白蚁翅面微刻点的招描电镜观察：堆砂白蚁属、楹白蚁属和原白蚁属

用扫描电镜观察了３种木白蚁（平阳堆砂白蚁Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｔｅｒｍｅｓｐｉｎｇｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ、叶额堆砂白蚁Ｃ．ｈａｖｉｌａｎｄｉ和侧角楹白蚁Ｉｎｃｉｓｉｔｅｒｍｅｓ　ｌａｔｅｒａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ）和２种草白蚁（东方原白蚁Ｈｏｄｏｔｅｒｍｏｐｓｉｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ和尤氏原白蚁Ｈ．ｙｕｉ）的翅面微刻点。微刻点类型有：乳突：基部宽５．０—２０．６μｍ,长３．０－１７．７μｍ,翅面中央密度可达２０７０—３３７５乳突／ｍｍ２;瘤状突起：基部直径１５．０—５８．６μｍ,翅面中央密度２８２—３５６突起／ｍｍ２;粉刺状突起：基部直径２．４－４．８μｎ。此外,还发现有长１１—５７μｍ的毛。同种白蚁的前、后翅和翅的背、腹面之间,微刻点类型没有明显的差异。最后初步讨论了白蚁翅面微刻点的分类学和生物学意义。     

八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察──(等翅目:鼻白蚁科)

用扫描电镜观察八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁有翅成虫翅面微刻点．结果表明,除了观察到文献中已报道的微刻点类型（舌状乳突、尖头状乳突和粉刺状突起）外,还发现有小刺突和毛．而且同一种白蚁翅背、腹面的微刻点类型存在明显的差异．根据微刻点类型就细颚异白蚁的分类地位作了初步探讨．     

八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察：（等翅目：…

用扫描电镜观察八种散白蚁和一种异白蚁有翅成虫翅面微刻点。结果表明,除了观察到文献中已报道的微刻点类型（舌状乳突、尖头状乳突和粉刺状突起）外,还发现有小刺突和毛,而且同一种白蚁翅背、腹面的微刻点类型存在明显的差异,根据微刻点类型就细颚异白蚁的分类地位作了初步探讨。     

黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁翅面微刻点的扫描电镜观察

Roonwal及其合作者(1967—1987)对白蚁翅面微刻点(Wing microsculpturing)进行了广泛的研究,发现至少存在8种类型的微刻点,并对其进化、分类学和生态学意义进行了讨论。但他们的观察主要是在光镜下进行的,电镜下的观察极少。国内尚未见有关的报道。我们对黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁的翅面微刻点进行了扫描电镜观察,现将结果报道如下。     

七种抑制剂对两种白蚁谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性抑制作用的比较

利用分光光度酶动力学方法,确定了白蚁谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）的最适反应条件,并进一步研究了7种抑制剂对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)和黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder GSTs活性的体外影响。结果表明：白蚁GSTs测定的最适反应条件为pH 6.5,温度25℃,最适反应时间2 min。黑翅土白蚁GSTs的米氏常数(K_mCDNB和K_mGSH)分别为0.11±0.02 mmol/L和0.81±0.16 mmol/L,最大反应速度(V_maxCDNB和V_maxGSH)分别为425.92±19.67 nmol/(min·mg)和534.86±39.05 nmol/(min·mg)。黑胸散白蚁GSTs的米氏常数(K_mCDNB和K_mGSH)分别为0.12±0.03 mmol/L和1.03±0.31 mmol/L,最大反应速度(V_maxCDNB和V_maxGSH)分别为544.39±37.19 nmol/(min·mg)和715.45±83.68 nmol/(min·mg)。浓度为2×10^-5 mol/L时,槲皮素和辛硫磷对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用要强于黑翅土白蚁,对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为62.28％和44.89％,对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为54.96％和28.36％。高效氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、啶虫脒和单宁酸对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用要强于黑胸散白蚁,对黑翅土白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为39.43％,72.07％,52.24％和82.19％;对黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为14.96％,40.23％,39.96％和57.80％。阿维菌素对黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用没有显著差异,对黑翅土白蚁和黑胸散白蚁GSTs活性的抑制作用分别为76.21％和76.88％。这表明两种白蚁对药剂的敏感性完全不同。实验结果还表明,在3.2×10^-8～2×10^-5 mol/L内,上述植物次生物质和杀虫剂对两种白蚁GSTs活性的抑制率存在明显的剂量-效应关系。     

