川乌植物内生真菌抗菌活性的研究

从川乌（Radix aconiti）植物的根和茎中分离获得内生真菌61株,经显微形态观察进行内生真菌的分类鉴定,同时采用纸片法进行抗菌活性筛选。结果有29株内生真菌显示抗菌活性,占菌株数的47．54％;毛壳菌属是抗菌活性菌株的优势种属;活性高且抗菌谱广的菌株有3株,主要分布在毛壳菌属和束丝菌属。结果表明：川乌植物内生真菌中广泛分布着有抗菌活性的菌株。     

两个大陆的传说（英文）

炭角菌科成员在自然界中的广泛留存增加了人们更精确地记录其存在的信心,对东南亚和中国的研究显示了该科许多新种和新记录。本文详细地比较了该科在非洲和亚洲的一些种类的寄主和生境等信息,并且探讨了炭角菌科全球分布的一般特点。     

巨孢囊霉科真菌已知种及其分布特点

巨孢囊霉科 (Gigasporaceae)是丛枝菌根 (AM)真菌重要的科之一 ,该科有 2属 :巨孢囊霉属 (Gigaspora)和盾巨孢囊霉属 (Scutellospora) ,4 2种。该科真菌 6 0 %以上的种分布在沿海地区沙丘和海岛上 ,其他则分布在靠近海洋的内陆耕作农田和草原中 ,为内陆少见种。在我国主要分布在山东半岛、海南岛、广东、广西、福建、以及靠近沿海地区的江西省、云南省和呼和浩特市等。文章主要介绍该科、属、种的分类特征 ,旨在为该科真菌的分类工作提供便利。     

光黑壳属植物内生菌的一个新纪录种

从采自河南境内伏牛山的野生碎米桠（Isodon rubescens （Lamiaceae））中分离到1株内生真菌,经鉴定为光黑壳属的中国新纪录种－Preussia dakotensis,,根据研究菌株对其进行了详细的形态描述、分子鉴定及分析讨论。     

一株地衣内生真菌Daldinia childiae的化学成分

本研究对分离自星点梅衣属地衣Punctelia sp.的一株内生真菌蔡氏轮层炭壳菌Daldinia childiae进行大米固体发酵培养,乙酸乙酯萃取发酵产物,采用硅胶柱色谱法、重结晶等方法分离纯化次生代谢产物,结合核磁共振波谱与质谱技术对单体化合物进行结构解析,运用DPPH法测定化合物的自由基清除能力.结果分离得到8...     

蕉孢壳属真菌4个中国新记录种

报道了蕉孢壳属真菌4个中国新记录种,即：马克欧文蕉孢壳菌Diatrype macowaniana、波纹蕉孢壳菌Diatrype undulata、俄勒冈蕉孢壳菌Diatrype oregonensis和刺蕉孢壳菌Diatrype spilomea。其中,马克欧文蕉孢壳菌和波纹蕉孢壳菌采自吉林省,前者的主要特征为子座扁球状,不规则,黑色至黑褐色,子囊孢子短棒状、无色透明;后者主要特征为子座大片垫状蔓延,呈波浪状轮廓,表面黑色,通常具明显边界,子囊孢子腊肠状、淡黄色;俄勒冈蕉孢壳菌D. oregonensis采自云南省,其主要特征为子座呈圆锥状肿块,圆形或多边形,表面黑色,子囊孢子腊肠状,透明至淡黄色;刺蕉孢壳菌D. spilomea采自海南省,其主要特征为子座从树皮中裂出,垫状,轮廓不规则,边缘陡,黑棕色至黑色,子囊孢子短棒状,透明无色。根据采集的材料对以上4种的宏观和微观特征进行了详细描述及图示。     

新疆小圆孔壳属，锥毛壳属及座坚壳属的分类研究

本文报道了新疆子囊菌小圆孔壳属(Amphisphaerella),锥毛壳属(Coniochaeta)和座坚壳属(Rosellinia)的7个种及1个变种,即:忍冬小圆孔壳(A.xylostei),梭梭锥毛壳(C.haloxylonis),木生锥毛壳(C.ligniaria),粉被锥毛壳(C.pulveracea),毛锥毛壳(C.sordaria),附孢座坚壳(R.aquila),乳头座坚壳(R.thelena)及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种(R.apiculata var.macrospora)。其中,梭梭锥毛壳为新组合种。忍冬小圆孔壳,木生锥毛壳,乳头座坚壳及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种为我国新记录(属)种。这3个属的真菌新疆过去均未报道过,为新疆新记录属。     

