两个新的桃花水母形态度量学参数的建立及其在种类区分上的应用

桃花水母属一些种类命名的有效性仍存在争议,本文建立了两个新的形态度量学参数,即触手密集度和平衡囊密集度,采用形态度量学方法对在我国采集到的索氏桃花水母、嘉定桃花水母、中华桃花水母和短手桃花水母进行了比较研究,并讨论这两个参数在种类区分上的应用。此外,利用Spearman秩相关系数检验桃花水母各形态学参数之间的相关性。结果表明,短手桃花水母和中华桃花水母在形态上没有明显的差异,可能与中华桃花水母为同一物种。嘉定桃花水母与中华桃花水母和索氏桃花水母在形态上均存在显著的差异,应该是一个有效种。桃花水母的触手数和平衡囊数均与伞径显著正相关,除嘉定桃花水母外,其他三种桃花水母的平衡囊密集度都与触手密集度显著正相关。     

我国的桃花水母

2003年7月9日至10月16日于浙江省宁波市鄞州和象山分别采得多个桃花水母标本,经鉴定这两种桃花水母为信阳桃花水母。鉴于这几年,我国许多地方相继报道发现有桃花水母出没,在此基础上,参阅了我国在研究桃花水母方面的相关资料,介绍了目前我国关于桃花水母的研究现状, 并指出其研究价值所在,以期为今后桃花水母的研究提供参考依据。     

乙醇法提取桃花精油的工艺研究及桃花精油的成分分析

本文研究了用乙醇法提取桃花精油,通过正交试验的方法得到了乙醇抽提桃花精油的较优工艺条件,对其多酚和黄酮含量进行了测定,并对所得的桃花精油进行了气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明,对乙醇提取桃花精油影响最大的因素是抽提时间,其次是料液比,影响最小的是桃花形态。乙醇抽提桃花精油的较优工艺条件是抽提时间为6h,料液比为1∶150(m∶V),桃花形态为粉末。此时,黄酮含量为0.24%,多酚含量为0.067%。桃花精油含有大量的酯、酸、酰胺和腈类化合物以及少量的酚、酮和多糖。     

贵州福泉分布桃花水母的形态特征及分子鉴定

2017年10月,在贵州省福泉县发现了桃花水母(Craspedacusta)。观察其形态结构,福泉的桃花水母与索氏桃花水母(C. sowerbyi)高度相似。采用PCR和DNA测序技术扩增和测定了福泉采集桃花水母的核糖体小亚基rRNA基因(18SrRNA)、核糖体RNA基因内转录间隔区(ITS)及线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基基因(COI),并与GenBank上已有的桃花水母18S rRNA、ITS、COI基因序列进行了比对。分子鉴定结果显示,福泉的桃花水母18SrRNA、ITS、COI基因序列与索氏桃花水母相似度分别为100%、92%、99%,确定贵州省福泉市发现的桃花水母样品在种分类水平上为索氏桃花水母。并就桃花水母的某些形态学分类指标的标准、不同伞径之间的差值是否能作为桃花水母形态分类的一个新指标这些问题做了讨论。     

安徽省桃花水母的初步研究

桃花水母属Craspedacusta隶属于刺胞动物门Cnidaria水螅纲Hydrozoa淡水水母目Limnomedusae笠水母科Olindiidae。我国的桃花水母种类丰富,分布广泛,近年来多地有新种和分布新纪录的报道。安徽曾发现桃花水母,但均未进行详细描述和研究。本文对采自安徽省金寨县梅河河谷水潭内的桃花水母进行了初步研究,依据其伞形、缘膜宽度、触手及平衡囊数目、刺丝囊疣形状和排列方式、生殖腺形状和颜色等形态特征对其进行初步的分类鉴定。结果表明,此次在金寨县发现的桃花水母更接近于宜昌桃花水母Craspedacusta kawaii Oka,1907。这是对安徽省发现的桃花水母首次进行较为明确的分类鉴定和初步的形态学研究。     

中国桃花水母属的修订(淡水水母目,笠水母科)

作者对我国的桃花水母属Craspedacusta的2亚种和2变种重新通过形态学观察,并与国内外已发表的Craspeda-custa属7种相比较,其刺丝囊疣的形状和排列及生殖腺的形状和颜色均存在明显的差异.故认为此2亚种和2变种应提升为种,即信阳桃花水母Craspedacusta xinyangensis He,1980,杭州桃花水母Craspedacusta hangzhouensis He,1980、乐山桃花水母Craspedacusta kiatingi Gaw and Kung,1939和宜昌桃花水母Craspedacusta kawaii(Oka,1907).本文将全世界11种桃花水母的形态特征作了比较并附以系统检索.     

