水稻根表固氮细菌的研究

作者对水稻根表固氮细菌的生态与分布进行了研究。分别从武汉大学、华中农业大学和湖北省农科院土肥所水稻田里采集水稻根系样品。研究了水稻根系固氮活性与作物生育期的关系。检测到水稻在抽穗期根系固氮活性最高,同时在此期间分离到的固氮菌株最多。不同碳源对同一根系的固氮活性也有影响。所分离获得的20株固氮细菌的纯培养经过鉴定分别属于Azospirillum brasilense和Klebsiella pneumoniae两个种。分别以R_(39)和R_(20)为代表株。     

玉米联合固氮菌Kosakonia radicincitans GXGL-4A的分离鉴定与固氮特性研究

【目的】固氮微生物是生物固氮的主体,其菌种的选育更是生物固氮研究的基础。本实验室分离鉴定出一株新的固氮菌,并对其固氮相关活性进行初步研究。【方法】固氮菌采用Ashby无氮培养基进行分离纯化。通过形态特征分析、生理生化特征分析、16S r RNA基因序列分析和基因组扫描对固氮菌进行鉴定。利用靛酚蓝-分光光度法检测固氮菌的泌铵能力。固氮酶活性的测定使用乙炔还原法。【结果】从玉米根部分离到一株固氮菌株GXGL-4A,菌体短杆状,大小约为1.5μm×0.5μm,单个或常见2个菌体细胞串联在一起,革兰氏染色结果为阴性。16S r RNA基因序列分析结果表明该菌株与Kosakonia oryzae Fo8A1d 16S r RNA基因序列有95%的相似性,结合形态特征、生理生化特征和基因组扫描,将其命名为K.radicincitans GXGL-4A。对其进行固氮基因nif H的检测,经PCR扩增得到预期的296 bp条带;采用靛酚蓝-分光光度法,测得发酵液中铵态氮含量为2.5 mg/L,表明该菌株具有较好的泌铵能力。乙炔还原法测其固氮酶活性,以乙烯生产量表示,结果显示GXGL-4A菌株在无氮培养基上能够有效地还原乙炔,达到232.94 nmol C2H4/(m L·h)。【结论】菌株GXGL-4A是一株可较好地分泌铵的新的固氮菌,具有很好的研究价值。     

荚膜红细菌的分离鉴定及其协同固氮作用

从上海南汇县的水稻根系中分离得到一株光合固氮菌ＳＤＨ２,经形态、细胞膜结构、生理生化等特征的分析鉴定,以伯杰细菌鉴定手册第九版和ＪＦＩｍｈｏｆｆ的光合硫细菌和绿硫细菌的生理学和分类^［１］一文为依据,确定该菌为荚膜红细菌Ｒｈｏｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｃａｐｓｕｌａｔｕｓ。同时,发现该菌与水稻根表的其它固氮菌之间具有协同生长和协同固氮效应。     

一个圆褐固氮菌的转导系统

分离了圆褐固氮菌(Azotobacter chroococcus)无荚膜变异株Aw的营养缺陷突变株和不固氮突变株以及Aw的噬菌体。以Aw菌株为给体,Aw的各种突变株为受体,通过噬菌体转导,证明圆褐固氮菌噬菌体AC-5.1是一株普遍性转导噬菌体。通过AC一5.1的转导,这些突变株都能成为原养型并恢复固氮能力。     

自沼气池中分离的一株甲烷利用菌

自沼气池中分离到一株甲烷利用菌,其主要生理特性是利用甲烷或甲醇作碳源和能源,生活史中具有休眠体,形成固氮菌型的孢囊,在利用甲烷的生长中不被乙酸盐、苹果酸、琥珀酸盐抑制,应是甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)中的一新种,定名为淡橙黄色甲烷氧化杆菌(Mcthylo-batter luteolo-croceus sp. Nov.)。     

