转CkLEA4基因拟南芥种子萌发期的抗逆性分析

该研究在实验室前期研究的基础上,将受脱水、盐胁迫和ABA诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因转入野生型拟南芥,并利用实时荧光定量PCR从8株纯合体中筛选出3个表达量不同的株系,比较野生型和转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子在不同胁迫处理下的萌发率,以探讨CkLEA4基因在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中的功能。结果发现:(1)在不同浓度NaCl、甘露醇及ABA处理下,转CkLEA4基因过表达拟南芥种子的萌发率均高于野生型,随着NaCl、甘露醇及ABA浓度增加,各株系萌发率均降低,但野生型的萌发率下降幅度均高于3个过表达株系,并且在200mmol/L NaCl和400mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系子叶绿化率均显著高于野生型。(2)在低浓度ABA处理下,CkLEA4过表达植株子叶的绿化率也高于野生型。研究表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因提高了拟南芥种子萌发阶段对盐、ABA及渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

中间锦鸡儿WRKY75基因对拟南芥耐受盐和ABA能力的影响

该研究从旱生灌木中间锦鸡儿中克隆得到1个CiWRKY75基因。序列分析显示,CiWRKY75开放阅读框长570bp,编码189个氨基酸,含有1个WRKYGQK基序和1个C2H2型锌指结构,属于第二类WRKY转录因子。亚细胞定位显示,CiWRKY75定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR检测表明,CiWRKY75基因的表达受盐胁迫和ABA诱导。在拟南芥中过量表达CiWRKY75后,与野生型拟南芥相比,转基因株系种子的萌发率在盐胁迫下降低,并且对盐胁迫的耐受能力明显减弱;ABA处理下,2个转基因株系的种子萌发率(10.3%、9.6%)较野生型(25.9%)明显降低。研究表明,CiWRKY75是中间锦鸡儿对盐和ABA响应的重要调控因子。     

蒺藜苜蓿MtbHLH148转录因子的克隆与转化及其功能分析

bHLH(Basic helix loop helix, bHLH)转录因子家族是植物最大的转录因子家族之一,广泛参与植物生长发育和盐胁迫应答机制。该研究利用同源克隆的方法克隆蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)的MtbHLH148基因,采用qRT PCR方法分析MtbHLH148基因在蒺藜苜蓿中的表达特性,构建超表达载体并通过农杆菌侵染法转化拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana),对转基因拟南芥的耐盐性相关功能进行分析研究。结果显示：(1)从蒺藜苜蓿中获得MtbHLH148基因,该基因cDNA全长1 343 bp,包含开放阅读框为603 bp,编码 201 个氨基酸,蛋白分子量22.7 kD,等电点为11.76;蛋白结构分析显示,该蛋白无跨膜结构域,无信号肽,为亲水性蛋白;含有精氨酸／赖氨酸残基的保守结构域和典型的bHLH结构域;二级结构以α 螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。(2)亚细胞定位表明,MtbHLH148蛋白定位在细胞核。(3)进化树分析表明,MtbHLH148与大豆(Glycine max)的亲缘性最近;启动子分析发现,该基因启动子区域含有光响应元件、MYB结合位点以及ABA应答元件ABRE,可能参与非生物胁迫。(4)qRT PCR分析发现,MtbHLH148基因在蒺藜苜蓿的茎中表达量最高,叶中表达量最低,且MtbHLH148基因受ABA(100 μmol/L)诱导并在盐胁迫(200 mmol/L NaCl)处理8 h内表达量上调,而在低温(4 ℃)处理时表达量明显下调。(5)成功构建超表达载体pCAMBIA3301 MtbHLH148并转化拟南芥获得16个抗性株系,经鉴定有12个过表达株系,其中表达量最高的转基因株系为OE8;对OE8株系耐盐性功能分析发现,转基因拟南芥植株的发芽率明显高于野生型,盐胁迫下转基因拟南芥的根长是野生型的1.5倍,表明其耐盐性得到了增强。研究表明,MtbHLH148基因可能在盐胁迫调节机制中具有一定的调控作用。     