白蚁表皮碳氢化合物组分鉴定及分类学意义

应用GC-MS分析表明,不同种类白蚁表皮碳氢化合物组成和含量均有差异。运用UPGMA聚合R分析的最小距离系数值绘制的系统树表明：圆唇凸额类白蚁——黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps、双色散白蚁R. dichrous和R. sp.1之间;圆唇平额类白蚁——圆唇散白蚁R. labralis、小头散白蚁R. microcephalus、R. sp.2和R. sp.3之间; 尖唇类白蚁——海南异白蚁Heterotermes hainanensis、拧黄异白蚁H. citrinus、细颚异白蚁H.leptomandibularis、尖唇异白蚁H. aculabialis和H. sp. 4之间的亲缘关系较近。3类白蚁中,圆唇凸额类白蚁和圆唇平额类白蚁亲缘关系相近,而两者与尖唇类白蚁亲缘关系较远。实验结果表明,我国存在异白蚁属,它与散白蚁属主要区别在于其表皮缺乏以下数种碳氢化合物：正十七烷烃、正二十烷烃、正二十一烷烃、正二十二烷烃、正二十三烷烃、正二十四烷烃和正二十六烷烃等;却含有一种特殊化合物异喹啉。表皮碳氢化合物分析的结果与形态分类的结果有一定差异,形态分类被鉴定为双色散白蚁的R. sp.1,被鉴定为小头散白蚁的R. sp.2,被鉴定为圆唇散白蚁的R.sp.3,被鉴定为尖唇散白蚁的H. sp.4,根据表皮碳氢化合物分析的结果,R. sp.1、R. sp.3和H. sp.4可能是其他种,而R. sp.2则可能是圆唇散白蚁的亚种或其他种。     

黑翅土白蚁乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及药剂敏感度比较

用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响。通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定黑翅土白蚁AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为12.5 g/L,底物浓度为8 mmol/L,pH值8.0,反应温度40℃,反应时间5 min。此外,研究了6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的影响。结果表明：灭多威、辛硫磷、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷和氧化乐果6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁AChE抑制中浓度(IC₅₀)分别为3.52×10^-4,1.86×10^-3,5.13×10^-3,9.55×10^-4,8.81×10^-3,和1.39×10^-2 mol/L。在3.3×10^-7～5×10^-3 mol/L的浓度范围内,上述6种药剂对黑翅土白蚁体内AChE活性的抑制作用都具有明显的剂量效应关系。     

中国水韭属植物的孢子形态特征

利用扫描电镜观察了中国现存5种水韭属Isētes植物孢子的表面纹饰,并统计分析了孢子的大小(n=30).结果显示:高寒水韭上hypsophila大孢子表面光滑无突起纹饰,平均极面直径358 μm,小孢子具脑回状纹饰,平均长度22μm;云贵水韭Lyunguiensis大孢子表面具脊条-网络状纹饰,纹饰突起较低,近极面较稀疏且不连成完全的网络,平均极面直径390 μm,小孢子具疣状小颗粒至近于光滑的表面纹饰,平均长度22μm;台湾水韭L taiwanensis大孢子表面具瘤状突起,平均极面直径312μm,小孢子表面具刺棘状突起,平均长度24μm;中华水韭I sinensis大孢子表面具脊条状突起,平均极面直径409 μm,小孢子表面具刺棘状突起,平均长度28 μm;东方水韭I orientalis大孢子表面具脊条-网络状纹饰,纹饰突起较高,近极面的网络较完整,平均极面直径420 μm,小孢子表面具矮刺状-瘤状突起,平均长度34 μm.比较类群间的孢子形态特征与染色体数目表明:5个类群的孢子表面纹饰区别明显,同时,孢子的大小可反映类群的倍性,孢子较小的高寒水韭、云贵水韭和台湾水韭是二倍体(2n=22),孢子较大的中华水韭(2n=44)和东方水韭(2n=66)为多倍体.孢子的形态特征在中国水韭属植物物种的鉴定与分类中具有重要意义.     

