脂质体包裹增加了阿霉素的体内抑瘤作用

我们用超声法制备了内部包裹阿霉素,表面带有抗人胃癌细胞M85的单克隆抗体3Hll的阿霉素靶向脂质体,研究了这些脂质体经腹腔注射入荷瘤裸鼠之后的组织分布和抑瘤效果.结果表明,靶向脂质体组阿霉素在肿瘤组织的含量明显高于游离阿霉素组,而在心脏中的含量,前者则比后者有所降低。分别在接种M85细胞后5天、13天和25天,按4mg/kg的剂量注射阿霉素靶向脂质体和游离阿霉素,在40天时观察结果。我们发现,无论在动物存活数、肿瘤发生率还是在肿瘤生长速度方面,阿霉素靶向脂质体的抑瘤能力都明显地优于游离阿霉素。     

脂质体包裹阿霉素的体外抗肿瘤作用

 我们用超声法制备了内部包裹阿霉素,表面有抗人胃癌细胞M85的单克隆抗体3Hll或非相关抗体IgG的阿霉素靶向脂质体和阿霉素非靶向脂质体,研究了这些脂质体和游离阿霉素抑制靶细胞M85和非靶细胞HeLa细胞生长的能力。结果表明,一方面,与游离阿霉素或阿霉素非靶向脂质体相比,阿霉素靶向脂质体抑制M85细胞生长的能力提高了2—4倍,而在抑制非靶细胞HeLa细胞的生长方面,阿霉素靶向脂质体的效力还不如游离阿霉素或阿霉素非靶向脂质体。过量的游离单克隆抗体3Hll可以有效地抑制阿霉素靶向脂质体对M85细胞的细胞毒作用,而另一种单克隆抗体3G9则不能。空靶向和空非靶向脂质体对M85细胞生长均无影响。因此,靶向脂质体可以把包裹的抗癌药物专一地送给胃癌细胞,井杀伤它们。     

多肽靶向脂质体的表面配体修饰密度及其体内肿瘤靶向效果的研究

脂质体作为一种药物载体广泛应用于肿瘤药物输送中。配体修饰的靶向脂质体,其靶向配体分子在脂质体表面修饰的构象和密度等参数,对脂质体本身的特性及其体内的靶向效果,有很大的影响。但有关其中的具体相互关系,以及可能的最优条件,国内外文献都尚无定论。据此我们建立了多肽靶向脂质体表面配体修饰的分析方法,并通过影像学手段来研究不同靶向肽含量对脂质体在荷瘤裸鼠中的靶向行为的影响。首先采用孵育插入法将带有多肽的脂质分子插入脂质体表面,用分子筛色谱法分离修饰后的脂质体和未插入的多肽脂质,再用HPLC-ELSD定量各脂质成分,得到多肽靶向脂质体表面的靶向肽密度。而后将修饰有不同密度靶向多肽的荧光脂质体经荷瘤小鼠尾静脉注射,分别在给药前后各时间点对小鼠进行扫描,对扫描得到的图像进行处理并计算AUC、T1/2和MRT等相关药代动力学参数。结果表明,随着脂质体表面多肽密度的增加,即多肽密度大于1.298%的靶向脂质体,其肿瘤部位的荧光AUC、T1/2和MRT都较未修饰的隐形脂质体有所提高,显示其在肿瘤组织中的聚集量增多、停留时间延长,针对肿瘤细胞的特异性作用机制得以彰显。     

