TRIM25在抗病毒天然免疫及恶性肿瘤发生发展中作用的研究进展

三基序蛋白25 (tripartite motif 25, TRIM25)是一种E3泛素连接酶,其介导的维甲酸诱导基因Ⅰ(retinoic acid-inducible gene I, RIG-I)泛素化是启动细胞内抗病毒反应的重要步骤。近期研究发现,TRIM25还能通过其他途径调节宿主抗病毒能力,包括RIG-Ⅰ的负调节、黑色素瘤分化相关基因5 (melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, MDA5)的激活、增强锌指抗病毒蛋白(zinc-finger antiviral protein, ZAP)活性、抑制病毒RNA合成。与此同时,病毒与宿主能通过多种机制调节TRIM25,包括泛素化降解、与细胞和病毒RNA结合、与RIG-Ⅰ的结合、竞争TRIM25作用底物。TRIM25在肺癌、前列腺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌等恶性肿瘤的发生发展中也发挥重要作用。为了更好地了解TRIM25在抗病毒天然免疫与肿瘤发生发展中的作用及其机制,现对近年TRIM25在这两方面的研究进展进行总结。     

病毒靶向人I型干扰素受体1的负调控机制

人Ⅰ型干扰素（type I interferon, IFN-I）的诱生和应答在机体抗病毒固有免疫中发挥重要作用。但病毒多可逃逸宿主此类抗病毒免疫,导致感染和致病。Ⅰ型干扰素受体（interferon alpha receptor, IFNAR）是识别及结合IFN-I的一种跨细胞膜蛋白受体,其IFNAR1亚型在干扰素发挥抗病毒效应的启动阶段发挥关键作用;本文从IFNAR1蛋白质的表达、降解及其功能等方面,概述病毒以IFNAR1为靶点负调控IFN-I的抗病毒机制,以期为该领域基础研究和临床抗病毒策略提供有益的参考依据。     

人类鸟苷酸结合蛋白抗病毒机制研究进展

人类鸟苷酸结合蛋白(Human guanylate binding proteins,hGBPs)是一种干扰素诱导型细胞因子,属于鸟苷酸结合蛋白家族(Guanosine triphosphatases,GTPases)。GBPs能够介导经典与非经典炎症激活途径,诱导先天性和适应性免疫应答,还可以诱导自噬和控制囊泡运输,在宿主抵御细菌、病毒和其他病原微生物时发挥重要作用。本文主要介绍了hGBPs的发现和结构,并对7种hGBPs的抗病毒机制进行概述。     

鸡TRIM25蛋白可促进宿主对禽流感病毒的天然免疫应答

TRIM家族蛋白在抗病毒天然免疫中发挥着重要作用.然而,鸡TRIM25(chicken tripartite motif25,chTRIM25)蛋白对禽流感病毒复制的影响仍不明确.本文旨在克隆chTRIM25基因并初步分析其功能.首先应用RT-PCR方法,从鸡成纤维细胞(chicken embryo fibroblast, CEF)中扩增chTRIM25基因.序列分析发现, chTRIM25基因可读框全长1902 bp,编码633个氨基酸,预测其分子量为71.42 kD.结构预测发现, chTRIM25蛋白的21～66位氨基酸为RING结构域, 110～146位氨基酸为B-box1结构域, 160～189位氨基酸为B-box2结构域, 208～311位氨基酸则为卷曲螺旋结构域, 465～633位氨基酸则为B30.2结构域.同源性分析发现,鸡TRIM25与鸭和鹅TRIM25氨基酸序列同源性在74%～77%,具有较高的同源性;而鸡TRIM25与人和鼠TRIM25的氨基酸序列同源性在46%左右,同源性较低.荧光定量实验发现,在禽流感病毒感染CEF后, TRIM25及相关抗病毒相关因子的表达量上调;也发现,TRIM25可以促进流感病毒对天然免疫信号通路的激活.这为深入了解TRIM25基因在禽流感病毒感染宿主后激发的宿主抗病毒天然免疫应答提供实验基础.     

蛋白质棕榈酰化修饰在病毒感染过程中的作用

蛋白质棕榈酰化修饰是脂质修饰的一种,赋予了底物蛋白更加多样化的生物学功能.在哺乳动物细胞中,棕榈酰化修饰主要是由ZDHHC家族介导的.病毒入侵细胞后,可利用宿主的棕榈酰化修饰促进自身的复制和感染.宿主通过模式识别受体识别病原体相关分子模式诱发天然免疫应答以保护自身免受病毒的伤害并达到清除病原体的目的.天然免疫是宿主抵抗病毒感染的第一道防线,越来越多的研究表明,抗病毒蛋白的棕榈酰化修饰对其发挥功能非常重要.然而截至目前, ZDHHC家族蛋白参与病毒感染过程中的作用机制尚不完全清楚.本文综述了ZDHHC家族蛋白棕榈酰化修饰在病毒感染过程中的最新研究进展.     

