水稻随体染色体的研究

分析了几种野生稻种及栽培稻品种随体染色体的数目,发现不同染色体组型的稻种之间随体染色体数目有一定差异,其中染色体组ＡＡ的有１～２对,随体染色体因品种或样本的来源而异,染色体组ＢＢ的有３对随体染色体,染色体组ＣＣ的有２对随体染色体,染色体组型为ＢＢＣＣ的Ｏｒｙｚａｍｉｎｕｔａ可能有４对随体染色体,而染色体组型为ＣＣＤＤ的Ｏ．ｌａｔｉｆｏｒｉａ则有２对随体染色体。在栽培稻中,不同品种之间随体染色体的数目也存在差异,一般而言,籼稻品种具有两对随体染色体,分别为第１０和第１２染色体,粳稻品种只有一时随体染色体,为第１０染色体。     

籼、粳杂种的“随体丢失”

1985—1986,观察籼、粳及籼,粳F_1杂种终变期核仁染色体数,籼为2个二价核仁染色体,粳为1个二价核仁染色体,籼、粳F_1杂种核仁染色体数与父本水稻的核仁染色体数相同。由此,讨论了“随体丢失”在水稻育种,粳稻起源及遗传学方面的意义。     

籼、粳杂种的“随体丢失”

1985—1986,观察籼、梗及籼、粳Fl杂种终变期核仁染色体数,籼为2个二价核仁染色体,粳为1个二价核仁染色体,籼、粳Fl杂种核仁染色体数与父本水稻的核仁染色体数相同。由此,讨论了“随体丢失”在水稻育种,粳稻起源及遗传学方而的意义。     

38个中国大菊品种染色体核型参数的统计分析

为了探讨中国传统大菊（Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.）品种间的遗传差异,选取了38个品种进行核型参数和染色体数目观察和统计。结果表明：多数大菊品种的染色体数目介于50–60之间,为六倍体基础上的非整倍体;其中仅有2个品种染色体数目少于50,3个品种多于60;黄香梨（C.×morifolium‘Huangxiangli’）是唯一染色体数目达到73的品种,推测其为八倍体。观察品种多数为较对称的核型（2A或2B型）;具有随体染色体的品种有30个,占观察品种总数的79%,且古老品种的随体染色体数目较多,千手观音（C.×morifolium‘Qianshouguanyin’）的中期分裂相里最多可观察到6个随体;臂比均值（MAR）部分集中在1.5–2.0之间,臂比方差（VAR）则集中在0.1–0.5之间,臂比均值与臂比方差呈显著正相关,其相关系数（r2）为0.91。各瓣型之间的臂比均值差别不大;古老品种与现代品种在臂比均值和臂比方差上并未表现出明显的差异。三大瓣型（平瓣、匙瓣和管瓣）的核型不对称系数（As.K.C.）差异不显著,其在古老品种中较为一致,而现代品种之间的差异较大。这些数据表明,核型参数对菊花的品种鉴定、分类和遗传分析具有重要参考价值。     

斜鳞蛇核型高分辨显带及减数分裂的观察

本文报道了斜鳞蛇的核型和银带。二倍体数目２ｎ－３６,其中包括８对８对大染色体（６对中着丝粒染色体,２对亚中着丝粒染色体）和１０对小梁色体。其核仁组织区（ＮＯＲｓ）位于第１对小梁色体末端。并采用ＴｄＲ－ＢｒｄＵ处理方法,显示斜鳞蛇复制带,实验证明,用大剂量的胸腺嘧啶核苷阻断细胞周期,再以ＢｒｄＵ渗入Ｓ期细胞中复制的染色体区域,并显示带纹。同时还斜鳞蛇的减数分裂进行了观察。     

