凋亡

该文研究了体外培养肝细胞内钙离子浓度改变对细胞存活率、凋亡和增殖的影响。建立了H2O2诱导小鼠胚胎肝细胞损伤模型,CCK-8检测细胞存活率,Fura-2/AM负载检测细胞内[Ca2+]i;免疫荧光和Western blot分别检测STIM1和Orai1在细胞内的定位和含量;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;Brdu掺入检测细胞增殖。结果显示,H2O2刺激后细胞存活率降低为对照组的73%,凋亡细胞比例增加,增殖细胞数目显著减少,细胞内[Ca2+]i升高,STIM1和Orai1蛋白质水平增加,且STIM1可与Orai1蛋白质共定位。2-APB预处理组可以降低细胞内[Ca2+]i,减少STIM1和Orai1蛋白质表达水平,抑制STIM1和Orai1蛋白质的相互作用。结果表明,H2O2可通过影响细胞内钙离子稳态导致细胞凋亡。     

过表达Grx1抑制HEK293T细胞中H2O2诱导的p38MAPK信号通路

谷氧还蛋白1(glutaredoxin1, Grx1)是细胞内一种重要的巯基-二硫键氧化还原酶,在细胞内氧化还原状态的调控及抵抗氧化应激损伤过程中发挥重要作用.为进一步探讨Grx1的抗氧化机制,本实验将重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-hGrx1瞬时转染HEK293T细胞,经RT-PCR和Western印迹验证,细胞转染后实现了Grx1的过表达;以不同浓度H2O2为损伤因素,建立细胞氧化应激模型,检测过表达Grx1后细胞存活率,丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率的变化,观察过表达Grx1后细胞的抗氧化能力;用终浓度100μmol/L H2O2作用于细胞,利用Western印迹检测120min内HEK293T细胞中p38MAPK磷酸化水平.实验结果表明,HEK293T细胞过表达Grx1后,缓解了细胞的氧化应激损伤;转染空载体组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H2O2刺激后5min开始升高,15min达到最高值,并可维持至120min左右;而过表达Grx1组细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平在H2O2刺激后各时间段没有明显改变,提示Grx1通过抑制H2O2诱导的p38MAPK信号通路激活发挥其抗氧化作用.     

BMI1基因下调使宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌对紫杉醇敏感

目的 研究B细胞特异性莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒插入位点1（BMI1）基因对宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌增殖浸润及紫杉醇耐受的影响及其机制。方法 首先利用Cbioportal、TCGA和CPTAC数据库分析BMI1基因在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌中的突变及表达情况。接着对人宫颈癌组织样本和人子宫内膜癌组织样本中BMI1的蛋白质表达水平进行免疫组化分析。采用蛋白质印迹法（Western blot)检测BMI1敲低后宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌细胞中BMI1下游调控因子的蛋白质水平变化。此外,通过细胞功能实验研究了BMI1在宫颈癌HeLa及子宫内膜癌HEC-1-A细胞中的功能。最后,通过实验评估siBMI1联合紫杉醇治疗的协同抗生长作用。结果 数据库分析结果显示,BMI1在1.5%的子宫颈癌患者及1.9%的子宫内膜癌的患者中存在不同程度的扩增、错义及剪接突变。此外,高mRNA水平的BMI1与宫颈癌的病理类型相关,且高蛋白质水平的BMI1与子宫内膜癌的病理类型和肿瘤分级及较低的生存率相关。进一步的免疫组化分析发现,与正常组织相比,宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌组织中BMI1蛋白水平表达升高,且与肿瘤的病理分化及浸润深度相关。药物敏感性实验显示,BMI1过表达导致HeLa及HEC-1-A细胞对多种抗癌药物的敏感性下降,其中包括紫杉醇。为了进一步分析BMI1与紫杉醇耐受的关系,通过Western blot检测BMI1敲除后HeLa及HEC-1-A细胞中BMI1下游因子的蛋白质水平变化。结果显示,抗凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2随着BMI1的敲低而表达水平下降,而促凋亡相关蛋白BAX则显著升高。此外,细胞功能实验结果显示,体外过表达BMI1可促进HeLa及HEC-1-A细胞的增殖和迁移,且BMI1低表达的HeLa及HEC-1-A细胞对紫杉醇更敏感。结论 BMI1在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者的肿瘤组织中过表达,BMI1的下调通过调控凋亡通路使CC和EC细胞对紫杉醇更加敏感。     