中华鳖白底板病和红底板病细菌的分离鉴定及致病性

从患白底板病和红底板病的病鳖中分离出７株细菌,应用一般细菌分离鉴定的方法和美国生物－梅里埃（Ｂｉｏ Ｍｅｒｉｅｕｘ ＵＳＡ）公司ＶＩＴＥＫ全自动微生物鉴定系统进行鉴定,结果显示有３株嗜水气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｉｌａ）、１株温和气单胞菌（Ａｅｒｏｍｏｎａｓ ｓｏｂｒｉａ<.I>）、１株金黄色葡萄球菌（Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓａｕｒｅｕｓ）、１株肺炎克雷伯氏菌（Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ ｐｎｅｕｍｏｎｉａｅ）和 １株美人鱼弧菌（Ｖｉｂ     

钾长石矿区土壤固氮菌的多样性分析

目的分离纯化钾长石矿区土壤中高效固氮菌,并分析其固氮菌的多样性。方法采集湖南省吉首市钾长石开采区土壤,采用纯培养法分离固氮菌,通过形态特征观察、生理生化特征和基于16SrDNA基因序列的系统发育分析初步鉴定固氮菌的种属关系,采用凯氏定氮法测定固氮菌的固氮能力,筛选高固氮能力菌株。结果分离获得28株固氮细菌,共10个属,其中4株固氮能力较强的细菌,编号分别L5、L6、L10、L13,经初步鉴定,分别为Burkholderia、Enterobacter、Bacillus、Rhizobium,进一步的研究结果表明菌株L13固氮能力最强,固氮量为10.71mg/L,是对照组的51倍。结论从钾长石矿区土壤中分离到的固氮菌具有多样性,并能获得较高固氮能力的细菌,为复合型解钾、固氮菌的研究积累素材,同时为挖掘高效复合型固氮微生物,提供参考和提供资源。     

一株线虫共生细菌的研究

从斯氏线虫Steinernema sp.(编号S8608)中,分离到一株线虫共生细菌,鉴定为嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophilus。并对其抑菌作用、敏感性试验和对线虫体外繁殖的影响进行了研究。     

联合固氮菌的合成生物学研究进展

氮素是作物生长过程中最重要的元素,氮素缺乏将会严重影响作物生长。随着人类对粮食的需求量增加,化学氮肥的施用量越来越多。生物固氮在全球氮素循环中有着重要的作用,60%的氮来源于生物固氮。因此,生物固氮,尤其是能够在作物中定殖的联合固氮菌,最有可能代替氮肥成为粮食作物的主要氮源。长期以来,如何提高生物固氮效率以及在作物中实现生物固氮是生物学家的重要研究方向。合成生物学的出现和发展为能够生物固氮的研究带了新的机遇,有望缓解粮食作物对化学氮肥的大量需求。本文概述了固氮菌的种类、联合固氮菌中固氮基因岛的组成以及转录调控机理,阐述了合成生物学在生物固氮领域中的研究现状,对未来的联合固氮菌合成生物学的发展方向作出了展望。     

云南温泉高温菌的研究VII.腾冲酸性高温温泉中的极端嗜热性芽孢杆菌

从腾冲县4个酸性(pH 3.0—5.0)高温(85--96℃)温泉中分离到16株极端嗜热性芽孢杆菌。经鉴定,10株为嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus stear6thermophilus),2株(YN86317和YN86326)为高温凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoaoagulans sp. Nov.),4株(YN86325、YN86344、YN86344-2和YN86345)为 Baaillus spp.。     

长江流域水稻根际芽杆菌属固氮菌株的分离与鉴定

Rice rhizosphere soil samples were colected from 10 sites of 7 provinces in the Yangzi River Valley, and from the soil samples 16 endospore-forming strains with ARA (Acetylene Reduction Activity) were isolated, the nitrogen fixing ability was tested by the method of 15N tracer and the atom 15N% excess are ranged from 0.0297% to 0.4714%. The strains were identified as Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. azotoformans, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. brevis, B. megaterium, B. firmu.     

