丹参红叶病发生的微生态机制

通过对丹参红叶病株与健康株根区土养分含量及根区土和根表土中的微生物区系比较,探索丹参红叶病发生的微生态机制.结果表明:丹参红叶病株叶片中N、P、K、Mn含量均显著低于健康株(P＜0.05);根区土中速效P与健康株根区土无显著差异,速效N、K含量均显著高于健康株根区土(P＜0.05),表明丹参红叶病害发生与P缺乏有关,但植株缺磷不是由于土壤供磷不足所致.丹参红叶病株根区土细菌数量较健康株减少41.3％,真菌和放线菌数量分别较健康株增加156.6％和189.5％,差异均达显著水平(P＜0.05);丹参红叶病株根表土细菌、真菌和放线菌数量变化趋势与根区土—致.在丹参红叶病株根区、根表土壤中,6种优势真菌、4种优势放线菌及2种优势细菌可能为有害微生物.优势真菌为腐皮镰刀菌、露湿漆斑菌、三线镰刀菌、焦曲霉、尖孢镰刀菌及座囊菌;优势放线菌为砖红链霉菌、威威达湖伦茨氏菌、马铃薯疮痂病原链霉菌及山丘链霉菌;优势细菌为阿氏芽孢杆菌及水生细菌.这些优势微生物可能通过影响根系生长及根系对土壤养分吸收引起丹参出现缺磷现象.表明丹参红叶病的发生与丹参根区土和根表土中微生物区系异常密切相关.     

多花筋骨草黑胫病及其病原菌鉴定

多花筋骨草是一种在江南广泛栽培的园艺植物,2005年秋,在杭州西湖风景区发现其黑胫病。该病害一年四季均可发生,发病最严重的是花期。黑胫病首先在寄主下部叶片的叶柄处发病,病斑初期为褐色、水渍状,很快变黑,最后整株枯萎死亡,典型症状是胫基部变黑腐烂。通过对病原菌形态学观察与核糖体DNA ITS序列分析,侵染多花筋骨草的6个分离菌株均被鉴定为多喙茎点霉Phoma multirostrata。致病性试验表明,多花筋骨草是多喙茎点霉的寄主。     

东北地区保护地黄瓜根茎上真菌的分离与鉴定

对采自东北地区保护地内的38株黄瓜枯萎病病株及8株未发病黄瓜植株的根茎进行真菌分离与鉴定,共得到真菌11个属18个种,其中威尔士棒孢(Corynespora cambrensis)为中国新记录种。镰孢属(Fusarium)为优势属,分离到8个种及变种。     

Enterobacter spp.:引起“桑枯萎”病的新证据

从浙江省杭州地区"桑枯萎"病树上分离获得36株病原细菌,通过对6株代表菌的常规细菌学、电子显微镜观察、致病性及Koch氏假说测定、Biolog鉴定、脂肪酸分析、生理生化、ERIC-PCR(enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR)分析、16S rRNA序列分析,同时与肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)中与植物有关的7个模式种菌株和其他3株参考菌株的比较,确认"桑枯萎"病为肠杆菌属中1个以上的新种(Enterobacter spp.)所引起."桑枯萎"病是一种国内外尚未报道的桑树新病害,是Enterobacter spp.引起植物病害的又一新证据.该研究结果不但对桑树病害的治理具有实际意义,而且对深入研究Enterobacter中的人体条件致病菌及环保菌具有重要的学术价值。     

有关绿矮和黄化复合症的大麦病株电子显微镜研究

1978年秋我们对保定的小麦绿矮和大麦绿矮病株,经超薄切片和抽提后用电子显微镜检查,发现均系由灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus Fallen)传播的玉米粗缩病毒(MRDV)所致。在玻璃温室内用灰飞虱传播玉米粗缩病的实验中,还观察到经接种的大麦产生了绿矮和黄化复合症病株。这类病株主要特征是:植株矮化、叶片浓绿肥厚,并有僵直感,有时叶缘缺刻或心叶扭曲,接着心叶渐渐转为黄色,表现出明显的黄化症状。     