毒毛花苷通过Nrf2抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖活性

摘要 目的：通过研究毒毛花苷对核因子2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)的抑制作用,深入探讨其抑制子宫内膜癌细胞增殖的作用机制。方法：（1）采用细胞增殖实验观察不同浓度的毒毛花苷对Ishikawa细胞增殖的影响;（2）通过克隆形成实验观察毒毛花苷对Ishikawa细胞增殖的作用;（3）采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测经毒毛花苷处理后,Ishikawa细胞Nrf2蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：经毒毛花苷处理后,Ishikawa细胞增殖受到显著抑制且呈剂量依赖性。Nrf2蛋白表达下调。结论：毒毛花苷可能通过下调Nrf2蛋白水平,从而抑制子宫内膜癌的恶性生物学行为。     

脂肪干细胞外泌体对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

为了探讨脂肪干细胞外泌体对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及分子机制,本研究从人体脂肪组织中分离脂肪干细胞并提取纯化其外泌体。实验分为3组:对照组、脂肪干细胞外泌体组和TGF-β阻断剂组。CCK8检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞活力;流式检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌细胞凋亡的影响;Western blotting检测脂肪干细胞外泌体及TGF-β阻断剂对子宫内膜癌细胞Smad2、p-smad2、Bcl2和TGF-β蛋白表达水平。CCK8结果显示,脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著增强子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞的增殖能力,TGF-β阻断剂能够显著抑制外泌体对子宫内膜癌的增殖促进作用,流式检测结果显示脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞的凋亡,TGF-β阻断剂能够显著抑制外泌体对子宫内膜癌的细胞凋亡的抑制作用,Western blotting检测显示脂肪干细胞外泌体能够显著抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞p-smad2、Bcl2和TGF-β蛋白表达。初步研究表明,脂肪干细胞外泌体通过促进TGF-β/smad通路促进子宫内膜癌HEC-251细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡。     

白皮杉醇对子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响

本研究旨在考察白皮杉醇(piceatannol, PIC)对子宫内膜癌细胞HEC-1A的初步抗肿瘤作用。分别通过CCK-8实验、平板克隆形成实验、流式细胞术、划痕损伤修复实验和Transwell小室实验检测不同浓度的PIC对HEC-1A细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭能力的影响。Western blot实验检测细胞增殖相关蛋白和侵袭迁移相关蛋白的表达水平。结果显示，与空白组相比，PIC能显著抑制HEC-1A细胞增殖、克隆形成能力、诱导其凋亡并减少细胞迁移距离和侵袭细胞数(P<0.01),下调p-Akt、p-Erk1/2、p-p38MAPK、β-catenin、CD44和Slug蛋白的表达水平，上调E-cadherin蛋白的表达水平(P<0.01)。综上所述，PIC呈浓度依赖性抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-1A细胞的增殖、迁移与侵袭，其机制可能与抑制AKT/ERK/MAPK信号通路和影响Wnt/β-catenin信号通路和上皮-间质转化标志物的改变有关。     

内质网应激对肝癌细胞中趋化因子表达的影响

目的:探讨肝癌细胞发生内质网应激时,细胞中趋化因子的表达情况。方法:培养HepG2细胞,用荧光定量PCR检测经不同浓度衣霉素(TM)刺激后,趋化因子CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL8的mRNA水平,用ELISA方法检测培养基中的CXCL1含量。结果:TM刺激Hep G2细胞后,CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3的mRNA水平显著升高,而CXCL8的mRNA水平降低,其中CXCL1的mRNA水平呈剂量依赖性。结论:内质网应激影响细胞内趋化因子的表达,不同因子的表达趋势有差别。     

孕激素的长期作用对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞生物学行为的影响

研究孕激素的长期作用对子宫内膜癌Ishikawa细胞增殖、侵袭能力的影响及雌孕激素受体亚型表达的改变。将对孕激素抑制作用敏感的Ishikawa细胞长期暴露于含梯度递增的醋酸甲羟孕酮(medroxyprogesterone acetate,MPA)培养基中。MTT法、流式细胞技术(FACS)、Transwell小室法分别检测MPA对细胞增殖活力、细胞周期、侵袭能力的影响。RT-PCR技术检测MPA对CyclinD1、MMP2、MMP9表达的影响,细胞免疫化学检测雌、孕激素受体各亚型表达的变化。Ishikawa细胞(母代Ishikawa)经MPA作用10个月后,对MPA的生长抑制作用耐受(耐药Ishikawa)。MPA由对母代Ishikawa细胞增殖、侵袭能力的抑制作用转为对耐药Ishikawa细胞的促进作用。MPA抑制母代Ishikawa细胞CyclinD1、MMP2、MMP9的表达,促进耐药Ishikawa细胞CyclinD1、MMP2、MMP9的表达。与母代Ishikawa细胞相比,耐药Ishikawa细胞ERα、PRB阳性表达率明显下降,ERβ阳性表达率明显上升(均有P<0.05)。结果提示:MPA的长期作用能够导致对孕激素抑制作用敏感的Ishikawa细胞对MPA耐受,MPA对子宫内膜癌细胞增殖、侵袭能力的抑制作用转为促进作用,ER、PR亚型表达的失衡可能为子宫内膜癌孕激素耐药发生的机制之一。     

