盐胁迫下烘产碱菌在水稻根表的定殖和异源固氮基因的表达

异源ｎｉｆ－ＬａｎＺ融合基因在粪产碱菌Ａ１５６１中的表达活性随盐浓度增加而升高,然而逐渐降。ｎｉｆＨ－ＬａｅＺ融合基因可以正常表达的盐浓度在０．１％～０．５％之间,盐浓度与０．０５％时活必同Ａ１５６１在盐浓度为０．０６％时趋化能力最强,随着盐浓度的提高逐渐下降,当盐浓度为３．０％时完全人趋化能力。一定的盐浓度（０．５％）对固氮立碱菌的数远大于对照。３种ｎｉｆ－ＬａｃＺ融合基因在根内的表达部位有显著     

固氮粪产碱菌ntrC-lacZ融合基因的构建及其在水稻根部的表达

将粪产碱菌（Alcaligenesfaecalis）A1501ntrC基因和lacZ基因正向克隆于广泛性转移载体pLA2917上,获得多拷贝ntrC质粒pLAC1和含ntrC－lacZ融合基因的重组质粒pLAC2,采用双亲结合方法,将上述两个重组质粒导入A1501中,获得含ntrC－lacZ融合基因的结合子A15C2和ntrC多拷贝结合子A15C1。采用X－gal原位显色技术、显微切片、扫描电镜观察及ntrC部分缺失突变株研究粪产碱菌ntrC在根部的表达及功能,结果表明粪产碱菌A1501在水稻根部有较强的定殖能力,并能侵进入水稻根内定殖。在水稻主侧根伸长区及根内皮层薄壁细胞及侧根分生区ntrC－lacZ融合基因表达活性明显高于别的部位。高铵条件下多拷贝ntrC结合子根表定殖能力大于野生型,而ntrC突变株则低于野生型。表明ntrC基因参与固氮菌根表结合的过程。     

固氮粪产碱菌ntrC-lacZ融合基因的构建及其在水稻根部的表达

将粪产碱菌（Alcaligenesfaecalis）A1501ntrC基因和lacZ基因正向克隆于广泛性转移载体pLA2917上,获得多拷贝ntrC质粒pLAC1和含ntrC－lacZ融合基因的重组质粒pLAC2,采用双亲结合方法,将上述两个重组质粒导入A1501中,获得含ntrC－lacZ融合基因的结合子A15C2和ntrC多拷贝结合子A15C1。采用X－gal原位显色技术、显微切片、扫描电镜观察及ntrC部分缺失突变株研究粪产碱菌ntrC在根部的表达及功能,结果表明粪产碱菌A1501在水稻根部有较强的定殖能力,并能侵进入水稻根内定殖。在水稻主侧根伸长区及根内皮层薄壁细胞及侧根分生区ntrC－lacZ融合基因表达活性明显高于别的部位。高铵条件下多拷贝ntrC结合子根表定殖能力大于野生型,而ntrC突变株则低于野生型。表明ntrC基因参与固氮菌根表结合的过程。     

粪产碱菌nif H,nif D和部分nif K的克隆、定位及序列分析

提取粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)总DNA,经限制性内切酶酶切和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以含肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)nif H和nif H-D基因的DNA片段为探针进行Southern杂交,筛选出与nif HDK同源的4.6kb片段,克隆到pBluesript SK~+载体上,构建了重组质粒pBZl.经亚克隆、酶切、DNA序列分析后发现,粪产碱菌具有与其它固氮菌相似的结构特征,其nif HDK共用1个启动子,具有上游激活序列UAS,RNA聚合酶σ⁵⁴因子识别序列、1个A-T富集区和SD序列.nifH和nif D的阅读框架分别为888和1476bp,GC含量各为61.6%和60.2%.nifH-nif D和nif D-nif K的基因间隔区长度分别为101和105bp,各存在1个7bp的反向重复和1个SD序列.由阅读框架(ORF)推导的铁蛋白和钼铁蛋白α亚基的氨基酸序列与其它固氮菌相比有较高的同源性,高度保守的氨基酸残基所处的位置也很相似.同源性比较说明,粪产碱菌与棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)同源性最高.     

