滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究

应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的6个冬虫夏草Cordycepssinensis（Berk．）Sacc．,来自德钦地区三个地方的8个阔孢虫草C.crassisporaZang,YangetLi以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草C.militaris（Vuill）Fr．进行分析。18个随机引物获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏草／阔孢虫草与蛹虫草之间存在显著的遗传差异。冬虫夏草与阔孢虫草之间的遗传差异较为明显。在同种虫草个体中,来自同一地方的样本间遗传差异较小,不同地方的样本间遗传差异较大。说明云南虫草的不同地理群体间存在遗传分化。应用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树将来自不同地方的冬虫夏草及阔孢虫草分别聚在一起,提示RAPD标记在虫草群体中有显著的地区特异性。RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可在分子水平上研究虫草属的遗传分化、起源和系统演化等。     

滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究*

应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的6个冬虫夏草Cordycepssinensis（Berk．）Sacc．,来自德钦地区三个地方的8个阔孢虫草C.crassisporaZang,YangetLi以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草C.militaris（Vuill）Fr．进行分析。18个随机引物获得的RAPD谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏草／阔孢虫草与蛹虫草之间存在显著的遗传差异。冬虫夏草与阔孢虫草之间的遗传差异较为明显。在同种虫草个体中,来自同一地方的样本间遗传差异较小,不同地方的样本间遗传差异较大。说明云南虫草的不同地理群体间存在遗传分化。应用UPGMA和NJ法构建的分子系统树将来自不同地方的冬虫夏草及阔孢虫草分别聚在一起,提示RAPD标记在虫草群体中有显著的地区特异性。RAPD作为有效的遗传标记,可在分子水平上研究虫草属的遗传分化、起源和系统演化等。     

冬虫夏草的随机扩增多态DNA及其遗传分化

本文对来自青藏高原３个区域５个具有代表性地方的１３个冬虫夏草样本进行随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析。１９个随机引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带清晰并呈现多态,单个引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ片段数在３￣１０个之间。该１９个引物在每个样本中扩增的ＲＡＰＤ片段总数平均约为６５个。基于遗传距离分析,受试的１３个冬虫夏草样本中,来自同一地方的样本间遗传差异甚微,同一区域不同地方的样本间遗传差异较大,不同区域的样本间遗传差     

甘肃省冬虫夏草遗传多样性的ISSR分析

对采自甘肃省3个冬虫夏草主产区域6个具有代表性地方的18个样本进行ISSR分析。15条ISSR引物共扩增得到条带清晰并呈多态性的95条谱带,每一引物扩增获得的ISSR条带数在3－9条之间,扩增片段集中在300－3,000bp。基于遗传相似性系数（GS）、不加权成对群算术平均法（UPGMA）构建的系统树分析,可以看出：分离自同一株虫草上不同部位的样本无显著遗传差异;同一地点样本间的遗传分化较小;不同地域的样本间存在着较大的遗传分化,遗传多样性较丰富。同时6个地方的冬虫夏草明显地分为3个区域,而在同一区域不同     

三个地理群体赤眼鳟遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对宿鸭湖、青龙湖和丹江口水库3个野生赤眼鳟群体的遗传多样性进行分析.9个RAPD引物共获得93个扩增位点,其中多态位点56个,多态位点比例为60.22%.3个群体的多态位点比例分别为53.01%、54.12%和57.95%,遗传距离分别为0.1548、0.1613和0.1764,Shannon信息指数分别为0.2249、0.2318和0.2437.群体间遗传距离以宿鸭湖和青龙湖群体最近(0.1257),青龙湖与丹江口水库群体最远(0.1416).结果表明3个赤眼鳟群体的遗传多样性均较丰富,但群体间地理遗传分化差异并不明显.     