小麦及缺体小麦与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织在长期继代中的染色体数量变异

对中国春及其６Ａ缺体与黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织在长期继代培养过程中愈伤组织的染色体数量进行了统计分析,结果表明：中国春×黑麦和６Ａ缺体×黑麦杂种幼胚愈伤组织在继代培养的前６０ｄ内细胞染色体数目分别稳定在２ｎ＝２８和２７;随着继代培养时间的延长,其染色体数量均发生变异主要表现为染色体数的减少;在第４２０ｄ至５４０ｄ培养期间两个组合愈伤组织丢失染色体的细胞比率明显增加,同时也发现了个别超出正常染色体数的细胞。第５４０ｄ后的愈伤组织染色体数量变异基本维持在这一水平。     

沼泽水牛与摩拉水牛杂种一代精母细胞联会复合体分析

应用界面铺张——硝酸银染色技术,对沼泽水牛和摩拉水牛杂种一代精母细胞联会复合体（SC）进行电镜观察。结果表明,在减数分裂粗线期,杂种水牛精毋细胞中形成22条正常的常染色体SC,一个中着丝粒/亚中着丝粒/端着丝粒三价体和XY双价体。这表明沼泽水牛和摩拉水牛的染色体具有高度的同源性,沼泽水牛1号染色体是由摩拉水牛4号、9号染色体串联易位而形成。     

FISH分析栽培高梁×拟高梁、甜高梁×拟高梁的染色体行为

采用荧光原位杂交技术对45SrDNA在栽培高梁×拟高粱、甜高梁×拟高梁F,的有丝分裂和减数分裂染色体进行定位研究。在有丝分裂中期染色体上2个杂种分别检测到2个杂交信号,在减数分裂粗线期、终变期、中期Ⅰ染色体上45SrDNA位于一个二价体上,说明这两个杂种携带45SrDNA的染色体为同源染色体。根据45SrDNA位点随细胞减数分裂过程的位置变化,表明这两个杂种染色体配对行为正常,平均构型为2n=2x=20（10Ⅱ）,证明45SrDNA可作为染色体的一个识别指标间接地观察细胞减数分裂过程染色体的变化行为。     

蛆症异蚤蝇减数分裂染色体观察

以蛹精巢和卵巢组织为材料,采用空气干燥法制备染色体标本,Giemsa和硝酸银分别染色,对蛆症异蚤蝇Megaselia scalaris减数分裂染色体行为进行研究。结果表明:蛆症异蚤蝇的染色体数目n=3,由2条中着丝粒染色体和1条端着丝粒染色体组成;粗线期,第2条二价体具有较强的嗜银性,可能为性染色体;晚粗线期,第1条二价体的同源染色体之间出现一条细线,类似于联会复合体;终变期,第2条二价体形成环状结构;晚终变期,在3条二价体染色体臂上均产生条带,根据二价体着丝粒处是否成环可以将3条二价体分开。     

人类染色体数目畸变类型和机理

正常人体细胞中有４６条染色体,其中２３条来自父方,另２３条来自母方,即含有两个染色体组,称为二倍体（２ｎ）。每号染色体都是成对存在的,如果某号染色体出现了单条、多条或染色体组成倍地增减,将形成染色体数目畸变。１　畸变类型１．１　整倍性变异　即染色体组成倍地增减,若整个染色体组增加可形成多倍体,整个染色体组减少则形成单倍体。在人类中,单倍体或四倍以上的多倍体尚未见报道,三倍体和四倍体多发现于自然流产的胎儿中。１）三倍体　三倍体细胞中有３个染色体组（３ｎ）,即每一号染色体都有３条（３ｎ＝６９）。人类…     