Regulation of transforming growth factor gene expression in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells

We have examined the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OH-TAM) on the cell proliferation and the expression of TGF- and TGF-β genes in Ishikawa cells and HEC-50 human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. The effects of exogenous TGF-, TGF-β and anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody on cell proliferation were also determined. Antisense oligonucleotides were used to determine the effects of endogenous expression of TGF- and TGF-β. In both cell lines, MPA resulted in a time and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation whereas OH-TAM had no effect on HEC-50 cell proliferation. The relative abundance of TGF- mRNA was significantly reduced by MPA in Ishikawa cells but not in HEC-50 cells. In Ishikawa cells, a reduction in TGF- mRNA abundance was observed with OH-TAM under conditions where both inhibition and stimulation of cell proliferation were demonstrated. Anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody inhibited Ishikawa cell growth but had little effect on HEC-50 cell proliferation. Exogenous TGF- stimulated proliferation of both cell lines whereas exogenous TGF-β inhibited proliferation of Ishikawa cells but stimulated proliferation of HEC-50 cells. Antisense oligonucleotides to TGF-β inhibited proliferation of HEC-50 cells. From these data we conclude that the antiproliferative effects of progestins and OH-TAM on endometrial cancer cells appear to be mediated by different mechanisms.     

Effects of transforming growth factors and regulation of their mRNA levels in two human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines.

The effects of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the growth of cells from 2 endometrial cancer lines, Ishikawa and HEC-50 were evaluated by measuring rates of DNA synthesis and changes in cell numbers during culture. EGF at 17 and 1.7 nM concentrations consistently enhanced HEC-50 cell proliferation. TGF-beta 1 inhibited Ishikawa cell proliferation but, unexpectedly for epithelium-derived cells, stimulated HEC-50 cell growth. This effect is of interest as it indicates that endometrial cells can acquire an altered responsiveness to a growth inhibitor during the process of malignant transformation. Northern blot analyses showed expression of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1 and EGF receptors mRNA in both cell lines. Neither estradiol (E2) nor 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHTam) affected mRNA levels for either TGF-alpha or TGF-beta in HEC-50 cells, a line unresponsive to E2 for proliferation. In Ishikawa cells, previously shown to respond to both E2 and OHTam by increasing proliferation rates, E2 increased TGF-alpha mRNA and reduced TGF-beta mRNA levels. OHTam lowered the levels of both mRNA species, although the effect was greater on TGF-beta than TGF-alpha mRNA. These data are consistent with, but do not prove, the existence of a possible autocrine regulation by TGF-alpha and TGF-beta of human cancer cell proliferation, which might be under E2 influence in Ishikawa cells.     

Overexpression of the Insulin Receptor Isoform A Promotes Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Growth

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hyperinsulinemia are associated closely with endometrial carcinoma risk, although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Insulin receptor isoformA expression is upregulated in many cancer cells and tissues, which suggests that IR-A-mediated signaling pathways may have important implications for cancer pathogenesis. We measured the expression of insulin receptor isoforms (IR-A and IR–B in the normal endometrium tissues, the endometrial carcinoma tissues and the endometrial carcinoma cell lines. We found that the total insulin receptor (IR) and IR-A expression mRNA levels and the ratio of IR-A to total IR in endometrial carcinoma specimens were significantly higher than them in control endometrial tissue specimens(P<0.05). Further analysis indicated that the tendency was more prominently in patients with T2DM. IR-A mRNA was differentially expressed in four endometrial carcinoma cell lines (Ishikawa, KLE, RL95-2 and HEC-1-A. RL95-2 cells have a low endogenous IR-A expression, and these were used to construct a stable cell line overexpressing IR-A. We found that IR-A overexpression significantly increased cell proliferation, the proportion of cells in S phase, activation of the Akt pathway and tumorigenicity of xenografts in nude mice. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the the percentage of apoptotic cells between cells overexpressing IR-A and control cells. Moreover, levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein were significantly decreased in cells overexpressing IR-A relative to controls. These findings reveal the pivotal role of IR-A in endometrial cancer carcinogenesis, and suggest that the association of elevated IR-A levels with cell proliferation and tumorigenicity may be causally linked to its effect on the proportion of cells in S phase and the activation of the Akt pathway.     