白及内生真菌多样性研究

白及( Bletilla striata)是兰科地生型多年生植物,也是我国传统中药材之一。利用菌根技术进行白及的保护和人工栽培,需要获得白及可培养的内生真菌。该研究以广西野生的白及根和叶为材料,采用分离培养法分离内生真菌,并结合真菌形态特征,及其核糖体的转录间隔区( ITS)序列分析,确定内生真菌的分类地位。结果表明：从2株白及植物90块组织中分离获得37株内生真菌,鉴定为15个分类单元,由9个属组成,分属于2门4纲7目8科,包括锤舌菌纲( Leotiomycetes)、座囊菌纲( Dothideomycetes)和粪壳菌纲( Sordariomy-cetes),伞菌纲( Agaricomycetes)。从根中分离获得内生真菌12种,蜡壳菌属为优势属;从叶中分离获得内生真菌3种,刺盘孢属为优势属;刺盘孢菌属( Colletotrichum)和蜡壳菌属( Sebacina)真菌的相对多度值均达到20％;4株担子菌均分布于根中,叶组织中未有分布。根组织中内生真菌的多样性指数(H＝1.863)高于叶组织(1.098)。该研究结果及其所分离培养的担子菌类真菌,为更好地利用菌根技术进行白及等兰科植物资源的保护与可持续利用奠定了基础。     

新郑灰枣枣果内生真菌的分离和鉴定

以河南省新郑市白熟期健康灰枣果实为研究材料,对其内生真菌类群组成进行了鉴定和研究。结果表明,从25个健康枣果中共分离得到72株可培养内生真菌,根据形态鉴定和分子鉴定将其归属为7个属12个种,包括1个我国新记录种不育间座壳菌Diaporthe infecunda。平脐蠕孢属Bipolaris和假尾孢属Pseudocercospora首次在枣果上报道。     

新疆的刺球座属、穴壳属及普氏腔孢属

本文报道了新疆腔菌纲座囊菌目刺球座属(Lasiobotrys)、穴壳属(Dothiora)和普氏腔孢属(Plowrightia)的六种子囊菌,即:忍冬刺球座菌(L.loniccrae)、花楸穴壳菌 (D.sorbi)及其无性阶段花楸疡壳孢(Dothichiza sorbi)、茶蔗子普氏腔孢菌(P.ribesia)、小檗普氏腔孢菌(P.berberidiJ)、沙棘普氏腔孢菌(P.hippophaeos)及雕刻普氏腔孢菌(P.insculpta)。这三个属的真菌在我国均未报道过,为我国新纪录属(种)。标本均采于新疆,保存于新疆八一农学院植保系真菌标本室(HMAAC)。     

Ecological vegetation maps

On ecological vegetation maps, the distribution of vegetation is related to one or more features of the environment. Tolerance, competition, map scales and the environment are discussed with regard to their bearing on the geographical distribution of phytocenoses and their portrayal on maps. There are two types of ecological vegetation maps: those relating the vegetation to one environmental quality, and those with two or more such qualities. The interpretation of ecological vegetation maps is relatively simple when plant communities are related to a single quality of the biotope and difficult but usually more useful when related to several qualities. Perfection is not possible but can be approached asymptotically.     

Ontogeny of limb mass distribution in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

Primates have more distally distributed limb muscle mass compared to most nonprimate mammals. The heavy distal limbs of primates are likely related to their strong manual and pedal grasping abilities, and interspecific differences in limb mass distributions among primates are correlated with the amount of time spent on arboreal supports. Within primate species, individuals at different developmental stages appear to differ in limb mass distribution patterns. For example infant macaques have more distally distributed limb mass at young ages. A shift from distal to proximal limb mass concentrations coincides with a shift from dependent travel (grasping their mother's hair) to independent locomotion. Because the functional demands placed on limbs may differ between taxa, understanding the ontogeny of limb mass distribution patterns is likely an essential element in interpreting the diversity of limb mass distribution patterns present in adult primates. This study examines changes in limb inertial properties during ontogeny in a longitudinal sample of infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus). The results of this study show that infant baboons undergo a transition from distal to proximal limb mass distribution patterns. This transition in limb mass distribution coincides with the transition from dependent to independent locomotion during infant development. Compared to more arboreal macaques, infant baboons undergo a faster transition to more proximal limb mass distribution patterns. These results suggest that functional demands placed on the limbs during ontogeny have a strong impact on the development of limb mass distribution patterns.     