对水稻第9和第12染色体编号分歧的细胞学考证

在水稻细胞遗传研究中, 对于染色体编号有着较多的争议,这在几条长度较短的染色体上显得尤为突出。为有比较地研究这几条染色体在水稻染色体组中的正确编号,本研究以涉及两条较短染色体相互易位的易位杂合体RT9-12为材料,分析了易位系与普通品种日本晴减数分裂粗线期染色体的形态特征。结果表明,该易位系的易位染色体并非第9和第12染色体,而是第10和第11染色体,从而认为目前国际上统一编号的第9、12染色体,根据染色体的实际长度可能分别为第10、11染色体。 Abstract:Rice chromosomes in mitosis are usually too small to be identified clearly one from others.In recent years,pachytene chromosomes in meiosis have been in vestigated intensively for establishing unified numbering system.However,divergence in numbering system is still existing especially for some short chromosomes such as chromosome 9 and 12.In order to verify these chromosomes,a translocation line RT9-12 and a japonica variety Nipponbare were carefully investigated for all the chromosomes morphologically in late pachytene stage.It was found that the chromosomes involved in translocation were chromosome 10 and 11 in stead of chromosome 9 and 12 as being compared with the karyotype of Nipponbare.So we consider that the chromosome 9 and 12 in the present rice chromosome numbering system could be chromosome 10 and 11 according to their length,arm ratio and the relationship with nucleolus.     

Microsatellite diversity within Oryza sativa with emphasis on indica-japonica divergence

The molecular evolution of cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. has long been a subject of rice evolutionists. To investigate genetic diversity within and differentiation between the indica and japonica subspecies, 22 accessions of indica and 35 of japonica rice were examined by five microsatellite loci from each chromosome totalling 60 loci. Mean gene diversity value in the indica rice (H=0.678) was 1.18 times larger than in the japonica rice (H=0.574). Taking the sampling effect into consideration, average allele number in the indica rice was 1.40 times higher than that in the japonica rice (14.6 vs 10.4 per variety). Chromosome-based comparisons revealed that nine chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11) harboured higher levels of genetic diversity within the indica rice than the japonica rice. An overall estimate of F(ST) was 0.084-0.158, indicating that the differentiation is moderate and 8.4-15.8% of the total genetic variation resided between the indica and japonica groups. Our chromosome-based comparisons further suggested that the extent of the indica-japonica differentiation varied substantially, ranging from 7.62% in chromosome 3 to 28.72% in chromosome 1. Cluster analyses found that most varieties formed merely two clusters for the indica and japonica varieties, in which two japonica varieties and five indica varieties were included in the counterpart clusters, respectively. The 12 chromosome-based trees further showed that 57 rice varieties cannot be clearly clustered together into either the indica or japonica groups, but displayed relatively different clustering patterns. The results suggest that the process of indica japonica differentiation may have proceeded through an extensive contribution by the alleles of the majority in the rice genome.     

High-resolution pachytene chromosome mapping of bacterial artificial chromosomes anchored by genetic markers reveals the centromere location and the distribution of genetic recombination along chromosome 10 of rice

Large-scale physical mapping has been a major challenge for plant geneticists due to the lack of techniques that are widely affordable and can be applied to different species. Here we present a physical map of rice chromosome 10 developed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones on meiotic pachytene chromosomes. This physical map is fully integrated with a genetic linkage map of rice chromosome 10 because each BAC clone is anchored by a genetically mapped restriction fragment length polymorphism marker. The pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping shows a superior resolving power compared to the somatic metaphase chromosome-based methods. The telomere-centromere orientation of DNA clones separated by 40 kb can be resolved on early pachytene chromosomes. Genetic recombination is generally evenly distributed along rice chromosome 10. However, the highly heterochromatic short arm shows a lower recombination frequency than the largely euchromatic long arm. Suppression of recombination was found in the centromeric region, but the affected region is far smaller than those reported in wheat and barley. Our FISH mapping effort also revealed the precise genetic position of the centromere on chromosome 10.     