珍珠菜属新植物

<正> 草本,不芳香,茎柔弱,直立或下部葡匐生长,具棱或有狭翅,长20—40(—50)厘米。叶互生,卵形或卵状椭圆形,长2—6厘米,宽1—3厘米,先端急尖,具锐尖头,基部楔形,下延成柄,全缘或稍波状,干时薄纸质,中脉在上面微凹,背面突起,侧脉及网脉在两面明显;叶柄长5—10毫米,具狭翅。花单生于茎上部叶腋;花梗纤细;长2—3厘米;花萼长3—4毫米,分裂几达基部,裂片5,卵状披针形,宽1—1.2毫米,边缘具紫色细腺点,花冠黄色,基部短合生,裂片5,椭圆形,长约7毫米,宽约4毫米;雄蕊5枚,花丝     

氟虫腈、吡虫啉作为黑翅土白蚁诱杀药剂的效果

毒力测定结果表明,0.025~0.4μg/mL氟虫腈和吡虫啉分别在药后3 d和5 d对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus表现出明显的毒杀效果,氟虫腈和吡虫啉药后1 d的LC50分别为药后5 d的509倍和63.8倍,2种药剂对黑翅土白蚁的毒杀效果均比较缓慢。毒性传递试验表明,0.5μg/g毒沙处理白蚁1 h后,氟虫腈和吡虫啉的致死毒性均可被传毒白蚁传递给受毒白蚁。驱避作用试验表明,50μg/mL氟虫腈对黑翅土白蚁无明显的驱避作用,而50μg/mL吡虫啉对黑翅土白蚁表现出了明显的驱避作用。可见,2种供试药剂中,氟虫腈是较理想的白蚁诱杀药剂。     

Paramphistomum cervi: Surface topography of the tegument of adult fluke

Adult Paramphistomum cervi or rumen fluke are pear-shaped, slightly concave ventrally and convex dorsally. The worm measures about 5-13 mm in length and 2-5 mm in width across the mid-section. As observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the tegumental surface in all part of the body, appears highly corrugated with transverse folds alternating with grooves and is spineless. At high magnification, the surface of the fold is composed of microfolds or ridges separated by microgrooves or pits. Corrugations and invaginations of the ventral surface are also more extensive than on the dorsal surface of the body. Both anterior and posterior suckers have thick rims covered with transverse folds without spine. The genital pore is situated at the anterior third of the body. There are two types of sensory papillae on the surface: type 1 is bulbous in shape, measuring 10-15 μm in diameter at the base with nipple-like tips, and type 2 has a similar shape and size and also a short cilia on top. These sensory papillae usually occur in large clusters, each having between 5 and 20 units depending on the region of the body. Clusters of papillae on the ventral surface and around the anterior suckers tend to be more numerous and larger in size. The dorsal surface of the body has the least number of papillae.     

分离自西藏的两个散囊菌新种

本文报道两个新种:粪生散囊菌(Eurotium fimicola)和旱生散囊菌(Eurotium aridicola),它们不同于已报道的该属诸种。     

Seed Coat Microsculpturing in Brassica and Allied Genera (Subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae, Moricandiinae)

To obtain new information on the taxonomy of Brassica and alliedgenera, seed surfaces of 44 species (78 accessions) belongingto 11 genera of subtribes Brassicinae, Raphaninae and Moricandiinaewere examined using a scanning electron microscope. Ten typesof basic ornamentation patterns were recognized. While fourtypes were represented by only one species each, six types hadmore than one species either representing one genus (two types)or more (four types). The different species in each of the sixtypes could generally be distinguished from each other on thebasis of differences in microsculpturing features. This analysisprovides evidence for the close relationship among the variousgenera within the subtribe Brassicinae, and also the closenessof Raphanus, Enarthrocarpus and Moricandia of subtribe Raphaninaeand Moricandiinae, respectively, with the Brassicinae. Copyright2000 Annals of Botany Company Brassicinae, Moricandiinae, Raphaninae, SEM, seed coat microsculpturing, taxonomic implications     