神农架自然保护区大九湖芽孢杆菌资源调查

对神农架自然保护区大九湖 2 1份土样进行芽孢杆菌的分离 ,共分离得到 1 4 0株纯培养 ,鉴定为 1 1个种 ,处优势地位的四个种分别为腊样芽孢杆菌占 31 .3% ,短芽孢杆菌占 2 5% ,环状芽孢杆菌占 1 2 .5% ,蕈状芽孢杆菌占 1 1 .6%。还分析了嗜中温芽孢杆菌在该地区的分布及其与环境的关系。     

粗放经营茶园土壤昆虫病原真菌种群多样性及时间生态位

本文系统调查了粗放经营状态下黄山毛峰茶园根际土壤昆虫病原真菌的种群多样性及其时间生态位水平.于2012年8月至2013年6月,在安徽省黄山市汤口镇选择粗放经营茶园采集土壤样品140份,经稀释平板法分离共获得昆虫病原真菌1041株.结果表明： 昆虫病原真菌种群多样性较为丰富,经鉴定分为6属13种.其中,淡紫紫孢菌、球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌为优势种群,其菌株数分别为309、255和101株,占总数的29.7%、24.5%和9.7%.茶园土壤中淡紫紫孢菌的时间生态位宽度最大,球孢白僵菌最小.昆虫病原真菌之间以球孢白僵菌和布氏白僵菌的时间生态位重叠值最大,为1.965;而爪哇棒束孢和球孢白僵菌的时间生态位重叠值最小,仅为0.374.     

Prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type E and coexistence of C. botulinum nonproteolytic type B in the river soil of Japan.

Soil samples from 98 sites in the whole systems of four rivers in Japan were examined for the presence of Clostridium botulinum. Type E organism was prevalently shown throughout the whole river systems including upper part; detection rates of type E toxin in soil culture ranged from 33 to 82%. This type was also detected in soil of adjacent mountainous district. Type B and C toxins were detected at 7% and 9% of the sites examined, respectively. C. botulinum type E and nonproteolytic type B strains were isolated from enrichment cultures of soil samples. These results suggest that the terrestrial origin of type E organism would be considered as one of the reasons for the high incidence of this organism in the sea areas, and prove that C. botulinum nonproteolytic type B exists in the soil of Japan.     

海南文昌清澜港红树林真菌抗B16肿瘤细胞活性菌株的筛选

从海南文昌清澜港红树林采集78份植物组织和土壤样品。对样品进行真菌分离, 共分离得到真菌608株, 采用目测法对其体外抗肿瘤细胞活性进行检测, 发现81株红树林真菌对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞有不同程度的抑制作用, 占总分离菌株的13.32%。结果表明, 从红树植物杯萼海桑中分离得到真菌菌株的数量最多, 而从红树植物银叶树分离得到的抗肿瘤细胞活性菌株数量最多。     

Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis strains in the maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils in Colombia

AIMS: To evaluate the distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis strains from maize and bean phylloplane and their respective soils. METHODS AND RESULTS: B. thuringiensis was isolated from the phylloplane and soil of maize and bean from three municipalities in Antioquia, Colombia. Ninety six samples of phylloplane and 24 of soil were analyzed. A total of 214 isolates were obtained from 96 phylloplane samples while 59 isolates were recovered from 24 soil samples. Sixty five per cent and 12% of the phylloplane and soil isolates, respectively, showed activity against Spodoptera frugiperda. These isolates contained delta-endotoxin proteins of 57 and 130 kDa. The most toxic isolates against S. frugiperda had the genotype cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1B, and cry1D. In contrast, 27% of the phylloplane isolates and 88% of the soil isolates were active against Culex quinquefasciatus and had protein profiles similar to B. thuringiensis serovar. medellin and B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. The most active isolates contain cry4 and cry11 genes. CONCLUSIONS: The predominant population of B. thuringiensis on the phylloplane harbored the cry1 gene and was active against S. frugiperda, whereas in soil, isolates harboring cry11 gene and active against C. quinquefasciatus were the majority. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The predominance of specific B. thuringiensis populations, both on the leaves and in the soil, suggests the presence of selection in B. thuringiensis populations on the studied environment.     

