细菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的诱导型异源表达

【目的】实现地衣芽孢杆菌麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效异源表达,并研究该重组酶的酶学性质。【方法】克隆巨大芽孢杆菌木糖异构酶基因的启动子区域及其调控蛋白,构建一个大肠杆菌/芽孢杆菌穿梭型诱导表达质粒,使用该诱导型启动子介导麦芽糖淀粉酶编码基因,实现其在枯草芽孢杆菌中的功能表达。对重组枯草芽孢杆菌的诱导条件进行优化,提高麦芽糖淀粉酶的产量。【结果】获得了诱导表达麦芽糖淀粉酶基因的重组枯草芽孢杆菌菌株。最适诱导温度为45°C,最适诱导剂添加浓度为1%,最适添加诱导剂时间为接种培养9 h后。重组酶蛋白分子量大小为67 k D,对该酶的酶学性质研究发现,以可溶性淀粉为底物,反应生成麦芽糖和葡萄糖,其中麦芽糖含量为60.42%。重组酶最适作用温度为45°C,最适作用p H为6.5,Ca2+、Co2+、EDTA对该重组麦芽糖淀粉酶具有激活作用。【结论】通过木糖诱导表达系统可以实现麦芽糖淀粉酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效诱导型表达,酶活最高可达296.64 U/m L发酵液,在工业上有着较好的应用前景。     

基于时间序列转录组筛选谷氨酸棒杆菌内源高效组成型启动子

启动子是重要的转录调控元件,广泛用于工业菌株的代谢工程改造。谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum是重要的氨基酸生产菌株,但已报道的组成型强启动子较少。对谷氨酸高产菌Corynebacterium glutamicum SL4发酵过程的10个时间点样品进行转录组测序,筛选在发酵过程中稳定转录并且转录水平最高的10个基因;分别克隆其启动子序列至红色荧光蛋白(RFP)报告系统,通过荧光强度表征启动子在SL4菌株中的强度,再在野生型C. glutamicum ATCC 13869和ATCC 13032中验证部分启动子的通用性;并采用LacZ蛋白进一步评价强启动子的表达效果。结果显示,成功筛选到3个可以通用的组成型启动子P_(cysK)、P_(gapA)和P_(fumC)。其中P_(cysK)的表达强度最高,与诱导型强启动子P_(tac)对比,在SL4和13869菌株中均达到其2倍(RFP)和4倍(LacZ)以上;在ATCC 13032菌株中,P_(cysK)的表达强度为P_(tac)的0.3-0.4倍。Pcys K首次被报道为强启动子,可用于谷氨酸棒杆菌强化合成途径的代谢工程改造。     

熊蜂生假丝酵母启动子的筛选及强度分析

【背景】熊蜂生假丝酵母(Starmerella bombicola)作为一种非常规假丝酵母菌株,因其具备高产槐糖脂生物表面活性剂的能力而受到广泛关注。然而,由于自身的表达系统并不完善,限制了该菌株的代谢工程改造。【目的】克隆、筛选及鉴定新的系列内源启动子表达元件。【方法】通过对比分析熊蜂生假丝酵母全基因组及9种功能已知目的基因信息,并结合启动子预测网站,筛选获得系列启动子候选序列,以SbGFP (密码子优化后的酵母增强型绿色荧光蛋白)为报告基因进行整合表达,通过绿色荧光蛋白强度及转录水平分析鉴定启动子强度。【结果】在分别以葡萄糖和油酸作为唯一碳源的条件下,启动子PTEF1和PGPD在不同碳源培养条件下均显示出较高的转录水平。启动子PCYP52M1、PUGTA1、PUGTB1及PMOB在以油酸为唯一碳源时具有弱转录活性,而在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源时则未检测到它们具有转录活性,推测它们是油酸诱导型启动子。进一步利用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)对SbGFP进行转录水平分析,检测结果与绿色荧光表达水平一致。【结论】获得了系列熊蜂生假丝酵母内源性启动子,进一步丰富了该菌株的表达元件,为菌株的代谢工程改造及基因的表达与调控奠定了理论基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌中高效响应N-乙酰神经氨酸生物传感器的构建