忽地笑LaSUVH1基因克隆与功能分析

为了深入探究忽地笑(Lycoris aurea)组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶(histone lysine methyltransferase, HKMT)基因的功能,该研究根据前期转录组测序结果,采用RT PCR方法克隆得到一个组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因LaSUVH1。序列分结果表明, LaSUVH1基因的编码区(coding sequences, CDs)序列长2 007 bp,编码668个氨基酸残基;LaSUVH1蛋白不具有信号肽结构,无跨膜结构,为亲水性蛋白,含有SET、YDG/SRA、Pre SET和Post SET结构域;序列比对和系统进化树分析发现,LaSUVH1与芦笋AoSUVH1 like蛋白亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,LaSUVH1基因在忽地笑不同组织部位均有表达,且在叶中表达量最高。经潮霉素筛选成功获得3个反义过表达LaSUVH1的转基因拟南芥株系。进一步功能分析发现,反义过表达LaSUVH1促进了拟南芥幼苗侧根的发生,降低了拟南芥对NaCl的耐受性,增加了拟南芥种子萌发对脱落酸(ABA)的敏感性,表明LaSUVH1基因响应盐胁迫应答可能依赖ABA信号通路。     

中间锦鸡儿转录因子基因 CiNAC1的克隆及功能分析

NAC转录因子家族是植物特有的、最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物应答非生物胁迫和生长发育过程中有重要的功能。该研究通过PCR技术,克隆得到了中间锦鸡儿 CiNAC1基因1 066 bp的cDNA全长序列。生物信息学分析显示, CiNAC1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为921 bp,编码306个氨基酸,推导的蛋白分子量为34.57 kD,等电点为8.35,是一种亲水性蛋白,N端具有保守的NAM结构域,具有26个磷酸化位点和7个糖基化位点。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,中间锦鸡儿 CiNAC1基因表达受干旱、高盐、脱水、高pH诱导;亚细胞定位发现CiNAC1定位到细胞核中,这与它作为转录因子的功能是一致的;转CiNAC1基因拟南芥株系侧根数目显著多于野生型,根长也明显比野生型长。研究认为, CiNAC1基因可能与中间锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫机制有关。     

异源表达CkLEA1基因增强了拟南芥对非生物胁迫的耐受性

植物在生长过程中会受到各种非生物胁迫的伤害,导致生长发育和产量受到严重影响,胚胎晚期丰富蛋白（late embryogenesis abundant proteins,LEA蛋白）在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中起着重要的保护作用。在前期的研究基础上,将受多种胁迫诱导的柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1（GenBank登录号KC309408）基因转入野生型拟南芥,通过实时荧光定量PCR从7株T₃代纯合体中筛选出3个转基因株系做进一步研究。种子萌发率实验发现,在200 mmol/L NaCl和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,转基因株系萌发率均高于野生型拟南芥。干旱处理2周大的幼苗后,转基因株系明显比野生型更抗旱,存活率高于野生型,并且失水率低于野生型。同时,转基因株系积累了较少的丙二醛（MDA）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量也高于野生型。这些结果表明,柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因在种子萌发阶段提高了拟南芥对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性,并且提高了转基因拟南芥幼苗生长阶段对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

拟南芥AtCIPK23基因对烟草抗旱能力的影响

为了探索拟南芥AtCIPK23基因对烟草耐旱能力的影响,对3个转AtCIPK23基因阳性纯合株系KA13、KA14和KA44与野生型烟草K326（对照）进行了自然干旱处理,测定离体叶片的失水速率、叶绿素含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,并分析了转基因及野生型材料对活性氧的清除能力,对活性氧清除基因NtSOD、NtCAT和NtAPX及干旱胁迫相关基因NtDREB、NtLEA5和NtCDPK2的表达量进行检测。结果表明：（1）转基因烟草离体叶片的失水速率明显低于K326;自然干旱7 d后,野生型K326出现了明显的干旱胁迫症状;干旱7 d进行复水后,转基因株系的复水存活率明显高于K326。（2）转基因株系中的叶绿素、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量比K326显著提高,电导率则明显降低。（3）野生型烟草K326中H₂O₂的积累量明显高于3个转基因株系,转基因株系中ROS清除机制的3个关键基因NtSOD、NtCAT和NtAPX被诱导上调表达。（4）抗旱相关基因NtDREB、NtLEA5和NtCDPK2仅在转基因烟草中受干旱诱导。研究认为,AtCIPK23基因可能具有提高植物抗旱能力的功能。     