免疫脂质体与人胃癌细胞的相互作用

我们把抗人胃癌细胞M85的单克隆抗体3Hll插入脂质体的脂双层做成免疫脂质体,研究了这些免疫脂质体与M85细胞的相互作用.结果表明,M85细胞对免疫脂质体的吸收与温育时间、温度密切相关.在37℃温育10小时,细胞吸收的免疫脂质体的量是在4℃时的7倍左右.37℃温育5小时,靶向脂质体结合在M85靶细胞上的量是非靶向脂质体的2倍多;与非靶细胞—人皮肤成纤维细胞Fb32的结合量只有与M85靶细胞结合量的1/6.游离单抗3Hll能够抑制靶向脂质体与靶细胞的结合,而专一性与3Hll抗体不同的单抗3G9则不能.NH_4Cl和NaN_3等内吞作用抑制剂使靶细胞吸收免疫脂质体的量分别减少58%和79%.与此同时,NH_4CI还能抑制包入脂质体的ADM,而不能抑制游离ADM的细胞毒作用.因此我们的结论是,3Hll免疫脂质体能够与靶细胞专一地结合,并把所荷载的物质主要经内吞作用输送到细胞内,杀伤靶细胞.用荧光显微镜对与荧光免疫脂质体温育的M85细胞进行的形态观察也支持上述结论.     

γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物的制备及其肝靶向性分析

制备一种γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物［Poly (γ-glutamic acid)D-galactose esterifiable derivative-Cisplatin Complex Compound,γ-D+-DDP］,并考察其体内靶向性。通过生物发酵获得大分子γ-聚谷氨酸［Poly (γ-glutamic acid),γ-PGA］,利用酸降解得到可以作为药物载体的小分子γ-聚谷氨酸;利用凝胶色谱柱检验小分子γ-聚谷氨酸的分子量;利用HPLC检测释放的游离顺铂含量,得到复合物在小鼠体内靶向性分布情况;利用HE组织切片染色,观察脏器受损伤情况及靶向分布。实验结果表明：成功获得γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物,该复合物载药率达9.4%~10.2%;HPLC结果表明注射复合物后,肝脏中药物显著增加而肾脏中药物分布明显减少,大大减少了肾毒性,肝靶向作用明显。因此,γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物是一种有效的具有肝靶向性的抗肿瘤药物,具有潜在的临床应用价值;通过生物发酵获得的γ-聚谷氨酸可用于药物载体,赋予药物新的特点。介绍了制备一种γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物[Poly (γ-glutamic acid)-D-galactose esterifiable derivative -Cisplatin Complex Compound,（γ-D+-DDP）],并考察其体内靶向性。通过生物发酵获得大分子γ-聚谷氨酸[Poly (γ-glutamic acid),γ-PGA],利用酸降解得到可以作为药物载体的小分子γ-聚谷氨酸;利用凝胶色谱柱检验小分子γ-聚谷氨酸的分子量;利用HPLC检测释放的游离顺铂含量,得到复合物在小鼠体内靶向性分布情况;利用HE组织切片染色,观察脏器受损伤情况及靶向分布。实验结果表明：成功获得γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物,该复合物载药率达9.4% ~10.2%;HPLC结果表明注射复合物后,肝脏中药物显著增加而肾脏中药物分布明显减少,大大减少了肾毒性,肝靶向作用明显。因此,γ-聚谷氨酸-D-半乳糖酯化衍生物-顺铂复合物是一种有效的具有肝靶向性的抗肿瘤药物,具有潜在的临床应用价值;通过生物发酵获得的γ-聚谷氨酸可用于药物载体,赋予药物新的特点。     

抗肿瘤靶向脂质体的研究进展

近年来,随着肿瘤靶向治疗在临床的不断推广,抗肿瘤靶向脂质体的研究也备受关注。抗肿瘤靶向脂质体可分为物理靶向脂质体和分子靶向脂质体,前者包括pH敏感脂质体、光敏感脂质体、磁性脂质体和热敏感脂质体;后者包括抗体靶向脂质体、叶酸修饰脂质体、转铁蛋白修饰脂质体、多肽修饰脂质体及糖基修饰脂质体等。现介绍抗肿瘤靶向脂质体的研究进展,为靶向脂质体的研究和应用提供参考。     