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)是公认的食品安全菌株,目前已被用于多种高附加值产品的生物合成,包括被广泛用作营养化学品和药物中间体的N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid, NeuAc)。响应目标产物的生物传感器被广泛用于代谢工程中的动态调控和高通量筛选等方面,以提高生物合成效率。但是,枯草芽孢杆菌中缺乏可高效响应NeuAc的生物传感器。因此,本文首先测试和优化了能将胞外NeuAc转运进胞内的转运蛋白,获得了一系列具有不同转运能力的菌株,以用于后续响应NeuAc的生物传感器的验证;随后将响应NeuAc的转录因子Bbr_NanR的结合位点插入枯草芽孢杆菌组成型启动子的不同位置,筛选具有活性的杂合启动子;接下来,通过在具有NeuAc转运能力的枯草芽孢杆菌中表达Bbr_NanR,选择能响应NeuAc的杂合启动子,并进一步通过优化Bbr_NanR表达量获得了一系列动态范围广、激活倍数高的生物传感器,其中生物传感器P535-N2能灵敏地响应胞内NeuAc浓度的变化,具有最大的动态范围,为(180–20 245) AU/OD;P566-N2则具有最高的激活倍数,为122倍,是已报道的枯草芽孢杆菌中响应N-乙酰神经氨酸的生物传感器的2倍。本文构建的响应NeuAc的生物传感器可用于高产NeuAc的酶突变体和枯草芽孢杆菌菌株的筛选,为枯草芽孢杆菌生物合成NeuAc提供了高效、灵敏的分析和调控工具。     

基于麦芽糖诱导型启动子在枯草芽胞杆菌中异源表达麦芽四糖淀粉酶及其酶学性质的研究

麦芽四糖淀粉酶(Maltotetraose amylase, Mta)可以从淀粉的非还原末端特异性依次切割第4个α-1,4糖苷键形成麦芽四糖,目前在食品、医疗保健和造纸等领域具有重要应用。构建安全、高效的表达系统强化麦芽四糖淀粉酶的重组表达,进而降低以其为核心酶的麦芽四糖生物转化过程的生产成本具有迫切的现实需求。本研究将源自Pseudomonas saccharophila(DSM 654)的麦芽四糖淀粉酶基因mta在枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis中重组表达,利用麦芽糖诱导型启动子实现其安全高效表达,之后对重组酶进行分离纯化和酶学性质表征。结果显示,将携带麦芽糖诱导型启动子P_glv的表达载体转入B.subtilis WB800N中,成功构建工程菌后进行诱导表达,并且利用金属离子螯合层析技术成功获得了Mta纯酶。酶学性质研究结果显示其最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH为7.5。动力学常数K_m为(1.26±0.17) g/L、k_cat/K_m为(2 275.07±32.83) L/s·g,...     

麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合成酶基因在B.subtilis WB800n中的表达

运用枯草芽孢杆菌中的麦芽糖诱导型启动子调控元件,构建得到麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合成酶的安全表达系统,使其制备的海藻糖能够广泛应用于食品医疗行业。以来源于恶臭假单胞杆菌KT2440(Pseudomonas putida KT2440)的海藻糖合成酶基因Tre S为报告基因,以cre序列定点突变(CG碱基突变为AT碱基)优化后的麦芽糖诱导型的枯草芽孢杆菌操纵元启动子Pglv为调控元件、大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭质粒PHT01为载体骨架,通过Bam H I和Aat II限制酶酶切替换,构建得到高效表达载体Pglv-PHT01-Tre S,将质粒电转化到B.subtilis WB800n并验证其表达效果。成功构建了海藻糖合成酶高效表达质粒Pglv-PHT01-Tre S,并实现了该重组质粒在B.subtilis WB800n中的表达。利用基础发酵培养基优化发酵条件验证结果表明,菌体生长到发酵液吸光值OD600达到1.2时加入终质量分数4.5%的麦芽糖,37℃诱导18 h后胞内的海藻糖合成酶的粗酶活力达到18.9 U/m L。为了提高海藻糖合成酶的表达量,还构建了通过单交叉互换方法敲除了α-淀粉酶基因amy E的重组菌株B.subtilis WB800n(Δamy E),减少了胞外α-淀粉酶对麦芽糖的降解成葡萄糖,提高了麦芽糖的诱导表达效果以及减少葡萄糖的反馈抑制,表达质粒在麦芽糖诱导条件下在该重组菌中海藻糖合成酶酶活提高到了29.2 U/m L。首次成功实现了麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达,为获得制备安全高效的海藻糖合成酶表达系统奠定了基础。     