一个新的与泛素化有关的蛋白家族——TRIM家族

TRIM家族是一个结构保守、进化快速的蛋白家族,它参与了细胞凋亡、周期调控、细胞对病毒的应答等重要的生命过程。结构上的保守预示着TRIM家族可能是以一种共同的机制参与各种生命过程的。最近的一些研究显示TRIM家族可能是一类新的RING指泛素连接酶。     

非洲猪瘟病毒拮抗宿主cGAS-STING信号通路的研究进展

非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）拥有多种逃逸宿主免疫应答的策略,造成病毒难以被宿主清除。cGAS-STING信号通路介导的天然免疫在抗ASFV感染中发挥了重要作用,然而病毒编码的多个蛋白靶向该通路中的不同分子以拮抗宿主的I型干扰素应答。利用基因编辑技术敲除这些病毒基因后,ASFV对宿主的致病性降低,成为基因缺失疫苗的研制潜在靶点。本文对目前已知参与调控宿主cGAS-STING信号通路的病毒蛋白进行总结,旨在阐明这些蛋白免疫逃逸cGAS-STING信号通路的分子机制,加深对ASFV免疫逃逸策略的理解,以期为ASFV致病机制研究与疫苗创制提供参考。     

VHS蛋白,一种具有mRNA剪切活性的多种功能蛋白质

单纯疱疹病毒UL41基因编码的病毒宿主关闭蛋白(VHS蛋白)是一种核酸酶,具有。RNA剪切活性．可引起宿主细胞蛋白质合成的快速关闭。通过干扰IFN-α／β介导的抗病毒免疫反应、降低宿主细胞MHCI和MHCII类分子的表达、减少免疫系统中病毒抗原的提呈以及抑制宿主先天免疫反应等,VHS蛋白在α疱疹病毒的发病机制和免疫逃避过程中发挥重要作用。     

DNA识别受体PYHIN家族及相关病毒免疫逃逸机制的研究

宿主细胞内的DNA识别受体可识别病毒核酸分子并激活细胞天然免疫反应,从而产生抗病毒效应;同时,病毒也进化出相应机制来逃避或抑制这种免疫反应。本文总结了宿主细胞内DNA识别受体PYHIN家族识别病毒核酸并激活细胞天然免疫反应的特点和分子机制,并讨论了病毒逃避宿主天然免疫应答的方式。     

寡腺苷酸合成酶家族蛋白调控抗病毒天然免疫应答的研究进展

寡腺苷酸合成酶(Oligoadenylate synthetase,OAS)家族蛋白是典型的抗病毒蛋白,其家族成员寡腺苷酸合成酶1～3(OAS1～3)和寡腺苷酸合成酶样蛋白(Oligonucleotide synthase-like protein synthetase,OASL)在抗病毒天然免疫应答中发挥着重要作用。病毒感染机体后,细胞分泌的干扰素(Interferon,IFN)会诱导寡腺苷酸合成酶家族蛋白合成,其可通过核糖核酸酶L(RNase L)依赖途径和非依赖途径发挥抗病毒作用。本综述主要讨论寡腺苷酸合成酶家族蛋白的抗病毒机制与抗病毒临床应用的相关研究进展。     

DEAD-box RNA解旋酶家族在天然免疫应答信号通路中的作用

病毒入侵宿主细胞时,宿主细胞启动抑制病毒复制的免疫机制。同样,病毒也会利用多种手段去逃避先天免疫感应机制的监测以及宿主细胞对外来者的降解,同时还会操纵宿主细胞为自身的增殖提供便利。DEAD-box解旋酶家族是一类存在于宿主细胞中的功能蛋白,它们在转录、剪接、mRNA的合成和翻译等多种细胞过程中起着关键作用。该家族成员拥有识别RNA的能力以及参与多个细胞过程,所以它们可以以多种方式影响病毒感染宿主细胞后引起的天然免疫应答。本文就近年来有关于DEAD-box RNA解旋酶在天然免疫方面的研究进行综述,以期为相关研究提供材料支撑。     

Global quantitative proteomic analysis profiles host protein expression in response to Sendai virus infection