ADAPTATIONS FOR COLD WATER SPAWNING IN LOLIGINID SQUID: LOLIGO GAHI IN FALKLAND WATERS

Inshore spawning sites of the cold water squid Loligo gahiwere found in the waters of East Falkland (Southwest Atlantic),where there is a major fishery based on this species. Egg massesoccurred in algal beds, often at the outer (seaward) edge, with ambientwater temperatures of 6.5-90C and salinity 33.75- 33.58. They wereattached to the stipes of the kelp algae Lessonia spp. and Macrocystispyrifera from 0.5 m to 2.5 m off the bottom at 8-20 m depths.The overall density of egg masses was low. The egg mass is abundle of elongated gelatinous translucent capsules with eachcapsule firmly attached to the kelp stipe at its basal end.The capsules are mainly 50-60 mm in length and contain an averageof 70 fertilized eggs. Sampled egg masses consisted of 4-161 capsulesand from 138 to 11,487 eggs. Large egg masses (. 50 capsules) wereapparently formed by several females at different times, as embryosin different capsules were at various stages of development.Eggs laid in winter are significantly larger than those laidin summer. In comparison with tropical and temperate Loligo spp.L. gahi have short egg capsules containing a small number of eggs,but the eggs (2.2-2.5 mm diameter) and hatchlings (3.1-3.4 mm mantlelength) are large. These are probable adaptations for cold waterspawning and development. (Received 30 March 2000; accepted 5 June 2000)     

稻虱跗煽的个体发生研究：卵的形成和胚胎发育

捻翅目昆虫是胎生的,胚胎发育和孵化均在母体血腔内进行。稻虱跗蝇Elenchinus japonicus属捻翅目,跗煽科,寄生于白背稻虱、褐稻虱和灰稻虱。本文报道稻虱跗煽卵的形成各阶段：1)雌虫体内无典型的卵巢,所有卵在母体体腔内同步发育和成熟。最早发现的原卵是包囊干细胞,在雌幼虫血腔内。2)每个包囊细胞内含256个姐妹细胞,其中有一个细胞分化成卵母细胞,其余的成为营养细胞。3)成熟卵为椭圆形,大小为95-100X40-50μm。其胚胎发育过程按顺序包括：卵裂、胎盘形成、胚带分节、附肢形成和胚胎背合等阶段。稻虱跗蛔行单胚生殖。     

Two new kathlaniid species (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) parasitic in salamanders of the genus Andrias (Amphibia: Caudata: Cryptobranchidae)

The new nematode species, Falcaustra hanzaki n. sp. and Urodelnema takanoensis n. sp. (Cosmocercoidea: Kathlaniidae), were found from the intestine of giant salamanders in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. The first species is featured by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (3 pairs of precloacal papillae, 8 pairs of postcloacal papillae and a single ventral precloacal papilla), the presence of a single pseudosucker, spicules equal in size (520–638 μm long), and V-shaped gubernaculum in males; vulva situated about 3/5 of a body in females. The second species is characterized by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (5 pairs of precloacal papillae, 6 pairs of postcloacal papillae and a single ventral precloacal papilla), spicules equal in size (403–593 μm long), V-shaped gubernaculum in males; vulva situated about 3/5 of a body in females. The molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using the partial 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA and the internal transcribed spacers 1 region in the nuclear DNA. This phylogenetic study raised a question about the validity of Family Kathlaniidae and related families of Cosmocercoidea.     