Spatial structure and dynamics of breeding bird populations at a distribution margin,southern California

Aim Local‐scale processes at species distribution margins can affect larger‐scale distribution dynamics, but are rarely studied. The objective of this research was to elucidate the nature of distribution limits by studying the comparative structure, dynamics and environmental associations of breeding bird populations at their distribution margin. We hypothesized that climate is principally responsible for setting distribution limits, whereas biotic habitat features are more strongly associated with distribution patterns within the range. Location Southern California, USA. Methods During 2005–2007 we studied the distribution patterns of breeding birds in three study areas, each spanning a low‐elevation (200–1800 m) desert scrub‐to‐chaparral gradient. We used logistic regression with hierarchical partitioning to assess the independent effects of environmental variables (e.g. climate versus habitat) on distributions. We tested for shifts in the relative importance of these environmental variables in determining distribution limits versus within‐range patterns, and we also compared higher‐ and lower‐elevation groups of species. Results Distribution patterns were highly variable among species, but were remarkably static over the three study areas and 3‐year study period. Across species, habitat floristic variables performed relatively well at explaining distribution patterns. For higher‐elevation species (chaparral birds), climate was relatively important in setting their lower distribution limits, and there was a shift to a greater importance of biotic habitat (mainly habitat structural variables) for determining within‐range patterns. Relationships were more mixed for lower‐elevation species (desert scrub birds), but with respect to distribution limits, biotic habitat variables tended to be more important relative to climate than we observed for chaparral birds. Main conclusions Along this warm, arid elevational gradient, higher‐elevation chaparral birds are more limited by climate at their lower margin than are lower‐elevation desert birds at their upper margin, suggesting that climate plays a strong role (relative to other values) in excluding non‐desert birds from desert. However, given the strong differences among species, predictive distribution models will need to be individually tailored, and for most species biotic habitat variables were of greater importance than climate in determining limits. This research highlights the usefulness of studying environmental relationships at distribution margins and the importance of considering biotic relationships in forecasting distribution shifts under changing climates.     

Species richness and regional distribution of myrmecophilous beetles

Four major hypotheses have been put forward to explain local species richness of commensal or parasitic species. The resource distribution hypothesis predicts that regionally widespread host species are able to support higher local species richness of commensals or parasites. On the other hand, the resource size hypothesis predicts that larger hosts can support more species than smaller hosts, and comparably, the resource abundance hypothesis predicts that hosts that offer more resources are able to support more species. Finally, the resource concentration hypothesis predicts that hosts that occur in high-density patches support higher species richness. In this study, we tested the first three of the above hypotheses with myrmecophilous beetles and their host ants. In addition to species richness of myrmecophilous beetles, we also applied the above hypotheses to explain the distribution of the beetles. Our data are exclusively based on an extensive literature survey. Myrmecophilous beetles live in naturally fragmented environments composed of host ant colonies and they are exclusively dependent on ants. We found that the distribution of the host ants and the colony size of the host ants had a positive effect on both the species richness and the distribution of myrmecophilous beetles. In the same way, we found that myrmecophilous beetle species that are generalists, i.e. have more than one host ant species, and thus have more abundant resources, were more widely distributed than specialist species. Thus, we found support for the hypothesis that resource distribution, resource size and resource abundance have an effect on species richness and on the distribution of species.     

The geographical relationships of the British and Irish flora: a comparison of pteridophytes, flowering plants, liverworts and mosses

Aim To compare the wider distribution of the pteridophytes, flowering plants, liverworts and mosses recorded as natives of Britain and Ireland, and to assess the proportion and distribution of species in each group which belong to predominantly extra-European genera. Location The species native to the British Isles are considered in relation to their distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, and predominantly extra-European genera are identified by consideration of the distribution and centre of numerical diversity of the genera worldwide. Methods A recent classification of the pteridophytes, flowering plants, liverworts and mosses into floristic elements is used in a quantitative study of the distribution of species in the four groups, the patterns of occurrence being compared by standardized residuals. Results Mosses and liverworts have more northerly distributions than the flowering plants in the Northern Hemisphere; pteridophytes show an intermediate pattern. There are marked differences in the longitudinal ranges of the groups south of the Boreal biome, with vascular plants tending to be confined to Europe or western Eurasia whereas cryptogams are more likely to occur additionally in North America or have a circumpolar distribution. The proportion of predominantly extra-European genera is particularly high in the pteridophytes and the liverworts and in these groups the rich hyperoceanic flora of the British Isles is almost entirely composed of species in genera that attain their centre of diversity in the tropics. Main conclusions Major taxonomic groups show different distribution patterns, reflecting their rates of evolution and powers of dispersal. The flowering plants, as the least mobile and most rapidly evolving group, have a greater proportion of their species in the European and Eurosiberian elements and a higher proportion of species from extra-European genera in the more northerly elements.     