应用RAPD技术分析奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼的基因多态性

以随机扩增多态DNA技术(RAPD）分析了奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼两个养殖群体的群体内及群体间遗传关系,并探讨了该技术在种群鉴定中的应用。RAPD引物筛选结果表明,所测试的20个随机引物中(Table 1),除一个引物未扩增出任何片段外,其余19个引物均扩增出1～11个大小不等的片段,长度大部分在500—3000bp之间,共扩增出220个片段,平均每个引物产生55个片段。两群体间共有片段70条,大部分引物的扩增产物具有种间多态性,种群间相似系数为0.727。以筛选的引物对两种群不同个体(Fig．1,Table 2)及种群混合样品(Fig.2,Table 3)进行RAPD分析。结果表明,不同引物在扩增图谱上表现很大差异：奥利亚罗非鱼不同个体间表现为一致的扩增图谱,种内相似系数达1000,显示了其种群内遗传变异的缺乏;尼罗罗非鱼种内相似系数为0．827,个体间存在不同程度的多态性;两个种群间的相似系数分别为0．767和0.742,表明种间有较高的同源性,遗传距离为0．235,略低于国外的报道．此外,两个养殖群体间的扩增图谱比较也暗示了遗传渐渗现象的存在。实验表明,RAPD标记可以作为一种可靠的遗传标记,用于不同鱼类种群的鉴定,RAPD分析方法是一种快速,简便且行之有鼓的鉴定鱼类种群的方法。     

企鹅珍珠贝不同地理群体遗传多样性的fAFLP 分析

为阐明企鹅珍珠贝(Pteria penguin)不同地理种群的遗传多样性机制, 采用荧光标记扩增片段长度多态性(fAFLP)技术分析了企鹅珍珠贝广西涠洲岛、广东流沙湾和海南黎安3 个不同地理群体的遗传多样性。选取7 对引物组合对90 个个体(每个群体30 个)进行fAFLP 扩增, 结果发现每个个体均能扩增出清晰的、可重复的扩增条带, 每对引物的扩增位点数在100—163 之间, 共得到895 个扩增位点, 多态位点数为865 个; 涠洲岛、流沙湾和黎安群体的多态位点比例分别为70.73%、63.13%、66.82%。Nei 遗传多样性指数为0.1634、0.1558、0.1783, Shannon 遗传多样性指数为0.2635、0.2474、0.2932。3 个群体间遗传相似度在0.9722—0.9824之间, 遗传距离在0.0177—0.0282 之间。根据遗传距离绘制UPGMA 聚类图, 但Mantel 检验结果显示企鹅珍珠贝三群体间的遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关。Shannon 遗传多样性指数和AMOVA 分析, 结果均显示企鹅珍珠贝的遗传变异主要来源于群体内个体间, 7.91%的遗传变异来自群体间, 92.09%的遗传变异来自群体内。分析群体的显性基因型频率分布和基因流Nm 发现3 个群体有基本相同的遗传结构, 有明显的基因交流。研究结果表明北海涠洲岛群体、湛江流沙湾群体和海南黎安群体的企鹅珍珠贝种质有较高的多态位点比例, 但未发生显著地理分化。这一结果为我国企鹅珍珠贝的良种选育以及种质资源保护措施的制定提供了参考依据。       

水貂自咬症病因RAPD遗传分析

自咬症是危害笼养水貂的一种慢性疾病, 造成水貂自咬创伤而影响其生长发育和毛皮质量。文中从遗传基因角度探讨水貂自咬症的发病原因在国内外尚属首次, 采用RAPD 技术分别对正常水貂和自咬水貂样本进行了分子水平的遗传结构分析。从100 个随机引物中筛选出26个重复性好的标记引物, 对60只水貂群体(健康与患病)进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)标记研究。结果表明, 26个引物扩增出105条带, 其中29条带呈现多态, 多态率为27.62%。不同引物扩增出的DNA 片段在健康与患病水貂群体中的分布频率不同。水貂群体间相似系数为0.8471, 遗传距离(变异)指数为0.1529。引物S356(序列为CTGCTTAGGG)扩增出健康与患病水貂互不相同的条带, 如在患病水貂群体中扩增出的1000 bp左右的DNA 片段, 可初步作为区分健康和患病水貂群体的分子遗传标记, 逐渐剔除自咬水貂个体, 达到净化水貂群的目的, 减少水貂饲养业的经济损失, 为今后水貂的分子育种及其疾病的预防提供一定的理论依据。     