中国桃花水母属的修订（淡水水母目，笑水母科）

作者对我国的桃花水母属Craspedacusta的2亚种和2变种重新通过形态学观察,并与国内外已发表的Craspeda-custa属7种相比较,其刺丝囊疣的形状和排列及生殖腺的形状和颜色均存在明显的差异。故认为此2亚种和2变种应提升为种,即信阳桃花水母Craspedacusta xinyangensis He,1980,杭州桃花水母Craspedacusta hangzhouensis He,1980、乐山桃花水母Craspedacusta kiatingi Gaw and Kung,1939和宜昌桃花水母Craspedacusta kawaii(Oka,1907)。本文将全世界11种桃花水母的形态特征作了比较并附以系统检索。     

浙江4地桃花水母的rDNA-ITS序列分析

采用PCR和DNA测序技术,对浙江省4个地点桃花水母(Craspedacusta)的核糖体RNA基因内转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS)进行了扩增与测序,并与GenBank中已有的桃花水母ITS区基因序列进行比对分析,计算了它们的遗传距离,利用MEGA 4.1构建了系统发育树。结果显示:这4个地点的桃花水母与索氏桃花水母(Craspedacusta sowerbyi)的ITS区基因相似度极高,同源性都在97%以上,遗传距离保持在0～0.008之间,在进化树中与索氏桃花水母聚为同一支。研究结果表明,这4地的桃花水母都属于索氏桃花水母(C.sowerbyi)。     

桃花水母的采集培养与固定方法

通过对桃花水母自然生活环境观测分析和水质监测,结合室内实验生态研究,总结提出了一套桃花水母的采集培养与麻醉固定方法。并提出用冰水麻醉固定桃花水母是一种简单易行的好方法。     

四川的桃花水母

桃花水母(Craspedacusta),为生活在淡水中的腔肠动物。我国古称桃花鱼,四川乐山又称金钱鱼,重庆称降落伞鱼、马鼻子,宜宾称保险伞鱼。这种动物在四川省最早的记载系南宋淳佑十年,熊文稷“忠州桃花鱼记”文中记有“……犹疑为逐杨花落者,睇视之,觉花蕊蠕蠕然动,且浮沉于勺水之中,而悠悠然自适……”。这是对桃花水母的生动记述。桃花水母属动物在我省已发现有三种,即索氏桃花水母Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lan-kester1880,中华桃花水母Craspedacusta sinensis Gaw&Kung1939和四川桃花水母Craspedacusta sichuanensis He&Kou1984。中华桃花…     

The toxicity of peach tree roots

Summary The HCN content of peach plants and the effect of this and other substances formed from peach root residues on growth of peach trees and on soil microorganisms were investigated. Peach root bark contained appreciable amounts of HCN. HCN was released from live roots after mechanical injury. Benzaldehyde and KCN were toxic to rooted peach trees in the greenhouse and they inhibited respiration of peach root tips. A similar suppression of respiration was caused by benzoic acid, mandelonitrile, and water extracts of peach root bark incubated in peach and non-peach soils. Extracts from peach soil caused greater inhibition to respiration of peach root tips than extracts from non-peach soil.KCN, mandelonitrile, benzaldehyde, peach root bark, and amygdalin reduced the total micro-organism, actinomycete, pythium, and pathogenic nematode population of an old peach soil.     