Regulatory role of osteopontin in malignant transformation of endometrial cancer

Osteopontin (OPN) involves in the tumor-promoting or metastasis in human endometrial cancer. Depletion of OPN gene expression in endometrial cancer cells was significantly decreased in cell viability and the cells undergo apoptotic cell death. The status of OPN in THESC, RL95, Hec1A and Ishikawa cell lines were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot. After OPN-siRNA transfection, mRNA and protein expression levels of OPN were determined in Hec1A and Ishikawa cells. Cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution were observed by MTT and flow cytometry analysis. DNA fragmentation assay was used to measure cell apoptosis. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay. Depletion of OPN gene expression in endometrial cancer cell lines (Hec1A and Ishikawa cells) reproducibly changed their ability of proliferation. Concomitant changes were seen in the expression of OPN binding cell surface receptors, cell cycle-regulatory genes, cell invasion and colony formation nature of the tumor cells. Decreased colonizing potential in the absence of OPN was reversed in the presence of recombinant OPN. Inhibition of anchorage-independent growth was observed in the presence of metabolic inhibitors of the PI3K, Src and integrin signaling cascades, which was ameliorated in the presence of exogenously added OPN. Our result showed the role of OPN in endometrial cancer, in particular on the malignancy-promoting aspects of OPN that may pave way for new approaches to the clinical management of endometrial cancer.     

Quantitation of human choriocarcinoma spheroid attachment to uterine epithelial cell monolayers

Summary Adhesive interactions of trophoblast cells with the endometrium are essential for embryo implantation in the uterus. Choriocarcinoma cells, the malignant counterpart of trophoblast, show pronounced invasiveness and are of interest for model studies. We describe here an in vitro model system for the study of adhesion of human JAR choriocarcinoma multicellular spheroids to different human endometrial epithelial cell lines (RL95-2, HEC-1A, KLE, AN3-CA) grown as monolayers. Cell characterization showed JAR spheroids to secrete the placental hormones human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone into the culture medium; distinct patterns of keratin, vimentin, and uvomorulin expression were seen in the endometrial cell lines. Spheroid attachment to endometrial monolayers was quantified using a centrifugal force-based adhesion assay, and morphology was examined by light and electron microscopy. Results showed the JAR spheroids to attach to three of the endometrial monolayers (RL95-2, HEC-1A, KLE) progressively over a 24-h period (by which time ≥80% of the spheroids attached). Significant differences in spheroid attachment were most pronounced at 5 h (RL95-2 > HEC-1A > KLE and poly-d-lysine control, i.e. 90:45:17:17% attached). JAR spheroids did not attach to the endometrial cell line AN3-CA. Morphology revealed choriocarcinoma cells to begin to intrude between the uterine RL95-2 epithelial cells at 5 h. At 24 h, this intrusive type of penetration continued to be seen only with the RL95-2 monolayer. The assay system thus identifies differences in attachment properties between choriocarcinoma cells and various endometrial cell lines and forms the basis for further studies on the molecular interactions involved.     

Altered estrogen receptor system in estrogen-unresponsive human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells

Previous studies from our laboratories demonstrated that cells from a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa) responded to estradiol whereas cells from another endometrial cancer line (HEC-50) did not. In an attempt to identify factors responsible for the observed estrogen insensitivity we compared the characteristics of the estradiol receptor (ER) systems in Ishikawa and HEC-50 cells. Saturation analyses of cytosolic estrogen binders were performed over a 0.1-70 nM range of [3H]estradiol concentrations. Equilibrium dissociation constants and number of binding sites were determined by graphic analysis of Scatchard plots or computed by applying Fourier-derived affinity spectrum analysis (FASA) of the binding data. No significant differences were noted in the dissociation constants (Kd approx. 0.6 nM) or number of binding sites (approx. 6-10 fmol/mg protein) for the single binder that could be evaluated by the graphic method in cytosol from the two cell lines. However, 2 binders in Ishikawa cells (Kd approx. 0.2 and 6 nM) could be detected by the FASA method; the higher affinity binder in HEC-50 cells could not be clearly demonstrated. Structural differences in the specific estrogen binders which might distinguish HEC-50 from Ishikawa cells or normal endometrial tissue were investigated by using the anti-ER monoclonal antibody JS 34/32. Interaction of the antibody with [3H]estradiol binders of estrogen-responsive cells and tissue was evident from the formation of labeled complexes that were shown to sediment faster in glycerol density gradients and could be immunoprecipitated with Protein A attached to Sepharose beads. In contrast, the antibody did not recognize labeled specific binders in the HEC-50 cells. Furthermore, [3H]estradiol receptors in Ishikawa cells could be transformed into a species that exhibited increased hydrophilicity, evident from its binding to DNA-cellulose, whereas binders from HEC-50 could not. These results indicate that the lack of responsiveness of HEC-50 cells to estrogens might be due to structural or functional alterations in the ER protein resulting in a loss of its capability to undergo estrogen-directed conformational changes required for biological activity.