报告基因技术的理论基础及其应用

报告基因技术广泛地应用于监测细胞的信号转导和基因表达,通过把转录控制元件剪接到报告基因,可以直观地“报道”细胞内与基因表达有关的信号级联。这种检测具有敏感性高,方便,可靠适用于大规模检测等优点。随着报告基因技术及其检测方法的不断改进,荧光素酶,绿色荧光蛋白以及新近克同的红色荧光蛋白作为无害性的检测工具,将在检测活体组织和细胞基因表达方面得到越来越广泛的应用。此外,在研究疾病发生的分子机制,基因治疗和药物开发方面,报告基因技术也将发挥出重要作用。本文对报告基因技术的基础理论,常用报告基因的种类和特点,以及其目前的主要应用作了概括性介绍。     

中国基因技术领域战略规划框架与研发现状分析及建议

文中简要介绍中国政府和中国科学院在基因技术研究领域的科技战略框架,以及在此指导下,中国研究人员取得的卓越进展,并通过文献计量和专利分析的方法揭示中国基因技术研发现状。无论在论文数量和质量,还是专利申请数量方面,中国都有了显著提升,但在国际合作和产学研结合方面仍有待加强。未来中国还需要抓好顶层设计,加强政府引导和监管,引入企业和社会的多方投资,加大科普宣传力度,预防生物安全和生物安保风险等。基因技术领域的创新和突破将为现代化产业的可持续发展提供主要的技术推动力,为中国生物经济发展注入新的活力。     

报告基因技术及其在土壤质量监测中的应用

报告基因包括lux、gfp、lacZ、inaZ、luc、cat、xylE及uidA等,其中土壤质量监测中最常用的报告基因有lux、gfp、lacZ和inaZ 4种.从不同角度比较了土壤质量监测中最常用的上述4种报告基因,简要阐述了应用于土壤质量监测中的微生物监测报告基因的定义、类别、性质及特点,展示了报告基因表达系统的构建方式与检测方法,总结了报告基因技术在监测土壤重金属、污染物质、营养物质等化学物质以及在土壤微生物及其活动、土壤根际微生物与土壤中原生动物、植物间的相互作用等方面的应用.讨论了目前报告基因技术应用的局限性及未来研究方向和重点.     

报道基因技术及其应用

报道基因技术被广泛用于监测与信号转导及基因表达有关的细胞内事件。将基因调控元件与报道基因相连并转染到细胞内,报道基因表达产物可以反映细胞内与基因表达有关的信号转导事件。本文主要综述了报道基因的种类及其检测方法、以及报道基因载体的特点和报道基因技术的应用。     

反义基因技术及其在植物研究上的应用

介绍了反义基因的概念、分子生物学基础以及作用原理,对反义基因技术及其在现代植物研究中的应用进行了概述.反义基因在调控果实成熟、改良作物品质、获得作物雄性不育系、改变植物花色、增强植物抗病性和研究未知基因的功能等方面具有重要的作用.并对反义基因技术的应用进行了展望.     

澳大利亚用基因技术防癌

澳大利亚研究人员近日通过基因技术 ,改变癌症患者的白细胞 ,使其能够识别、攻击并杀死癌细胞 ,在癌症治疗方面取得突破性进展。 10 0 0个细胞中只有 1个细胞能识别肿瘤细胞 ,澳大利亚墨尔本彼得·麦卡勒姆癌症研究中心的科学家们 ,先从癌症患者体内取出大量白细胞 ,然后通过基因技术改变这些白细胞的DNA,使它们全都能够识别并攻击肿瘤细胞。目前 ,该方法已在动物实验中取得成功 ,研究中心计划在两年内进行人体试验 ,用这种方法治疗几种常见的癌症 ,但他们认为该方法最终能够用来对付多种癌症。澳大利亚用基因技术防癌…     