Stimuli affecting selection of oviposition sites by female peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

In laboratory and field experiments, stimuli were tested that might affect oviposition decisions by female peach twig borer moths, Anarsia lineatella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). When given a choice between immature green peach fruits, green mature peach fruits and soft-ripe peach fruits, the latter received the fewest eggs. Fuzzy halves of peach fruits received ten times more eggs then shaved hairless halves. Volatiles from both almond and peach shoots induced more oviposition by females than by control stimuli. Similarly, volatiles from immature green peach fruits, mature green or mature hard-ripe peach fruits induced more oviposition than their respective control stimuli. In a choice experiment, volatiles from immature peach fruit stimulated three times more oviposition than those from soft-ripe peach fruit. Discrimination against mature soft-ripe peach fruits as potential oviposition sites may lie in the phenology of A. lineatella and host peach fruits. Larval development to the pupal stage takes 15–27 days. Therefore, any eggs laid on a ripe fruit 14 days before it falls from the tree will not likely develop into adult insects because developing larvae will only reach third or fourth instar before the fruit is decomposed, and only first and second instar larvae can overwinter.     

Genome-wide identification and analysis of FK506-binding protein gene family in peach (Prunus persica)

The FKBP protein family has prolyl isomerase activity and is related in function to cyclophilins. FKBPs are known to be involved in many biological processes including hormone signaling, plant growth, and stress responses through a chaperone or an isomerization of proline residues during protein folding. The availability of complete peach genome sequences allowed the identification of 21 FKBP genes by HMMER and BLAST analyses. Scaffold locations of these FKBP genes in the peach genome were determined and the protein domain and motif organization of peach FKBPs were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationships between peach FKBPs were also assessed. The expression profiles of peach FKBP gene results revealed that most peach FKBPs were expressed in all tissues, while a few peach FKBPs were specifically expressed in some of the tissues. This data could contribute to better understanding of the complex regulation of the peach FKBP gene family, and also provide valuable information for further research in peach functional genomics.     

Archaeological Evidence for Peach (Prunus persica) Cultivation and Domestication in China

The cultivated/domesticated peach (Prunus persica var. persica; Rosaceae, subgenus Amygdalus; synonym: Amygdalus persica) originated in China, but its wild ancestor, as well as where, when, and under what circumstances the peach was domesticated, is poorly known. Five populations of archaeological peach stones recovered from Zhejiang Province, China, document peach use and evolution beginning ca. 8000 BP. The majority of the archaeological sites from which the earliest peach stones have been recovered are from the Yangzi River valley, indicating that this is where early selection for favorable peach varieties likely took place. Furthermore, peach stone morphology through time is consistent with the hypothesis that an unknown wild P. persica was the ancestor of the cultivated peach. The oldest archaeological peach stones are from the Kuahuqiao (8000–7000 BP) and Tianluoshan (7000–6500 BP) sites and both stone samples segregate into two size groups, suggesting early selection of preferred types. The first peach stones in China most similar to modern cultivated forms are from the Liangzhu culture (ca. 5300 to 4300 BP), where the peach stones are significantly larger and more compressed than earlier stones. Similar peach stones are reported from Japan much earlier (6700–6400 BP). This large, compressed-stone peach was introduced to Japan and indicates a yet unidentified source population in China that was similar to the Liangzhu culture peach. This study proposes that the lower Yangzi River valley is a region, if not the region, of early peach selection and domestication and that the process began at least 7500 years ago.     

桃果肉花色苷遗传多样性及红肉桃判定指标的探讨

运用比色法(UV)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定68份桃品种果肉花色苷含量,比较2种测定结果的一致性,分析桃果肉花色苷的遗传多样性,初步提出红肉桃的判定标准。结果表明,2种方法测定白肉品种花色苷含量接近,可根据实际情况进行选择分析方法,而黄肉品种应尽可能选用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。HPLC定性定量检测结果表明,48份材料检测出矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷,是桃果肉中主要的花色苷种类,乌黑鸡肉桃,大果黑桃果肉中同时检测到矢车菊-3-芸香糖苷。根据高效液相色谱法测得花色苷含量将桃划分为5个等级,含量20 mg/100 g定为红肉桃的划分临界点。本研究中共鉴定出5份红肉桃品种,感官判定且风味为甜的红肉桃不符合上述判定标准,需要进一步研究完善。     