麦冬烂薯病病因的研究

麦冬是一种广为使用的中药材,烂薯病是麦冬的严重病害。我们于1973年首次在麦冬烂薯中分离观察到一种杆状病毒粒子,并对其病毒形态、感染试验、媒介昆虫等进行了研究。本文报道麦冬烂薯病病毒病因的研究结果。材料和方法1.病毒的分离及粗提:分离及粗提病毒的材料,系采自广西麦冬病区北流麦冬病株的叶、根、薯。对照的材料     

Enterobacter spp.：引起“桑枯萎”病的新证据

从浙江省杭州地区＂桑枯萎＂病树上分离获得36株病原细菌,通过对6株代表菌的常规细菌学、电子显微镜观察、致病性及Koch氏假说测定、Biolog鉴定、脂肪酸分析、生理生化、ERIC-PCR（enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR）分析、16S rRNA序列分析,同时与肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）中与植物有关的7个模式种菌株和其他3株参考菌株的比较,确认＂桑枯萎＂病为肠杆菌属中1个以上的新种（Enterobacter spp.）所引起.＂桑枯萎＂病是一种国内外尚未报道的桑树新病害,是Enterobacter spp.引起植物病害的又一新证据.该研究结果不但对桑树病害的治理具有实际意义,而且对深入研究Enterobacter中的人体条件致病菌及环保菌具有重要的学术价值。     

甘蔗内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CGB15的分离、鉴定及生防活性

真菌病害占作物病害种类的一半以上,病原真菌是目前已知种类最多的作物病原菌。从作物根际与/或体内分离筛选具有生防活性的微生物,并应用于病害的防控,是除作物品种改良与化学防治外的另一种高效的病害防控策略。【目的】本研究拟筛选并分离鉴定对重要作物病原真菌具有拮抗作用的甘蔗内生细菌,为开发生物防治作物真菌病害新策略提供理论依据。【方法】采用平板对峙法初步筛选对病原真菌具有拮抗能力的甘蔗叶片内生细菌,通过16SrRNA基因测序鉴定其种属;进一步检测候选拮抗内生细菌对甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)致病发育过程关键步骤：有性配合/菌丝生长、冬孢子萌发的抑制率,田间试验检测其对甘蔗鞭黑穗病的防治效果;检测候选拮抗内生细菌对稻梨孢菌(Pyricularia oryzae)附着胞形成、离体叶片及盆栽条件下叶片病斑形成的抑制作用。【结果】分离自甘蔗叶片的细菌菌株,编号为CGB15,经分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。CGB15菌株能有效抑制甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌有性配合/菌丝生长,对峙培养条件下使真菌菌落呈现光滑;抑制冬孢子萌发,...     

萌蘖调控对辽东栎留存萌生株生长与结实的影响

比较了不同调控措施对岷江上游辽东栎萌生灌丛生长与结实的影响.结果表明,人为调控对辽东栎萌生灌丛本生长阶段的高生长与有性繁殖有着显著影响.各调控措施对辽东栎灌丛萌生株的基径增长未产生明显影响;保留2支和3支萌生株的丛高生长优势明显.调控丛的新生枝数量、总长度、总生物量较未调控前有较大增加,保留2支萌生株的丛类型增加得尤为显著;叶片数量、叶片总生物量与未调控前相比增加明显,叶片面积按保留萌生株数量由多到少逐渐变小.调控后,每丛保留3支萌生株的丛产生的种子最多,但自然状态丛种子单粒重最大.     

浙江1株水稻细菌性条斑病菌株的分离鉴定

细菌性条斑病(简称细条病)是水稻的重要病害之一,随着气候的变暖,某些水稻品种有逐年发生加重的趋势,对产量影响较大。2013年浙江省金华市部分水稻种植区域发生细条病,发病严重的田块减产30%以上。采用组织分离法从发病水稻叶片分离获得6株细菌菌株,选择典型菌株JH01回接水稻幼苗,进行柯赫法则验证。接种后发病症状与自然发病症状一致,并重新分离得到此菌株,证明菌株JH01为水稻细条病的致病菌。通过形态学观察、常规生理生化指标测定、16S rDNA 序列测定和同源性分析,鉴定菌株JH01为稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola,Xoc）。     