姜黄素对顺铂所致胃组织ICC损伤的保护作用及机制

目的:探索顺铂对胃组织Cajal间质细胞(Cajal interstitial cells,ICCs)结构和功能的损伤以及姜黄素的保护作用。方法:选用成年雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分为对照组、顺铂组和顺铂+姜黄素组,每组各10只。姜黄素(200 mg/kg/d)混悬液连续灌胃15天。顺铂于实验结束前5天开始腹腔注射(2 mg/kg/d)共5天。计算每只小鼠最后5天的体重增减值,停药24 h后测量小鼠的胃排空率。电镜检测胃组织ICC超微结构,并测定特异性反映ICC功能变化的Ano1蛋白和m RNA的表达情况。结果:注射顺铂后各组小鼠的体重和胃排空率均显著降低(P0.01);与顺铂组相比,姜黄素预先灌胃组小鼠体重下降较少(P0.01),胃排空率有所回升(P0.05)。注射顺铂后,胃组织中ICCs受损,尤其与周围神经和肌肉间的缝隙连接增大甚至断裂,而姜黄素可以减轻这种损伤。同时,顺铂组胃组织中Ano1 m RNA和蛋白表达均下降(P0.01),加姜黄素组有所改善(P0.05)。结论:而姜黄素可通过减轻顺铂所致胃组织ICC结构损伤以及增强Ano1表达进而增强ICC慢波起博功能。     

多相脂质体人干扰素-α(HuIFN-α)包封率和渗漏的测定

脂质体是类脂双分子薄膜在一定条件下形成的超微球体。1971年Ryman等人将药物包入脂质体,研究了脂质体的载体作用,发现脂质体具有降低药物毒副作用,减少剂量和变态反应,增强药物对淋巴系统靶向性和靶组织滞留性等优点。干扰素-α为有效抗     

基因治疗研究中脂质体介导的基因转移技术

对于脂质体的深入研究特别是阳离子脂质体的研制使其逐步成为重要的基因转移载体之一,并且初步应用于基因治疗研究,同时多种靶向脂质体的研制也为体内靶向基因转移和表达奠定了基础。本文就脂质体的结构、功能、在基因治疗研究中的应用以及各种靶向脂质体的研制进行了介绍。     

靶向淋巴组织的阳离子性脂质体:一种强有力的促进长期免疫记忆的佐剂

正虽然在注射部位保留抗原(称之为"储存"效应)对疫苗开发而言是一种重要的策略,越来越多的证据表明,用脂质体的靶向淋巴的疫苗对于改进疫苗效力而言可能是一种有希望的方案。然而,究竟是抗原储存还是淋巴靶向机制有助于长期免疫记忆尚不清楚,而长期的免疫记忆是疫苗效力的决定因素。在这项研究中,OVA抗原用DOTAP阳离子脂质体包载,或者用DOTAP-PEG-甘露糖脂质体包     

Targeting breast and prostate cancers through their hormone receptors

A targeted treatment that effectively destroys human breast, prostate, ovarian, and testicular cancer cells that express luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptors has been developed. The treatment consists of a conjugate of a membrane-disrupting lytic peptide (Hecate, Phor14, or Phor21) and a 15-amino acid segment of the beta chain of CG. Because these conjugates act primarily by destroying cell membranes, their effects are independent of cell proliferation. The conjugates are relatively small molecules, are rapidly metabolized, and are not antigenic. In a series of independent experiments conducted in three different laboratories, the validity of the concept has been established, and it has been shown that the LH/CG receptor capacity of the cancer cells is directly related to the sensitivity of the lytic peptide conjugates. Sensitivity to the drugs can be increased by pretreating prostate or breast cancer cells with FSH or estradiol to up-regulate LH/CG receptors. A series of 23 in vivo experiments involving a total of 1630 nude mice bearing xenografts of human prostate or breast cancer cells showed convincingly that all three lytic peptide-betaCG compounds were highly effective in destroying tumors and reducing tumor burden. Hecate-betaCG was less effective in mice bearing ovarian epithelial cancer cell xenografts, but was highly effective in treating granulosa cell tumors in transgenic mice. In addition, Hecate-betaCG and Phor14-betaCG were highly effective in targeting and destroying prostate and breast cancer cell metastases in the presence or absence of the primary tumors. Although effective in vitro, neither Hecate nor Phor14 alone were effective in reducing primary tumor volume or burden in nude mice bearing prostate or breast cancer xenografts.     