中间锦鸡儿CiABR17基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用blastn比对方法,从中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制消减杂交文库筛选出ABA响应蛋白17基因(ABR17)的EST序列。RACE扩增得到cDNA序列594bp,其中ORF为471bp,编码157个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为16.44kD,等电点为4.93,平均疏水指数为-0.126,是一种亲水蛋白。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,中间锦鸡儿CiABR17基因在脱水、NaCl和热胁迫下均有不同程度表达,说明CiABR17基因与中间锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫有关;过表达CiABR17拟南芥株系的鲜重、干重和莲座直径均极显著高于野生型株系。     

小麦TaLCD基因的克隆及其对渗透胁迫的调节作用

半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(CDes)可催化降解半胱氨酸(Cys)生成硫化氢(H2S)。通过克隆小麦(Triticumaestivum)中的L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶基因TaLCD,并将其在拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)中过表达,探讨TaLCD对渗透胁迫条件下种子萌发和根系生长的影响,并分析其对干旱胁迫的调节作用。结果显示,盐胁迫条件下, TaLCD过表达植株种子萌发率显著高于野生型;甘露醇处理条件下, TaLCD过表达植株的根长也显著高于野生型,且TaLCD过表达显著提高植株抗旱性。此外, TaLCD过表达植株对ABA更加敏感,ABA处理下TaLCD过表达植株的种子萌发率及根长均显著低于野生型。干旱胁迫下,TaLCD过表达植株胁迫响应基因(COR47、RD29A、RAB18和RD22)及ABA信号途径相关基因(NCED3、HAB1、HAB2、ABI1、ABI2和ABF2)的表达水平均显著高于野生型。因此推测, TaLCD增强植株抗旱和抗盐能力可能依赖于ABA信号途径。     

番茄转录因子基因SlWRKY6的克隆与原核表达分析

该研究基于番茄基因组数据库SGN(Sol Genomic Network)信息,利用RT PCR从栽培番茄‘M82’(Solanum lycopersicum)中成功克隆到番茄SlWRKY6基因(登录号：Solyc02g080890),通过qRT PCR方法和原核表达初步验证其生物学功能。结果表明：(1)生物信息学分析显示,番茄SlWRKY6基因ORF全长1 653 bp,编码550个氨基酸,其蛋白结构含有1个WRKYGQK保守结构域和C₂H₂锌指结构域,属于IIb类;其基因启动子上游1 500 bp含有多个激素响应元件和非生物胁迫响应元件。(2)进化树分析显示,SlWRKY6与潘那利番茄SpWRKY31 X1(NP_001352691.1)的相似性最高,且定位于细胞核内。(3)qRT PCR结果显示,SlWRKY6基因在番茄根、茎、叶中均有表达,在叶中的表达量最高,且受盐和干旱诱导表达。(4)SDS PAGE及Western blot结果显示,pET 30a SlWRKY6重组蛋白的大小约66 kDa,与预期大小一致。(5)原核表达分析显示,重组菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a SlWRKY6在不同浓度盐(NaCl)和干旱(Mannitol)胁迫下生长速度显著低于对照菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a,且在400 mmol/L NaCl、800 mmol/L甘露醇胁迫条件下最为显著;滴板实验初步验证SlWRKY6转录因子能提高重组菌E. coli BL21∷pET 30a SlWRKY6在ABA和pH 9(NaOH)胁迫的耐受性;在400 mmol/L NaCl、pH 5(HCl)、800 mmol/L甘露醇胁迫条件下耐受能力降低。研究表明,SlWRKY6转录因子可能通过参与ABA途径来响应非生物胁迫。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.