海南文昌清澜港红树林真菌抗B16肿瘤细胞活性菌株的筛选

从海南文昌清澜港红树林采集78份植物组织和土壤样品。对样品进行真菌分离, 共分离得到真菌608株, 采用目测法对其体外抗肿瘤细胞活性进行检测, 发现81株红树林真菌对小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞有不同程度的抑制作用, 占总分离菌株的13.32%。结果表明, 从红树植物杯萼海桑中分离得到真菌菌株的数量最多, 而从红树植物银叶树分离得到的抗肿瘤细胞活性菌株数量最多。     

Persistence and efficacy of Beauveria brongniartii strains applied as biocontrol agents against Melolontha melolontha in the Valley of Aosta (northwest Italy)

AIMS: To monitor and select genetically characterized strains of Beauveria brongniartii to be used as microbiological control agents against Melolontha melolontha in different climatic conditions of the Valley of Aosta (northwest Italy). METHODS AND RESULTS: Molecular random amplified polymorphic DNA markers allowed monitoring of five B. brongniartii strains (C2, F, K2, N3 and W2) in field trials. Ten sites were chosen at Joven?an, Saint-Pierre and Quart areas, where a mixture of the five strains colonizing rye kernels was applied to the soil of each M. melolontha infested site. Growth, persistence and virulence on M. melolontha larvae of five fungal strains were evaluated in two subsequent 24-month studies. Beauveria brongniartii grew best at the Joven?an sites. Not only did strain F persist better than the other strains in most soil samples but it was also the most virulent strain. Strain F was isolated the most frequently from infected M. melolontha larvae recovered from the test sites. A general decrease in the larvae rate was detected in the test field soil. CONCLUSIONS: Strain F of B. brongniartii was better than other strains in growth, persistence and virulence against M. melolontha larvae in the test site soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Results obtained from preliminary field trials support the use of strain F as a biological control agent against M. melolontha in the Valley of Aosta even if further targeted studies are still necessary.     

Novel cost-effective method of screening soils for the presence of mosquito-pathogenic bacilli

AIMS: The aim was to simplify the cumbersome conventional process of isolating virulent bacilli, which involves isolating all bacilli strains from a source followed by screening for strains that are effective for bio-control of mosquito vectors. METHODS: A new simplified technique involving eight steps was devised for screening soil samples for the presence of mosquito-pathogenic bacilli before isolating individual strains. RESULTS: Using the new technique, we obtained eight bacilli strains (KSD1-8) showing pathogenic activity against mosquito larvae from three out of 10 soil samples screened. These strains were characterized, identified and the main bioassay tests were performed with three most promising strains (KSD-4, KSD-7 and KSD-8), and their pathogenic activity against Anopheles stephensi Liston, Culex quinquefasciatus, Say and Aedes aegypti Linnaeus compared well with commercial reference strains of B. thuringiensis israelensis and B. sphaericus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The new technique of screening soil samples for the presence of virulent pathogenic strains of bacilli against mosquito larvae proved quick, efficient and cost effective.     

Selective isolation and distribution of the genus Planomonospora in soils

For the screening of bioactive compounds and study of global distribution, a selective isolation method for Planomonospora strains by centrifugation from soil is examined. Planomonospora strains produced characteristic sporangia on the humic acid-trace salts gellan gum medium (pH 9.0) so that this genus was readily recognized on the isolation plate. High yields of motile spores were obtained by using a flooding solution containing 0.1% skim milk in 5 mM N-cyclohexyl-2-amino-ethanesulfonic acid (pH 9.0) followed by incubating the preparation at 32 degreesC for 90 min, centrifuging it at 1000 x g for 10 min, and further incubation at 32 degreesC for 60 min after centrifugation. By combining the techniques described above, we isolated 246 Planomonospora strains from 137 of the 1200 soil samples examined. Ninety-four percent of these strains were recovered from neutral to slightly alkaline soils (pH 7.0 to 9.0). Strains of P. venezuelensis group were obtained from 13 soil samples (1.1%), which were collected in Bolivia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, India, Japan, New Caledonia, and Turkey. Strains of this group appear widely distributed in the soil of tropical to temperate regions. To our knowledge, this is the first record that strains of this group have been isolated from a location other than Venezuela.