基因技术专利是有利可图的

在快速发展的科学领域中,也包括基因技术。加利福尼亚生物技术厂商,第一次用基因技术把人的γ-干扰素从操纵的大肠细菌中制造出来。医生们早就期待这种γ-型干扰素能作为防癌药物。同样在实验室中,也从酵母细胞制造出人的α-干扰素。这是用大肠细菌来代替人的生活物质(如激素)的制造者的很重要的步骤。与细菌不同,酵母菌     

基因治疗新前沿：反基因技术

反基因技术是以脱氧寡聚核苷酸与双链ＤＮＡ分子序餐特异性结合形成三链ＤＮＡ,从而在转录水平上调控基因的一种基因治疗策略。     

基因技术在治疗2型糖尿病中的应用*

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)是一类由于胰岛β细胞损伤和机体对胰岛素耐受引发的慢性代谢性疾病,其快速增长的患病率和并发症所带来的高病死率已成为人类面临的医学难题。目前,T2DM主要是以降糖药物及胰岛素增敏剂等药物进行治疗,但是这类药物会产生严重的副作用,而且不能长期良好控制血糖和防止各种慢性并发症。因此,基因治疗是未来医疗发展的主要方向。基因治疗不仅可以靶向调控血糖水平进而提高降糖的效果,而且能够减少糖代谢异常引起的并发症,保护组织器官免受损伤。在认识传统药物治疗糖尿病的基础上,综述了基因技术在治疗T2DM中的应用,讨论了基因技术治疗T2DM的意义及存在的问题。基因技术的应用不仅有利于T2DM的预防和个体化治疗,同时也为糖尿病并发症提供了新的治疗途径。     

基因技术在治疗2型糖尿病中的应用*

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)是一类由于胰岛β细胞损伤和机体对胰岛素耐受引发的慢性代谢性疾病,其快速增长的患病率和并发症所带来的高病死率已成为人类面临的医学难题。目前,T2DM主要是以降糖药物及胰岛素增敏剂等药物进行治疗,但是这类药物会产生严重的副作用,而且不能长期良好控制血糖和防止各种慢性并发症。因此,基因治疗是未来医疗发展的主要方向。基因治疗不仅可以靶向调控血糖水平进而提高降糖的效果,而且能够减少糖代谢异常引起的并发症,保护组织器官免受损伤。在认识传统药物治疗糖尿病的基础上,综述了基因技术在治疗T2DM中的应用,讨论了基因技术治疗T2DM的意义及存在的问题。基因技术的应用不仅有利于T2DM的预防和个体化治疗,同时也为糖尿病并发症提供了新的治疗途径。     

Genetic governance: The risks,oversight and regulation of genetic databases in the UK

Increasing scientific and commercial interest is being paid to the creation of large population-based genetic databases to study the relationship between genes and disease. This paper will use ideas from the sociology of technology to look at the network of actors involved in the production, use and commercial exploitation of human genetic data, the social and ethical issues posed by genetic databases and the development of new governance arrangements in this domain. It will be argued that we are witnessing the creation of a new type of research system in the field of human genetics, which also forms the centre of an emerging market for personal and population-based genetic information. Some proposals for improving the governance of human genetic data in the UK will be offered in conclusion.     

Genetic research on the UK population--do new principles need to be developed?

Governments around the world are beginning to generate population databases as resources for genetic research. In the UK, a proposal has been tabled that plans to incorporate National Health Service information--a move that will effectively create a database of around 60 million. However, this new population collection will not conform to standards established by other national genetic databases, and the UK government report has not accounted for key ethical issues.     

Research funding, partnership and strategy - a UK perspective

In July 2004, the UK government published a 10-year science and innovation framework aimed at providing a more strategic, partnership-based approach to delivering science. With the aim of creating a UK society that is confident about the governance, regulation and use of science and technology, how can we sustain or increase the supply of money for research, how should funding agencies dispense money, and how can we optimize the partnership arrangements for the funding of research?     