Targeting Stealth liposomes in a murine model of human small cell lung cancer.

Tumor accumulation and therapeutic activity of Stealth liposomes loaded with doxorubicin (DXR) were examined in Balb/c nude mice xenografts inoculated subcutaneously with the human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line, H69. Mice were treated with non-targeted liposomes (SL) or liposomes targeted with antagonist G coupled to the liposome surface (SLG). SLG showed 30-44-fold higher binding to H69 cells harvested from H69 xenografts than SL. At 48 and 72 h post injection, tumor accumulation of [(125)I]tyraminylinulin-containing liposomes was shown to be dependent on liposome size but independent of the presence of the targeting ligand. Maximum tumor uptake of either SLG or SL ranged from 2 to 4% of injected dose/g of tissue. In therapeutic studies, mice received three weekly injections of 3 or 6 mg free DXR/kg or 3 or 10 mg liposomal DXR/kg at initial tumor volumes of either 7 or 33 mm(3). The therapeutic efficacy of DXR-containing SL or SLG was significantly improved over free DXR, but SLG did not improve anti-tumor efficacy relative to SL. Stealth liposomes containing DXR have potential as a therapy against human SCLC tumors.     

Innovative drug delivery nanosystems improve the anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo of anti-estrogens in human breast cancer and multiple myeloma

Anticancer drug efficiency is governed by its bioavailability. In order to increase this parameter, we synthesized several injectable and biodegradable systems based on incorporation of anti-estrogens (AEs) in nanoparticles (NPs) and liposomes were synthesized. Both nanospheres (NS) and nanocapsules (NCs, polymers with an oily core in which AEs were solubilized) incorporated high amounts of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4-HT) or RU 58668 (RU). Physico-chemical and biological parameters of these delivery systems, and coupling of polyethylene-glycol chains on the NP surface revealed to enhance the anti-tumoral activity of trapped AEs in a breast cancer MCF-7 cell xenograft model and to induce apoptosis. These features correlated with an augmentation of p21(Waf-1/Cip1) and of p27(Kip1) and a concomitant decrease of cyclin D1 and E in tumor extracts. Liposomes containing various ratios of lipids enhanced the apoptotic activity of RU in several multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines tested by flow cytometry. MM cell lines expressed both estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes except Karpas 620. Karpas 620 cells which did not respond to AEs became responsive following ER cDNA transfection. A new MM xenograft model was generated after s.c. injection of RPMI 8226 cells in nude mice. RU-loaded liposomes, administered i.v. in this model, at a dose of 12mgRU/kg/week, induced the arrest of tumor growth contrary to free RU or to empty liposomes. Thus, the drug delivery of anti-estrogens enhances their ability to arrest the growth of tumors which express estrogen receptors and are of particular interest for estrogen-dependent breast cancer treatment. In addition it represents a new potent therapeutic approach for multiple myeloma.     

脂肪酸多相脂质体与癌细胞膜相互作用的ESR谱研究

用电子自旋共振(ESR)技术对液晶态多烯脂肪酸多相脂质体与癌细胞膜相互作用进行了研究. 并探讨了其在抑制和杀伤癌细胞过程中可能具有的生物学意义.实验发现：油酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在Ec腹水肝癌细胞膜上的强固定化作用减弱, 弱固定化作用增强,使自旋标记物运动自由度增加.亚油酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在乳腺癌细胞膜上的强固定化作用增强, 弱固定化作用减弱,使自旋标记物运动自由度受到限制.蓖麻酸多相脂质体的影响使自旋标记物在S₁₈₀实体瘤细胞膜上的强固定化作用增强, 弱固定化作用减弱,使自旋标记物运动自由度受到限制.结果表明,多烯脂肪酸多相脂质体作用于膜蛋白引起了膜蛋白构象的变化.     