散囊菌属的两个新种

本文报道两个新种,肋状散囊菌(Eurotium costiforme)和少疣散囊菌(E.parviver-ruculosum)。前者的主要特征是子囊孢子的凸面有许多网结的肋状突起;在查氏琼脂上产生大量的闭囊壳,但分生孢子结构极少。后者在查氏琼脂上生长很局限;子囊孢子大,凸面近于平滑或有少量小疣等主要特点。     

Iridescence from diffraction structures in the wing scales of Callophrys rubi,the Green Hairstreak

The uniform green colour of the under surface of the wing of Callophrys rubi is due to the integrated effect of the iridescence from a mosaic of polygonal grains, 5.4 μm. diameter and 1 μm. thick. The ultrastructure of each grain is a simple cubic network, lattice parameter 0257 μm. The iridescent colour results from this structure acting as a volume diffraction grating giving a peak reflectance at about 0.548 μm., green, which is found to be close to the observed reflectance with a peak at 0.550 μm. measured by a spectrometer.     

Studies on Early Devonian Flora of Sichuan

An Early Devonian flora from the Pingyiqu Formation of northern Sichuan is described. It contains 13 species in 9 genera. They are Eogaspesiea gracilis, Uskiella sp., Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z.yunnanicum, Z.sichuanense sp.nov., Oricilla unilateralis sp.nov., Hicklingia cf.edwardii, Psilophyton sp., Drepanophycus spinaetormis, D.spinosus, D.sp., Leclercqia complexa, and Sciadocillus cuneifidus gen.et sp.nov. The geologic range of the flora is inferred to be Siegenian (probably Upper Gedinnian-Siegenian). Sciadocillus gen.nov. (Marchantiales?) Diagnosis: Thalli flattened, composed of a central disc-like structure and radiating wedge-shaped unbranched lobes. Sporangium-like reproductive organs round to elliptic, attached to the upper surface and along the edges of the lobes. Spores trilete. Type species: Sciadocillus cuneifidus Sciadocillus cuneifidus sp.nov. Thallus, 4.2mm in diameter, consists of a central disc-like structure, about 1.0mm in diameter, bearing 14 unbranched lobes. Lobes wedge-shaped, 1.5-1.75mm long , 0.75-0.83mm wide at the apex and 0.25mm at the base. Sporangium-like reproductive organs round to elliptic, 0.45-0.50mm long and about 0.4mm wide, without stalks. Spores, spheroidal to subspheroidal, 20-40μm in diameter, trilete, exine smooth, sometimes folded. Holotype: Plate 7:53, 54 (counterpart). Locality: Approximately 800m, in northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Lower part of Pingyipu Formation (Upper Gedinnian-Siegenian). Zosterophyllum Penhallow (1892) (Zosterophyllaceae) Zosterophyllum sichuanense sp.nov. Plant with smooth axes at least 57mm long, 1.6-2.0mm wide, branching unknown. Fertile axes terminate in lax spikes, about 6.5mm wide; spikes with spirally arranged sporangia, three to four gyres. Sporangia borne on stalks, 2.7-3.9mm long and 0.54-0.81mm wide; stalks obliquely inserted on axis, gentely cured upwards, in profile often C-shaped with adaxial margins of sporangia; stalk contain vascular strand. Sporangia Fan-shaped, often folded in half and margins facing axis, almost triangular in side view, sometimes obovate in abaxial view; dehiscense not observed. Holotype: Plate 2:11. Paratype: Plate 2:10, 14. Locality: approximately 800m, northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Pingyipu Formation (Siegenian). Oricilla Gensel (1982) (Zosterophyllaceae) Oricilla unilateralis sp.nov. Plants erect. Naked axes at least 76mm long, 1.6-3.2mm wide, branching dichotomous with branching angles 30-60°in fertile regions. Sporangia borne laterally in one row on branches, located above bifurcation, oriented to inside of axis. Stalks not observed. Sporangia probably attached by an extremely short stalk to axis at right angle. Sporangia reniform to ellitical, 2.8-4.0mm wide (X=3.3mm), 2.0-2.5mm high (X =2.3mm) , composed of two equal valves, dehiscent along distal margin. Spores subcircular, trilete, 48-58μm, in diameter, smooth, with dark area at juncture of trilete rays. Surface covered with tapetal residue. Holotype: Plate 4: 28. Paratype: Plate 4: 30-32. Locality: Approximately 800 m northwest Yanmenba Village, Jiangyou, Sichuan. Horizon: Pingyipu Formation (Siegenian).