植物外源凝集素及其在植物基因工程中的应用

植物外源凝集素及其基因研究近年来发展迅速 ,尤其是在植物基因工程中 ,植物外源凝集素越来越受到重视。本文介绍了植物外源凝集素的分类、分布、多样性、基本组成与结构、凝集素基因同源性、表达及生物学功能等。重点讨论了凝集素基因在植物基因工程中的应用     

Random copying,frequency-dependent copying and culture change

Previous evolutionary analyses of human culture have found that a simple model of random copying, analogous to neutral genetic drift, can generate the distinct power-law frequency distribution of cultural traits that is typical of various real-world cultural datasets, such as first names, patent citations and prehistoric pottery types. Here, we use agent-based simulations to explore the effects of frequency-dependent copying (e.g., conformity and anti-conformity) on this power-law distribution. We find that when traits are actively selected on the basis of their frequency, then the power-law distribution is severely disrupted. Conformity generates a “winner-takes-all” distribution in which popular traits dominate, while anti-conformity generates a “humped” distribution in which traits of intermediate frequency are favoured. However, a more passive frequency-dependent “trimming”, in which traits are selectively ignored on the basis of their frequency, generates reasonable approximations to the power-law distribution. This frequency-dependent trimming may therefore be difficult to distinguish from genuine random copying using population-level data alone. Implications for the study of both human and nonhuman culture are discussed.     

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUDIBRANCHS IN THE SOUTHERN DELTA AREA, S. W. NETHERLANDS

Between January 1990 and December 1991 quantitative data onthe life cycles, distribution and substrata of the nudibranchsin the southern Delta area (Netherlands) were collected usingSCUBA. Six locations were sampled each month. A total of 17species of nudibranchs was found, of which 10 species were consideredcommon. Species with more than one generation each year, whichfed on seasonally variable resources, were strongly associatedwith their dietary species and their distribution was dependenton the distribution of their dietary species. Nudibranch specieswith annual life cycles, which fed on organisms abundant throughoutthe year, did not show such dependency on their dietary species.The seasonal occurrence of species with annual life cycles wasinfluenced by (temporal) changes in temperature, in contrastto the species with more generations each year. The total numberof the species which fed on seasonally variable resources wasnot affected by changes in temperature, but by changes in abundanceof the dietary species. Because both the distribution and populationsize of most nudibranch species are dependent on their dietaryspecies, nudibranch predation did not seem to affect communitystructure. (Received 14 August 1992; accepted 25 August 1993)     

Assessing transportation by the covariance of species with comments on contagious and random distributions

The paleoecologist must be able to distinguish a transported assemblage from an in situ one. A method is proposed to assess whether the post-mortem transport of individuals affected their observed spatial (horizontal) distribution. The spatial distribution of a species can be random or contagious. The spatial distribution of individuals of a species in the death assemblage produced by the cumulation of many temporally discrete inputs will be random if the individual inputs are random and contagious if the inputs are contagious. The spatial distribution patterns of several species should not covary in the absence of physical disturbance regardless of their own distributions, however. The degree of covariance between individuals of several species of similar hydrodynamic propensity is dependent on the amount and intensity of postmortem movement. The more species that covary, and the larger the size classes that covary, the more likely that transportation played an important role in the species' distribution patterns. Conversely, the absence of covariance suggests that, for at least some species, biological factors determined the species' spatial distributions. Similarly, covariance of vertical distribution patterns might suggest homogenization. by bioturbational or physical mixing.     

The mismatch in distributions of vertebrates and the plants that they disperse

Little is known about how mutualistic interactions affect the distribution of species richness on broad geographic scales. Because mutualism positively affects the fitness of all species involved in the interaction, one hypothesis is that the richness of species involved should be positively correlated across their range, especially for obligate relationships. Alternatively, if mutualisms involve multiple mutualistic partners, the distribution of mutualists should not necessarily be related, and patterns in species distributions might be more strongly correlated with environmental factors. In this study, we compared the distributions of plants and vertebrate animals involved in seed‐dispersal mutualisms across the United States and Canada. We compiled geographic distributions of plants dispersed by frugivores and scatter‐hoarding animals, and compared their distribution of richness to the distribution in disperser richness. We found that the distribution of animal dispersers shows a negative relationship to the distribution of the plants that they disperse, and this is true whether the plants dispersed by frugivores or scatter‐hoarders are considered separately or combined. In fact, the mismatch in species richness between plants and the animals that disperse their seeds is dramatic, with plants species richness greatest in the in the eastern United States and the animal species richness greatest in the southwest United States. Environmental factors were corelated with the difference in the distribution of plants and their animal mutualists and likely are more important in the distribution of both plants and animals. This study is the first to describe the broad‐scale distribution of seed‐dispersing vertebrates and compare the distributions to the plants they disperse. With these data, we can now identify locations that warrant further study to understand the factors that influence the distribution of the plants and animals involved in these mutualisms.