两种人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型的建立

目的建立简便的人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型,并探讨其部分生物学特性。方法采用雌激素受体阴性的MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3人乳腺癌细胞株,分别接种于10只裸鼠左侧腋窝皮下,移植细胞总数为1×107/只。观察肿块生长情况,第42天处死荷瘤鼠,切除肿块作病理切片。结果 MDA-MB-231接种后第5d在接种部位可见结节,成瘤率为90%（9/10）,接种42 d肿瘤体积426.6±333.8,瘤重0.417±0.276,病理学检查为浸润性导管癌;SK-BR-3接种后第11天在接种部位可见结节,成瘤率为80%（8/10）,接种42 d肿瘤体积357.5±246,瘤重0.325±0.167,病理学检查为浸润性导管癌。结论该方法建立的人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型,皮下移植方法简单,易于操作,成功率较高,肿瘤可部分保持人乳腺癌生物学特性,为研究人乳腺癌提供了重要工具。     

Therapeutic efficacy of anti-ErbB2 immunoliposomes targeted by a phage antibody selected for cellular endocytosis

Many targeted cancer therapies require endocytosis of the targeting molecule and delivery of the therapeutic agent to the interior of the tumor cell. To generate single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies capable of triggering receptor-mediated endocytosis, we previously developed a method to directly select phage antibodies for internalization by recovering infectious phage from the cytoplasm of the target cell. Using this methodology, we reported the selection of a panel of scFv that were internalized into breast cancer cells from a nonimmune phage library. For this work, an immunotherapeutic was generated from one of these scFv (F5), which bound to ErbB2 (HER2/neu). The F5 scFv was reengineered with a C-terminal cysteine, expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, and coupled to sterically stabilized liposomes. F5 anti-ErbB2 immunoliposomes were immunoreactive as determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and were avidly internalized by ErbB2-expressing tumor cell lines in proportion to the levels of ErbB2 expression. F5-scFv targeted liposomes containing doxorubicin had antitumor activity and produced significant reduction in tumor size in xenografted mice compared to nontargeted liposomes containing doxorubicin. This strategy should be applicable to generate immunotherapeutics for other malignancies by selecting phage antibodies for internalization into other tumor types and using the scFv to target liposomes or other nanoparticles.     

亲骨转移乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231BO成瘤性的初步研究

目的通过比较亲骨转移乳腺癌细胞（MDA-MB-231BO）和亲代乳腺癌细胞（MDA-MB-231）的生长曲线和致瘤性,初步探讨MDA-MB-231BO细胞的生物学特性。方法MTT法测定两种细胞的生长曲线,并将两种乳腺癌细胞接种于裸鼠腋窝处皮下,建立乳腺癌细胞异种移植瘤动物模型,30 d后处死裸鼠,肿瘤组织及相关脏器官做病理检查。结果MTT法测得MDA-MB-231BO细胞生长速率高于MDA-MB-231细胞。接种两种乳腺癌细胞的裸鼠均长出肿瘤,成瘤率为100%。病理检查符合人乳腺癌细胞特征,MDA-MB-231BO组瘤体体积明显大于MDA-MB-231组（P〈0.05）。结论MDA-MB-231BO细胞生长速率高于MDA-MB-231细胞,而且MDA-MB-231BO在裸鼠体内的致瘤性强于MDA-MB-231。     

Tumor-targeting amino acid auxotrophic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella typhimurium</Emphasis>