基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因分析方法研究进展

自2012年首次证明了CRISPR/Cas9可以在体外进行DNA切割试验以来,CRISPR技术逐渐在基因编辑研究中获得了迅速的发展,除了应用于基因编辑领域之外,它在基因表达调控、基因成像、基因分析等方面也展现出了巨大的应用潜力。尤其在基因分析领域,CRISPR技术由于其精确的基因识别、室温的反应条件、易设计性和操作性等特色,使得一系列新型的基因检测技术得以发展,并取得了超越常规技术的一些检测参数。本文以Cas9蛋白为对象,综述了近些年来在该领域取得的研究进展。主要论述Cas9蛋白的功能、改造、引导RNA(sgRNA)的设计及其在基因分析方法上的应用。     

Genetic Architecture Underlying Nascent Speciation—The Evolution of Eurasian Pigs under Domestication

Speciation is a process whereby the evolution of reproductive barriers leads to isolated species. Although many studies have addressed large-effect genetic footprints in the advanced stages of speciation, the genetics of reproductive isolation in nascent stage of speciation remains unclear. Here, we show that pig domestication offers an interesting model for studying the early stages of speciation in great details. Pig breeds have not evolved the large X-effect of hybrid incompatibility commonly observed between “good species.” Instead, deleterious epistatic interactions among multiple autosomal loci are common. These weak Dobzhansky–Muller incompatibilities confer partial hybrid inviability with sex biases in crosses between European and East Asian domestic pigs. The genomic incompatibility is enriched in pathways for angiogenesis, androgen receptor signaling and immunity, with an observation of many highly differentiated cis-regulatory variants. Our study suggests that partial hybrid inviability caused by pervasive but weak interactions among autosomal loci may be a hallmark of nascent speciation in mammals.     

二代及三代测序技术在遗传学诊断中的应用进展

遗传病的防治是公共卫生领域的重大课题,而明确病因是遗传病防治的重要环节。高通量测序技术（又称二代测序技术）具有高通量、低成本、高准确度的优点,为遗传诊断及咨询提供了直接证据,已成为遗传学检测不可或缺的有力工具;第三代测序也凭借其长读长的独特优势在临床应用中占据一席之地。二代及三代测序技术各有特点,互为补充,临床中针对不同的检测需求有多种类型的测序方案可供选择。基于此,对二代及三代测序技术的原理、分类及其在遗传学诊断中的应用进展做一综述,以期为临床测序方案的选择提供思路和指导。     

Biotechnology: Genetic improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Summary This report reviews the contributions to the improvement of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) through traditional approaches with emphasis on the application of biotechnological methods. Strategies include breeding for higher yield, improved grain quality, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Hybrid development and polyploidy breeding are also discussed. Plant breeders, working in concert with biotechnologists, have developed new powerful tools for plant genetic manipulation and genotype evaluation that will significantly improve the efficiency of plant breeding. Improving sorghum through biotechnology is the latest in a long series of technologies that have been applied to this crop. Five basic tools of technology have been developed for sorghum improvement: (1) in vitro protocols for efficient plant regeneration; (2) molecular markers; (3) gene identification and cloning; (4) genetic engineering and gene transfer technology to integrate desirable traits into the sorghum genome; and (5) genomics and germplasm databases. Reports on studies involving the problems, progress, and prospects for utilizing the biotechnological methods for sorghum improvement are discussed.     

Genetic structure of chimpanzee populations

Little is known about the history and population structure of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, in part because of an extremely poor fossil record. To address this, we report the largest genetic study of the chimpanzees to date, examining 310 microsatellites in 84 common chimpanzees and bonobos. We infer three common chimpanzee populations, which correspond to the previously defined labels of “western,” “central,” and “eastern,” and find little evidence of gene flow between them. There is tentative evidence for structure within western chimpanzees, but we do not detect distinct additional populations. The data also provide historical insights, demonstrating that the western chimpanzee population diverged first, and that the eastern and central populations are more closely related in time.