水貂自咬症病因RAPD遗传分析

自咬症是危害笼养水貂的一种慢性疾病, 造成水貂自咬创伤而影响其生长发育和毛皮质量。文中从遗传基因角度探讨水貂自咬症的发病原因在国内外尚属首次, 采用RAPD 技术分别对正常水貂和自咬水貂样本进行了分子水平的遗传结构分析。从100 个随机引物中筛选出26个重复性好的标记引物, 对60只水貂群体(健康与患病)进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)标记研究。结果表明, 26个引物扩增出105条带, 其中29条带呈现多态, 多态率为27.62%。不同引物扩增出的DNA 片段在健康与患病水貂群体中的分布频率不同。水貂群体间相似系数为0.8471, 遗传距离(变异)指数为0.1529。引物S356(序列为CTGCTTAGGG)扩增出健康与患病水貂互不相同的条带, 如在患病水貂群体中扩增出的1000 bp左右的DNA 片段, 可初步作为区分健康和患病水貂群体的分子遗传标记, 逐渐剔除自咬水貂个体, 达到净化水貂群的目的, 减少水貂饲养业的经济损失, 为今后水貂的分子育种及其疾病的预防提供一定的理论依据。     

甘肃省冬虫夏草菌的RAPD和ITS序列分析

目的对甘肃省冬虫夏草分离菌株进行鉴定和系统发育研究。方法采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）分析和核糖体（rDNA）内部转录间隔区（ITS）序列分析。结果共分离到18个菌株,菌株间的遗传相似性系数为0.623～1.000,遗传分化距离为0.000～0.018,每个菌株的序列与中国被毛孢的序列一致性均高于98%且18个菌株（G＋C）%的差别最大值是4.7%。结论 18个分离菌株均为中国被毛孢;多样性分析表明,不同区域样本间的遗传分化较大;同一地点样本间的遗传分化很小;同一材料不同部位获得的菌株在RAPD标记上差异无统计学意义,两技术对相同的供试菌株所反映的遗传分化不尽相同,表明两技术用于冬虫夏草遗传多样性和种类鉴定上各有它们的优势和具体选择。     

Clonal diversity and genetic differentiation in Ilex leucoclada M. patches in an old-growth beech forest

We investigated clonal diversity within patches of Ilex leucoclada and genetic variation within and among patches using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in a 1-ha plot within an old-growth beech forest. We found 38 patches that exhibited a clumped distribution in the middle of the plot. We identified a total of 166 RAPD phenotypes among the 215 stems sampled from 27 patches that were completely within the plot. The population showed high clonal diversity within patches (mean number of genets relative to number of stems = 0.79; mean Simpson's D = 0.89). Variation in RAPD phenotypes among patches was highly significant (PhiST in the molecular variance analysis = 0.316, P < 0.001), indicating genetic differentiation among patches. Pairwise genetic distances, PhiST, among patches did not correlate with geographical distances among patches. The cluster analysis based on the genetic distances showed few clear clusters of patches, indicating no spatial genetic structure among patches. High levels of clonal diversity both within patches and within the population may be explained by multiple founders, seedling recruitment during patch-formation, and somatic mutation. The significant genetic differentiation among patches may be caused by separate founding events and/or kin structuring within patches.     

Phylogenetic relationships among genotypes of worldwide collection of spring and winter ryes (Secale cereale L.) determined by RAPD-PCR markers

Genetic similarities among 20 spring and 22 winter accessions of agronomically different ryes from fourteen countries were estimated by employing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques. Cluster analysis of genetic distance data showed that 42 genotypes were readily classifiable into two main groups: spring and winter groups. Within the spring group, cultivars fell into a North European and an American-Chinese group. Cultivars of winter rye fell into four groups: Northern European, Russian, American and Chinese lines. A UPGMA-dendrogram based on genetic distances of cultivars of rye within the winter and spring groups showed that the clusters corresponded well to their geographical locations. The results indicated that isolation has played an important role in the evolution of rye, and that temporal isolation has influenced the genetic diversity of rye more than geographical isolation. In this experiment, RAPD proved to be a rapid, reliable and practicable method of revealing polymorphisms in rye populations.     