We have developed an effective bacterial cancer therapy strategy by targeting viable tumor tissue using Salmonella typhimurium auxotrophs that we have generated which grow in viable as well as necrotic areas of tumors. However, the auxotrophy severely restricts growth of these bacteria in normal tissue. The S. typhimurium A1-R mutant, which is auxotrophic for leu-arg and has high anti-tumor virulence, was developed in our laboratory. In vitro, A1-R infects tumor cells and causes nuclear destruction. A1-R was initially used to treat metastatic human prostate and breast tumors that had been orthotopically implanted in nude mice. Forty percent of treated mice were cured completely and survived as long as non-tumor-bearing mice. A1-R administered i.v. to nude mice with primary osteosarcoma and lung metastasis was highly effective, especially against metastasis. A1-R was also targeted to both axillary lymph and popliteal lymph node metastasis of human pancreatic cancer and fibrosarcoma, respectively, as well as lung metastasis of the fibrosarcoma in nude mice. The bacteria were delivered via a lymphatic channel to target the lymph node metastases and systemically via the tail vein to target the lung metastasis. The metastases were cured without the need of chemotherapy or any other treatment. A1-R was administered intratumorally to nude mice with an orthotopically transplanted human pancreatic tumor. The primary pancreatic cancer regressed without additional chemotherapy or any other treatment. A1-R was also effective against pancreatic cancer liver metastasis when administered intrasplenically to nude mice. The approach described here, where bacterial monotherapy effectively treats primary and metastatic tumors, is a significant improvement over previous bacterial tumor-therapy strategies that require combination with toxic chemotherapy. Three promoter clones engineered in S. enterica typhimurium were identified to have enhanced expression in bacteria growing in tumors relative to those growing in the spleen. The expression of therapeutics in Salmonella under the regulation of one or more promoters that are activated preferentially in tumors has the potential to improve the efficacy of Salmonella tumor therapy. Exploitation of the tumor-killing capability of Salmonella has great promise for a new paradigm of cancer therapy.     

Systemic p53 gene therapy of cancer with immunolipoplexes targeted by anti-transferrin receptor scFv.

BACKGROUND: A long-standing goal in genetic therapy for cancer is a systemic gene delivery system that selectively targets tumor cells, including metastases. Here we describe a novel cationic immunolipoplex system that shows high in vivo gene transfer efficiency and anti- tumor efficacy when used for systemic p53 gene therapy of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cationic immunolipoplex incorporating a biosynthetically lipid-tagged, anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody (TfRscFv), was designed to target tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. A human breast cancer metastasis model was employed to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of systemically administered, TfRscFv-immunolipoplex-mediated, p53 gene therapy in combination with docetaxel. RESULTS: The TfRscFv-targeting cationic immunolipoplex had a size of 60-100 nm, showed enhanced tumor cell binding, and improved targeted gene delivery and transfection efficiencies, both in vitro and in vivo. The p53 tumor suppressor gene was not only systemically delivered by the immunolipoplex to human tumor xenografts in nude mice but also functionally expressed. In the nude mouse breast cancer metastasis model, the combination of the p53 gene delivered by the systemic administration of the TfRscFv-immunolipoplex and docetaxel resulted in significantly improved efficacy with prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report using scFv-targeting immunolipoplexes for systemic gene therapy. The TfRscFv has a number of advantages over the transferrin (Tf) molecule itself: (1) scFv has a much smaller size than Tf producing a smaller immunolipoplex giving better penetration into solid tumors; (2) unlike Tf, the scFv is a recombinant protein, not a blood product; (3) large scale production and strict quality control of the recombinant scFv, as well as scFv-immunolipoplex, are feasible. The sensitization of tumors to chemotherapy by this tumor-targeted and efficient p53 gene delivery method could lower the effective dose of the drug, correspondingly lessening the severe side effects, while decreasing the possibility of recurrence. Moreover, this approach is applicable to both primary and recurrent tumors, and more significantly, metastatic disease. The TfRscFv-targeting of cationic immunolipoplexes is a promising method of tumor targeted gene delivery that can be used for systemic gene therapy of cancer with the potential to critically impact the clinical management of cancer.