Growth of peach as affected by decomposition of own root residues in soil

The effects of decomposing peach root residues in soil on peach growth were determined in two pot experiments. In the first, peach root residues, despite their high C:N ratio and lignin content, largely decomposed under experimental conditions, leading to an immobilization of inorganic N. Shoot growth of peach seedlings was depressed by the addition of peach root residues, an effect that depended on their size and concentration: fine-textured root fragments (0.45–1.00 mm) resulted in more severe effects than medium sized ones (2–8 mm), while growth depression occurred only at concentrations higher than 0.35%. Peach root growth was depressed by root residues regardless of their size and amount. In the second experiment, where nitrogen was added to all pots to minimize the effects of immobilization of N during decomposition of root fragments, the growth of peach roots in residue-supplemented soil almost stopped. Pre-planting phosphate enrichment was very effective in stimulating growth of peach in virgin soil but did not offset the depression caused by peach root residues. It thus appears that besides mineral deficiencies, there exist alternative explantations of poor growth of peach in replant soils, including growth-inhibiting substances from decomposing root residues.     

桃不同类群的遗传多样性及其遗传结构的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术,利用从200个随机引物筛选的22个十碱基引物对桃10个类群180个样品的DNA进行扩增,得到180个位点。通过对所得的数据统计分析,在类群的遗传多样度上表现为:黄肉桃类>蜜桃类>蟠桃类>红叶桃类>硬肉桃类>碧桃类>水蜜桃类>油桃类>寿星桃类>垂枝桃类。在180个位点中检验出多样度范围在0.4以上的位点分布在桃总群体中的有37个,而在桃类群间的则有13个。聚类分析的结果是:桃食用栽培品种的类群聚为一组;其它非食用桃类群各为一组。对桃类群的遗传多样性及其结构分析,为桃的品种资源保存和利用提供分子生物学依据。     

梨小食心虫的产卵选择性

为了准确掌握梨小食心虫的产卵特性,研究模拟室外条件下该虫在不同寄主果树的叶片、桃枝不同部位及不同品种桃果上的产卵偏好.结果表明: 梨小食心虫成虫对7种寄主果树叶片的产卵偏好由高至低依次为:桃＞樱桃＞苹果＞李＞梨＞海棠＞杏.在桃树叶片上的产卵量占总产卵量的33.5%,平均单叶卵量达8.3粒;虫卵在不同寄主叶片正、反两面的分布有所差异,苹果和海棠叶片正面卵量多于背面,桃、李、梨、杏叶背面卵量多于正面,桃叶背面卵量是正面的3.3倍,樱桃叶两面卵量差异不明显;该虫在桃枝上产卵部位选择顺序为:叶片＞托叶＞叶柄＞枝条,叶片是其主要产卵部位,占总产卵量的88.7%;梨小食心虫在桃枝上主要选择靠近顶端未展叶的前10片桃叶背面产卵,前10叶卵量占总产卵量的725%,其中第3片叶上产卵最多,占9.3%;第25叶以后仅占总产卵量的1.1%;在不同类型桃果上的产卵偏好次序为:油桃＞蟠桃＞毛桃;绒毛疏密及其特点是影响梨小食心虫在寄主果树叶片和果实上产卵选择的首要因素.     

梨小食心虫的产卵选择性

为了准确掌握梨小食心虫的产卵特性,研究模拟室外条件下该虫在不同寄主果树的叶片、桃枝不同部位及不同品种桃果上的产卵偏好.结果表明: 梨小食心虫成虫对7种寄主果树叶片的产卵偏好由高至低依次为:桃＞樱桃＞苹果＞李＞梨＞海棠＞杏.在桃树叶片上的产卵量占总产卵量的33.5%,平均单叶卵量达8.3粒;虫卵在不同寄主叶片正、反两面的分布有所差异,苹果和海棠叶片正面卵量多于背面,桃、李、梨、杏叶背面卵量多于正面,桃叶背面卵量是正面的3.3倍,樱桃叶两面卵量差异不明显;该虫在桃枝上产卵部位选择顺序为:叶片＞托叶＞叶柄＞枝条,叶片是其主要产卵部位,占总产卵量的88.7%;梨小食心虫在桃枝上主要选择靠近顶端未展叶的前10片桃叶背面产卵,前10叶卵量占总产卵量的725%,其中第3片叶上产卵最多,占9.3%;第25叶以后仅占总产卵量的1.1%;在不同类型桃果上的产卵偏好次序为:油桃＞蟠桃＞毛桃;绒毛疏密及其特点是影响梨小食心虫在寄主果树叶片和果实上产卵选择的首要因素.