稻根联合固氮细菌的研究I．菌种的分离和鉴定

从水稻根内分离到两株固氮能力较强的细菌,A-15和 E-26。经鉴定,A-15的表现性状与粪产碱菌的性状相符,但其DNA中GC含量为62．95—63 93克分子％,略高于文献报道的58．9克分子％。 由于缺乏粪产碱菌的模式株,暂将A—15归属于粪产碱菌(Alcaligenesfaecalis)。E-26的表观性状与阴沟肠杆菌属相符,因此将E一26归属于阴沟肠杆菌(Entcroba-cter cloacae)。据报道,在玉米根际曾分离到固氮的阴沟肠杆菌,却未见到有分离出固氮的粪产碱菌者。     

粪产碱菌nifH启动子与LacZ的融合基因构建及其表达调控

在ｐＲＫ２９０载体上将粪产碱菌固氮酶基因ｎｉｆＨ的启动子与报告基因ＬａｃＺ相融合,获得表达载体ｐＳＫ６,并转导到粪产碱菌Ａ１５０１菌株中,探讨了铵和氧对该启动子的表达调控。结果表明,粪产碱菌ｎｉｆＨ启动子仍受到铵和氧的调节。当铵浓度大于３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,其表达水平大幅度下降,但铵浓度高达４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,仍有很低水平表达。而且,带有巴西固氮螺菌ｎｉｆＨ：ｌａｃＺ的粪产碱菌接合子在高铵条件下（４０ｍ     

粪产碱菌nifH启动子与LacZ的融合基因构建及其表达调控

在ｐＲＫ２９０载体上将粪产碱菌固氮酶基因ｎｉｆＨ的启动子与报告基因ＬａｃＺ相融合,获得表达载体ｐＳＫ６,并转导到粪产碱菌Ａ１５０１菌株中,探讨了铵和氧对该启动子的表达调控．结果表明,粪产碱菌ｎｉｆＨ启动子仍受到铵和氧的调节．当铵浓度大于３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,其表达水平大幅度下降,但铵浓度高达４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,仍有很低水平表达．而且,带有巴西固氮螺菌ｎｉｆＨ∶ｌａｃＺ的粪产碱菌接合子在高铵条件下（４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）也有低水平表达．此外,氧对粪产碱菌的ｎｉｆＨ启动子有抑制作用,这在无铵条件下表现最为明显．     

水稻根际联合固氮细菌的研究

从我国南方水稻根部分离到3株氧化型革兰氏阴性细菌,编号为A1601,A1701和A1702。经15N示踪实验证明,它们均有较高的固氮能力。在无氮培养基中加入少量稻根浸出液进行培养后,可使固氮酶活性明显提高。根据菌株的形态和生理生化等特征鉴定,3株菌均为产孽菌属的细菌,分别为争论产碱菌(Alcaligenes paradoxus A1601),反硝化产碱蔺木糖氧化亚种(Alcaligenes denitrificans subsp.xylosoxydons A1701)和反硝化产碱菌反硝化亚种(Alcaligenes denitridicans subsp.denitrificans A1702)。这是继粪产碱菌(Alcaligenesfaecalis)之后,发现的产碱菌属中另外3株未见报道的固氮细菌。     

肺炎克氏杆菌固氮基因在稻根联合固氮菌粪产碱菌中的转移和表达

pRD1是带有肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)固氮基因的重组质粒,它可以通过细菌间的接合转移到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)、苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、草生欧文氏菌(Erwinea herbicola)、奇异变形菌(Proteus mirabilis)、粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratiamarcescens)、荧光假单孢菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和棕色固氮菌(Aztobacter vinelandii)中,所带的固氮基因能在其中的一些菌株中表达。 本文报道pRD1质粒在稻根联合固氮菌粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)A-15中转移和表达的情况。     

铵培养的粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）中固氮酶的生物合成

粪产碱菌A—15的氮素同化途径在铵培养下以GDH途径为主,而氮培养下则以GS/GOGAT途径为主,DEAE—纤维素层析,SDS—PAGE及免疫学试验均证明,粪产碱菌在铵浓度高达30mmol/L时仍有固氮酶合成,但没有固氮活性。铵和氮培养两者细菌粗提液在电泳条带上有些差异。铵培养的粪产碱菌合成的固氮酶,在解阻遏后,仍可出现固氮活性。     

Expression of regulatory nif genes in Rhodobacter capsulatus.