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND SPATIAL SEPARATION IN THE SEA PALM KELP POSTELSIA PALMAEFORMIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) AS ASSESSED WITH M13 FINGERPRINTS AND RAPDS1

Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht is an annual species, occuring from southern California to Vancouver Island, Canada, in upper intertidal sites exposed to extreme wave shock. Because of its limited spore dispersal, discrete and inbred populations are likely on the local scale, yet dispersal of drifting and fertile thalli raises the possibility of outbred populations on a regional scale. M13 minisatellite DNA fingerprinting and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marks were used in a complementary fashion to investigate genetic variability among 24 individuals on scales of clusters (= coalesced holdfasts). < 1 m, 10 m, 25 m, 16 km, and 250 km. Based on M13 fingerprinting, genetic relatedness within clusters was extremely high. Three of six clusters had at hast two identical individuals, and similarity values within five clusters were ≧0.90. Similarities between two of three clusters separated by < 1 m were significantly higher than between cluster pairs separated by 25 m and 250 km: however, the similarity between two clusters separated by 25 m was equivalent to the similarity between two clusters separated by 250 km. Thus, genetic relatedness as determined by M13 fingerprinting generally decreased as distance increased to 25 m. Conversely, RAPD data easily discriminated populations separated by 16 and 250 km but were not useful in discriminating individuals from < 1 to 25 m. Results from the complementary data sets suggest that most dispersal occurs over distances of 1–5 m, individuals within a cluster are siblings, and distinguishable biogeographic populations are present along the coast.     

小麦异交群体选择分化的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记技术及数量遗传分析手段对小麦异交群体趋异选择4代得到的各子群体的遗传关系进行了分析,并对两种结果进行了相关分析。采用11个引物扩增出134个位点,RAPD分析结果表明,群体具有丰富的遗传变异,整个群体的多态位点百分率达0.8134,杂合度达0.3006;子群体间遗传分化较小,相对基因分化系数Gst为0.2310,固定指数平均0.2120,标准遗传距离为0.1044±0.048,表明遗传变异多数来自群体之内。而数量遗传分析发现,选择性状进展都与预期方向相符,主成分遗传距离大部分达显著水平,说明选择使群体发生了相当程度的分化。对两种遗传距离进行聚类分析表明,二种信息间关系各类群成员多不一致。其原因可能在于：数量性状是人工选择的目标,RAPD是基因组随机序列的扩增,二者之间的相关与引物选择有关。 Abstract：The genetic relations of some subpopulations in the fourth generation of selection in outbreeding population of winter wheat were examined by RAPD techniques and quantitative analysis. The correlations of the two results were examined.For RAPD analysis, 11 primers were adopted, and 134 sites were amplified. The results showed that abundant genetic variations existed in the populations. In the whole population, the percentage of polymorphic sites (P) is 0.8134, and the averaged heterozygosity is 0.3006. However,genetic differentiation among subpopulations is small. The relative gene differentiation (Gst) is 0.2310,fixed index averages 0.2120, and the standard genetic distance between subpopulations is 0.1044±0.048.All above shows that most of the genetic variations existed within populations.The cluster results from RAPD analysis and principal component distances showed that similarity relations were only found in small part of the subpopulations. The reason for the results may be that the genes concerned for quantitative traits are selected directly,while the genes involved in RAPD analysis are only random samples of the whole genomes.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% (P ＜ 0.04), and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% (P ＜ 0.002). A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found (P ＜ 0.001), as well as 72.59% variation within populations (P ＜ 0.001). Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

Molecular Genetic Variation in a Clonal Plant Population of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） analysis was used to investigate the genetic variation among populations, between populations, and within populations, relationships between genetic distance and geographic distance, and the molecular variation and population size. The effects of geographic and genetic distances, as well as of genetic differentiation and population size, on genetic variations of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel. are discussed. The present study showed that there was significant RAPD variation between the Baicheng region population and the Daqing region population, with a molecular variance of 6.35% （P 〈 0.04）, and for differentiation among area populations of the Daqing region, with a molecular variance of 8.78% （P 〈 0.002）. A 21.06% RAPD variation among all 16 populations among two regions was found （P 〈 0.001）, as well as 72.59% variation within populations （P 〈 0.001）. Molecular variation within populations was significantly different among 16 populations.     