Indica and japonica crosses resulting in linkage block and recombination suppression on rice chromosome 12

Understanding linkage block size and molecular mechanisms of recombination suppression is important for plant breeding. Previously large linkage blocks ranging from 14 megabases to 27 megabases were observed around the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta in rice cultivars and backcross progeny involving an indica and japonica cross. In the present study, the same linkage block was further examined in 456 random recombinant individuals of rice involving 5 crosses ranging from F(2) to F(10) generation, with and without Pi-ta containing genomic indica regions with both indica and japonica germplasm. Simple sequence repeat markers spanning the entire chromosome 12 were used to detect recombination break points and to delimit physical size of linkage blocks. Large linkage blocks ranging from 4.1 megabases to 10 megabases were predicted from recombinant individuals involving genomic regions of indica and japonica. However, a significantly reduced block from less than 800 kb to 2.1megabases was identified from crosses of indica with indica rice regardless of the existence of Pi-ta. These findings suggest that crosses of indica and japonica rice have significant recombination suppression near the centromere on chromosome 12.     

Physical mapping of the 5S ribosomal RNA genes on rice chromosome 11

One 5S ribosomal RNA gene (5S rDNA) locus was localized on chromosome 11 of japonica rice by in situ hybridization. The biotinylated DNA probe used was prepared by direct cloning and direct labeling methods, and the locus was localized to the proximal region of the short arm of chromosome 11 (llpl.l) by imaging methods. The distance between the signal site and the centromere is 4.0 arbitrary units, where the total length of the short arm is 43.3 units. The 5S rDNA locus physically identified and mapped in rice was designated as 5SRrn. The position of the 5S rDNA locus reported here differs from that in indica rice; possible reasons for this difference are discussed. DNA sequences of 5S rDNA are also reported.     

Subspecies-specific intron length polymorphism markers reveal clear genetic differentiation in common wild rice （Oryza rufipogon L.） in relation to the domestication of cultivated rice （O. sativa L.）

It is generally accepted that Oryza rufipogon is the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice （O. sativa）. However, how the two subspecies of O. sativa （indica and japonica） were domesticated has long been debated. To investigate the genetic differentiation in O. rufipogon in relation to the domestication of O. sativa, we developed 57 subspecies-specific intron length polymorphism （SSILP） markers by comparison between 10 indica cultivars and 10 japonica cultivars and defined a standard indica rice and a standard japonica rice based on these SSILP markers. Using these SSILP markers to genotype 73 O. rufipogon accessions, we found that the indica alleles and japonica alleles of the SSILP markers were predominant in the O. rufipogon accessions, suggesting that SSILPs were highly conserved during the evolution of O. sativa. Cluster analysis based on these markers yielded a dendrogram consisting of two distinct groups： one group （Group I） comprises all the O. rufipogon accesions from tropical （South and Southeast） Asia as well as the standard indica rice; the other group （Group II） comprises all the O. rufipogon accessions from Southern China as well as the standard japonica rice. Further analysis showed that the two groups have significantly higher frequencies of indica alleles and japonica alleles, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that indica rice and japonica rice were domesticated from the O. rufipogon of tropical Asia and from that of Southern China, respectively, and suggest that the indica-japonica differentiation should have formed in O. rufipogon long before the beginning of domestication. Furthermore, with an O. glaberrima accession as an outgroup, it is suggested that the indica-japonica differentiation in O. ruffpogon might occur after its speciation from other AA-genome species.     

水稻双单倍体群体的分子标记图示基因型分析

利用窄叶青８号（籼稻）／京系１７（粳稻）花培产生的双单倍体群体建立了一个包含１６０个分子标记的遗传连锁图,在此基础上利用ＨＹＰＥＲＧＥＮＥ软件建立了５２个ＤＨ系的图示基因型,并对ＤＨ系的亲本基因组比率和染色体的交换重组频率进行了比较分析。结果表明本实验所用的ＤＨ群体没有显著偏离正态分布,籼粳稻杂交后代中植株的籼粳表现与同工酶、形态指数和基因组比率的分析结果一致,此外还发现ＤＨ群体中出现了大量的交换罕见染色体。利用图示基因型分析发现株高和分子标记ＲＺ９７８和ＲＧ４Ａ相关,生育期和ＲＲＫ０８－１、ＲＧ４７７和ＲＧ５１１相关。本文还就图示基因型分析技术在ＤＨ群体的遗传分析和选择育种中的应用进行了讨论．