Correlation between Light and Electron Microscopic Observations and Identification of Mycoplasmalike Organisms using Consecutive 350 nm Thick Sections

Serial sections of 350 nm thickness were used to make a correlation between electron and light microscopic observations. While thionin-acridine orange staining gave a positive result to detect abnormal sieve tubes of phyllody affected Phlox drummondii Hook, when observed under light microscope, the same cells revealed the presence of typical mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) in electron microscopic examination. Advantage of 350 nm thick sections in electron microscopy, and the utility of the technique in MLO detection have been discussed.     

Mycoplasma–like Organisms Associated with a Grapevine Yellows Disease Occurring in Italy

Transmission electron microscopy of tissues from Vitis vinifera L. plants, naturally infected with a yellows disease similar to flavescence dorée (FD), revealed the presence of pleomorphic mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs). These occurred in varying concentrations in mature sieve tube elements of leaf veins. Generally the concentration was very low, although large populations of MLOs were found colonizing almost the entire lumen of two cells. The micro–organisms varied considerably in size, shape and electron opacity. Spherical, oval and filamentous forms were recognized. The bodies showed the typical ultrastructural details of other known plant pathogenic MLOs. They were bounded by a smooth trilaminar membrane and contained ribosome–likegranules and DNA–like strands.     

Mycoplasma-like Organisms in Phloem Elements of Ammobium alatum

Using transmission electron and fluorescent microscopes, Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) were found in phloem cells of stems and leaves of Ammobium alatum. The diameter of these organisms ranged from 0.12–0.73 μm and averaged 0.4 μm. Symptoms induced by MLOs included chlorosis and reddening of leaves and winged stems, plant stunting and flower phyllody. This is the first report of MLOs associated with disease symptoms in A. alatum.     

HOG1基因对白念珠菌超微结构的影响

目的探讨HOG1基因对白念珠菌超微结构的影响。方法设置实验组、HOG21组(hog1/hog1双等位基因缺陷株);对照组、WT组(标准株),分别在扫描电镜及透射电镜下观察两组菌株细胞的超微结构。结果扫描电镜下观察两组细胞均呈圆形或椭圆形,呈多边出芽繁殖的生长方式。但HOG1基因缺陷株细胞表面粗糙、凹凸不平,出芽数目比标准株少;标准株细胞表面光滑,出芽数量较多,可见"花瓣样"结构的芽痕;透射电镜下HOG1基因缺陷株细胞壁结构不完整,电子透明层厚薄不一,部分细胞可见棉絮状电子致密外层局灶性缺失、细胞膜外凸、不连续以及细胞膜周围见囊泡聚集等现象。标准株细胞壁各层结构完整。结论HOG1基因对白念珠菌细胞壁结构具有一定影响。     

Identification and analysis of a genomic strain cluster of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Canadian peach (eastern) X disease, western X disease, and clover yellow edge.

Genetic interrelatedness among 13 strains of mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) from various sources was evaluated by dot hybridization and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses using cloned DNA probes derived from Canadian peach X (CX) and western X (WX) MLOs. Dot hybridization analysis indicated that CX, WX, and clover yellow edge MLOs are closely related and form a distinct strain cluster that is only distantly related to the 10 other MLOs. Similarity coefficients derived from restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that CX, WX, and clover yellow edge MLOs represent three distinct genomic types.     