五种索科线虫RAPD亲缘关系分析

采用RAPD技术构建了索科线虫4属5种的指纹图谱。从47个引物中筛选出12个稳定性好、多态性高的引物,共扩增出161条谱带,其中150条谱带具遗传多态性,占93·17%。所获片段长度大小为200~3200bp,单个引物扩增的条带数在11~16之间,平均为13·42条。采用RAPDistance软件及MEGA程序,计算Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离,建立UPGMA和NJ聚类图,两个聚类图拓扑结构相同,将5种索科线虫分为两大分支:同属于蚊幼寄生罗索属线虫的食蚊罗索线虫(Romanomermisculicivorax)与武昌罗索线虫(R.wuchangensis)亲缘关系最近,先聚在一起,再与同翅目(Homoptera)寄生长沙多索线虫(Agamermischang-shaensis)聚为一支;鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)寄生中华卵索线虫(Ovomermissinensis)和同翅目寄生两索属线虫(Amphimermissp·)亲缘关系较近,两者聚为一支。5种索线虫属内种间的遗传距离较小,食蚊罗索线虫与武昌罗索线虫之间遗传距离仅为0·1789;而属间遗传距离较大,在0·4471~0·5488之间。上述结果表明:RAPD技术可以应用于索科线虫亲缘关系的分析,能够反映出不同线虫间的遗传差距,从而成功地进行属、种的分类及进化问题研究。     

Identification of metalliferous ecotypes of Cistus ladanifer L. using RAPD markers

The genetic diversity of Cistus ladanifer ssp. ladanifer (Cistaceae) growing on ultramafic and non-ultramafic (basic and schists) soils in the NE of Portugal was studied in order to identify molecular markers that could distinguish the metal-tolerant ecotypes of this species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used in order to estimate genetic variation and differences between populations. The RAPD dataset was analysed by means of a cluster analysis and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Our results indicate a significant partitioning of molecular variance between ultramafic and non-ultramafic populations of Cistus ladanifer, although the highest percentage of this variance was found at the intra-population level. Mantel's test showed no relationship between inter-population genetic and geographic distances. A series of RAPD bands that could be related to heavy metal tolerance were observed. The identification of such markers will enable the use of Cistus ladanifer in phytoremediation procedures.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Yellow Camellia (Camellia nitidissima) in China as Revealed by RAPD and AFLP Markers

Camellia nitidissima, a rare plant but a useful genetic resource for commercial cultivation of ornamental camellias, is distributed in a narrow region of South China and North Vietnam. In this study, RAPD and AFLP markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of six natural populations of C. nitidissima from Guangxi in South China. Twenty RAPD primers amplified 183 bands, of which 143 bands were polymorphic, and 8 AFLP primer pairs produced 502 bands, of which 364 were polymorphic. Independent as well as combined analyses of the cluster analyses of the RAPD and AFLP fragments showed that the six populations could be classified into two major genetic groups corresponding to the Nanning and Fangcheng areas. The Mantel test revealed significant correlation between the genetic and geographic distances of C. nitidissima populations (r = 0.953, p = 0.036). AMOVA analysis allowed the partitioning of the genetic variation between groups (36.09%), among populations within groups (25.78%), and within populations (38.14%). An understanding of both the genetic diversity and the population structure of C. nitidissima in China can also provide insight into the conservation and management of this endangered species.     

Genetic and geographic polymorphism of cultivated tobaccos (Nicotiana tabacum) in Turkey

Nicotiana tabacum (2n = 48) is a natural amphidiploid and shows a distribution over a geographical area in eastern Anatolia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to evaluate both genetic diversity among 21 primitive tobacco accessions comparing flue cure virginia genotype (FCV) and their geographical polymorphism as a source of genetic variations for breeding programs. Only 13 of all the 60 random primers used in RAPD showed polymorphism acceptable for characterization of these accessions. Totally 118 RAPD fragments were generated from 13 decamer primer and 64 of them were found polymorphic (54.2%). Mus and FCV showed the smallest genetic distance among accessions cultivated in the eastern Anatolia. These results shows that the RAPD assay is a powerful approach for identifying genetic and geographic polymorphism. This article was submitted by the authors in English.