Translational fusions of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene to Rhodobacter capsulatus nif genes were constructed in order to determine the regulatory circuit of nif gene expression in R. capsulatus, a free-living photosynthetic diazotroph. The expression of nifH, nifA (copies I and II), and nifR4 was measured in different regulatory mutant strains under different physiological conditions. The expression of nifH and nifR4 (the analog of ntrA in Klebsiella pneumoniae) depends on the NIFR1/R2 system (the analog of the ntr system in K. pneumoniae), on NIFA, and on NIFR4. The expression of both copies of nifA is regulated by the NIFR1/R2 system and is modulated by the N source of the medium under anaerobic photosynthetic growth conditions. In the presence of ammonia or oxygen, moderate expression of nifA was detectable, whereas nifH and nifR4 were not expressed under these conditions. The implications for the regulatory circuit of nif gene expression in R. capsulatus are discussed and compared with the situation in K. pneumoniae, another free-living diazotroph.     

The pleiotropic nature of symbiotic regulatory mutants: Bradyrhizobium japonicum nifA gene is involved in control of nif gene expression and formation of determinate symbiosis

In the slow-growing soybean symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain 110), a nifA-like regulatory gene was located immediately upstream of the previously mapped fixA gene. By interspecies hybridization and partial DNA sequencing the gene was found to be homologous to nifA from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Rhizobium meliloti, and to a lesser extent, also to ntrC from K. pneumoniae. The B. japonicum nifA gene product was shown to activate B. japonicum and K. pneumoniae nif promoters (using nif::lacZ translational fusions) both in Escherichia coli and B. japonicum backgrounds. In the heterologous E. coli system activation was shown to be dependent on the ntrA gene product. Site-directed insertion and deletion/replacement mutagenesis revealed that nifA is probably the promoter-distal cistron within an operon. NifA- mutants were Fix- and pleiotropic: (i) they were defective in the synthesis of several proteins including the nifH gene product (nitrogenase Fe protein); the same proteins had been known to be repressed under aerobic growth of B. japonicum but derepressed at low O2 tension; (ii) the mutants had an altered nodulation phenotype inducing numerous, small, widely distributed soybean nodules in which the bacteroids were subject to severe degradation. These results show that nifA not only controls nitrogenase genes but also one or more genes involved in the establishment of a determinate, nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis.     

Transcription of the Azospirillum brasilense nifH gene is positively regulated by NifA and NtrA and is negatively controlled by the cellular nitrogen status.

The expression of a translational Azospirillum brasilense nifH-uidA fusion was studied in A. brasilense and in Rhizobium meliloti strains with mutations in nifA, ntrA and ntrC. Induction of the fusion was observed in the R. meliloti wild-type and NtrC- strains on incubation under microaerobic conditions but not in the NifA- and NtrA- strains, showing the absolute requirement of both sigma 54 and NifA for activation of the nifH promoter. Histochemical analysis of the root nodules elicited by R. meliloti wild-type showed expression of the fusion in the late symbiotic zone but not in the meristematic and the early symbiotic zones. No induction of the nifH-uidA fusion was observed in the R. meliloti wild-type or NifA- strains incubated aerobically in nitrogen-free medium, indicating that, in contrast to R. meliloti nifH, A. brasilense nifH cannot be activated directly by NtrC. Expression of the nifH gene in A. brasilense only occurs under nitrogen-limiting, microaerobic conditions, suggesting the presence of a nitrogen-dependent control system for nif gene expression.     

Nitrogenase activity of Herbaspirillum seropedicae grown under low iron levels requires the products of nifXorf1 genes

Herbaspirillum seropedicae strains mutated in the nifX or orf1 genes showed 90% or 50% reduction in nitrogenase activity under low levels of iron or molybdenum respectively. Mutations in nifX or orf1 genes did not affect nif gene expression since a nifH::lacZ fusion was fully active in both mutants. nifX and the contiguous gene orf1 are essential for maximum nitrogen fixation under iron limitation and are probably involved in synthesis of nitrogenase iron or iron-molybdenum clusters.