甜菜多粘菌形态发育过程研究

甜菜多粘菌(Polymyxa betae)是一种专性寄生于甜菜根部的低等真菌,可作为甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(BNYVV)的传播介体并与甜菜丛根病的产生有关。对甜菜多粘菌的研究有助于了解其与所传病毒的生物学关系及其在引致甜菜丛根病中所起的作用。本文观察记录了甜菜多粘菌侵染甜菜根系及其在甜菜根细胞中的发育过程,对甜菜多粘菌各主要发育阶段进行了显微镜观察并发现在其游动孢子中有BNYVV粒体存在。根据观察结果并提出了甜菜多粘菌生活史模式图。     

Relation of in vivo morphology to isolation of plant spiroplasmas

Two procedures were developed to isolate plant spiroplasmas directly onto DG-2 agar plates or in DG-2 broth without subcultures or dilutions. The frequency of successful spiroplasma isolations was increased by centrifuging samples, after passing through a 0.45-μm filter, at 25,000 × g for 1 h. Spiroplasmas were obtained from peach, cherry, Madagascar periwinkle, and celery with typical symptoms of the Green Valley strain of X disease (GVX), from peach with typical symptoms of the peach yellow leaf roll strain of X disease (PYLR), from Madagascar periwinkle with typical symptoms of aster yellows (AY), from celery with atypical symptoms of GVX (mild GVX), from plantago with atypical symptoms of aster yellows (mild AY), and from stubborn-diseased citrus. Isolations were consistent (>90%) from plants with mild GVX, mild AY, and citrus stubborn, while isolations were inconsistent (0–9%) from plants with typical symptoms of GVX, PYLR, and AY. The role of the isolated spiroplasmas in plant disease was not determined in this study. All spiroplasma isolates were serologically indistinguishable fromSpiroplasma citri. Spiroplasmas were seen in electron micrographs of 8 out of 9 examined plants from which spiroplasmas were isolated. However, electron micrographs of all 13 examined plants from which no spiroplasmas were isolated contained mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) but no, spiroplasmas. These results indicate that there is a correlation between helical MLOs in vivo and successful isolation of spiroplasmas, and that plants may be infected with bothS. citri and nonhelical mycoplasmas.     

罗汉果疱叶丛枝病的病原鉴定

在罗汉果Momordica grosvenori Swingle植株上发生一种黄化型病害,病株严重地抑制生长和降低产量。病叶起疱、丛枝,最终叶片黄化。 电镜的超薄切片观察;在病叶叶脉维管束中的薄壁细胞中,有多种形态的类菌质体,直径约为200～800毫微米,可以看到二分裂和生芽的菌体。 在病株中可找到MLO_s,而在健株中的上述组织中未发现。 四环素在特定条件下,可以抑制症状。     

Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages and guinea pig neutrophils.

Studies of host-parasite relationships at the cellular level, using Candida albicans and rabbit alveolar macrophages or guinea pig neutrophils are presented. Guinea pig neutrophils killed the intracellular candida cells presumed by myeloperoxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide system. In contrast, rabbit alveolar macrophages did not kill the intracellular candida cells although their phagocytic rate was almost comparable to that of neutrophils. Phagocytizing macrophages were eventually destroyed by the intracellular proliferation of candida cells and formation of germ tubes and pseudomycelia. No significant improvement of candidacidal activity was observed with macrophages from normal and immunized rabbits in immune serum. The mode of phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils were also studied under the scanning electron microscope.     

Studies of the mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) in spinach leaves affected by the aster yellows disease

Summary Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) were found in the phloem of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves infected with the agent of aster yellows disease by means of the leafhopperMacrosteles fascifrons Stål. The MLOs occurred mainly in mature sieve elements but were recorded in occasional phloem parenchyma cells as well. The MLO showed the typical features of this organism. The majority were ovoid or spherical, some were irregular in form or elongated. The larger bodies were commonly accompanied by small bodies which appeared to originate from the larger by budding. Profiles suggesting binary fission and filamentous forms containing ovoid condensations of cytoplasm were present. The bounding membrane showed the typical trilaminate structure, and DNA-like fibrils were discernible in those MLOs that had an electron lucent central region. In the denser bodies the fibrils were obscured. The MLO ribosomes were distinctly smaller than those in the host cytoplasm. The MLOs were degenerating in phloem cells that were disorganizing and collapsing in response to the infection. Structures in host cells that may be confused with MLO are described.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant GB-35228 to K. E and by Hatch and California Statewide Critical Applied Research Funds to the Departmem of Cell Physiology, University of California, Berkeley, California. The authors thank ProfessorJulius H.Freitag for providing the original strains of the aster yellows agent.