毕赤酵母醇氧化酶1启动子突变体的分离与鉴定

目的：通过醇氧化酶1启动子突变,筛选毕赤酵母高水平表达菌株。方法：通过致错PCR构建醇氧化酶1启动子突变体,经酶切连接到改造过的质粒HSA-pPIC9上,转化毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞,摇瓶培养表达筛选人血清白蛋白（HSA）高表达突变体菌株。结果：克隆测序结果表明,突变的醇氧化酶1启动子-910和-569位点处共2个碱基发生了T→C突变;获得一株高表达菌株,摇瓶中HSA的表达量由200mg／L提高到335mg／L。结论：通过醇氧化酶1启动子突变成功构建了HSA高表达菌株。     

利用SPT3的定向进化提高工业酿酒酵母乙醇耐受性

利用对转录因子的定向进化可对多基因控制的性状进行有效的代谢工程改造。本研究对酿酒酵母负责胁迫相关基因转录的SAGA复合体成分SPT3编码基因进行易错PCR随机突变,并研究了SPT3的定向进化对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性的影响。将SPT3的易错PCR产物连接改造的pYES2.0表达载体并转化酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae4126,构建了突变体文库。通过筛选在高浓度乙醇中耐受性提高的突变株,获得了一株在10%(V/V)乙醇中生长较好的突变株M25。该突变株利用125g/L的葡萄糖进行乙醇发酵时,终点乙醇产量比对照菌株提高了11.7%。由此表明,SPT3是对酿酒酵母乙醇耐性进行代谢工程改造的一个重要的转录因子。     

代谢工程强化脱氮副球菌DYTN-1去除氮素污染物

【目的】脱氮副球菌(Paracoccus denitrificans)是一种环境友好的α-变形菌纲菌株,在有氧条件下也可进行反硝化过程,具有较好的脱氮能力。本研究以脱氮副球菌DYTN-1为底盘细胞,筛选氮素诱导型启动子用于强化硝化和反硝化途径,进而达到代谢工程强化脱氮副球菌DYTN-1去除氮素污染物的目的。【方法】通过接合转移的方法分别将过表达amoA、amoB、hao和nirS基因的重组质粒导入脱氮副球菌DYTN-1细胞中。经过荧光定量检测和氮素定量检测对脱氮副球菌DYTN-1的基因元件和氮去除能力进行表征。【结果】从基因组中挖掘了6个受NO₂^‒、NO₃^‒和NH₄⁺诱导的启动子,诱导差异为2‒26倍;且过表达nirS的菌株用2 g/L KNO₃处理24 h后培养基中NO₃^‒的残余量为野生型菌株的67%。同时过表达hao和nirS基因的菌株在用1 g/L NH₄Cl和2 g/L KNO₃处理12 h后,其NO₃^‒的剩余量仅为野生型菌株的50%,且最终总氮的降解效率达79.5%,剩余总氮仅为野生型菌株的一半。【结论】上述研究表明,利用筛选获得的启动子工具在P. denitrificans DYTN-1中进行代谢工程改造强化氮素污染物的去除具有可行性。     

高效杀蚊苏云金芽孢杆菌BRC-LLP29的发酵优化

苏云金芽孢杆菌BRC-LLP29为新型高效杀蚊菌株,应用快速有效的数学统计方法对其杀蚊毒力的发酵培养进行优化.通过单因素筛选确定最佳碳源为葡萄糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉,氮源为typetone、大豆蛋白胨、干酪素;最佳金属离子为Mg²⁺、Al³⁺.采用二水平Placlkett-Burman设计对影响毒力的8因素进行显著性筛选,获得培养基成分中3个重要影响因子:葡萄糖、干酪素和Al₂（SO₄）₃;运用爬坡路径法对这3种因子进行试验,获得3种重要因子的最适浓度范围;通过响应面分析法得到3个重要因子的交互作用和最佳条件,确定BRC-LLP29菌株最佳毒力水平的发酵培养基为:葡萄糖19.8g/L、干酪素28.4g/L、Al₂（SO₄）₃1.2g/L、MgSO₄ 2g/L、K₂HPO₄ 3g/L、CaCO₃ 0.5g/L,优化后毒力水平达到致死率61.11%,与响应面数学模型的预测值只有5.91%的误差.发酵条件优化结果表明:发酵温度为31°,发酵初始pH为7.0,摇瓶装量为40mL/250mL三角瓶,每瓶的接种量为3.5%,发酵72h,对致倦库蚊最终致死率达到最高为83.33%.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.