Sendai virus (SeV) is an enveloped nonsegmented negative‐strand RNA virus that belongs to the genus Respirovirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. As a model pathogen, SeV has been extensively studied to define the basic biochemical and molecular biologic properties of the paramyxoviruses. In addition, SeV‐infected host cells were widely employed to uncover the mechanism of innate immune response. To identify proteins involved in the SeV infection process or the SeV‐induced innate immune response process, system‐wide evaluations of SeV–host interactions have been performed. cDNA microarray, siRNA screening and phosphoproteomic analysis suggested that multiple signaling pathways are involved in SeV infection process. Here, to study SeV–host interaction, a global quantitative proteomic analysis was performed on SeV‐infected HEK 293T cells. A total of 4699 host proteins were quantified, with 742 proteins being differentially regulated. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that regulated proteins were mainly involved in “interferon type I (IFN‐I) signaling pathway” and “defense response to virus,” suggesting that these processes play roles in SeV infection. Further RNAi‐based functional studies indicated that the regulated proteins, tripartite motif (TRIM24) and TRIM27, affect SeV‐induced IFN‐I production. Our data provided a comprehensive view of host cell response to SeV and identified host proteins involved in the SeV infection process or the SeV‐induced innate immune response process.     

The implication of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity

Since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of host-virus interactions. SUMOylation has been associated with the replication of a large number of viruses, either through the direct modification of viral proteins or through the modulation of cellular proteins implicated in antiviral defense. SUMO can affect protein function via covalent or non-covalent binding. There is growing evidence that SUMO regulates several host proteins involved in intrinsic and innate immunity, thereby contributing to the process governing interferon production during viral infection; as well as the interferon-activated Jak/STAT pathway. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed antiviral proteins (defined as restriction factors), which confer direct viral resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity; highlighting the involvement of the TRIM family proteins, with a specific focus on the mechanism through which SUMO affects i- interferon production upon viral infection, ii-interferon Jak/STAT signaling and biological responses, iii-the relationship between restriction factors and RNA viruses.     

Alpha interferon enhances TRIM5alpha-mediated antiviral activities in human and rhesus monkey cells

Dominant, constitutively expressed antiretroviral factors, including TRIM5alpha and APOBEC3 proteins, are distinguished from the conventional innate immune systems and are classified as intrinsic immunity factors. Here, we demonstrate that interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment upregulates TRIM5alpha mRNA in rhesus monkey cells, which correlates with the enhanced TRIM5alpha-mediated pre- and postintegration blocks of human immunodeficiency virus replication. In human cells, IFN-alpha increases the levels of TRIM5alpha mRNA, resulting in enhanced antiviral activity against N-tropic murine leukemia virus infection. These observations indicate that the TRIM5alpha-mediated antiviral effects can be orchestrated by the conventional innate immune response. It is conceivable that TRIM5alpha plays an essential role in controlling both the initial retroviral exposure and the subsequent viral dissemination in vivo.     

TRIM56 is a virus- and interferon-inducible E3 ubiquitin ligase that restricts pestivirus infection

The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family comprises more than 60 members that have diverse functions in various biological processes. Although a small number of TRIM proteins have been shown to regulate innate immunity, much remains to be learned about the functions of the majority of the TRIM proteins. Here we identify TRIM56 as a cellular protein associated with the N-terminal protease (N(pro)) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestiviral interferon antagonist which degrades interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) through the proteasome. We found that TRIM56 was constitutively expressed in most tissues, and its abundance was further upregulated moderately by interferon or virus. The manipulation of TRIM56 abundance did not affect the protein turnover of N(pro) and IRF3. Rather, ectopic expression of TRIM56 substantially impaired, while knockdown of TRIM56 expression greatly enhanced, BVDV replication in cell culture. The antiviral activity of TRIM56 depended on its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity as well as the integrity of its C-terminal region but was not attributed to a general augmentation of the interferon antiviral response. Overexpression of TRIM56 did not inhibit the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus or hepatitis C virus, a virus closely related to BVDV. Together, our data demonstrate that TRIM56 is a novel antiviral host factor that restricts pestivirus infection.     

Viral exploitation of host SOCS protein functions

Over the past decade, a family of host proteins known as suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) have emerged as frequent targets of viral exploitation. Under physiologic circumstances, SOCS proteins negatively regulate inflammatory signaling pathways by facilitating ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation of pathway machinery. Their expression is tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation while maintaining protective antipathogenic responses. Numerous viruses, however, have developed mechanisms to induce robust host SOCS protein expression following infection, essentially "hijacking" SOCS function to promote virus survival. To date, SOCS proteins have been shown to inhibit protective antiviral signaling pathways, allowing viruses to evade the host immune response, and to ubiquitinate viral proteins, facilitating intracellular viral trafficking and progeny virus assembly. Importantly, manipulation of SOCS proteins not only facilitates progression of the viral life cycle but also powerfully shapes the presentation of viral disease. SOCS proteins can define host susceptibility to infection, contribute to peripheral disease manifestations such as immune dysfunction and cancer, and even modify the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Looking toward the future, it is clear that a better understanding of the role of SOCS proteins in viral diseases will be essential in our struggle to modulate and even eliminate the pathogenic effects of viruses on the host.     

TRIM25 inhibits infectious bursal disease virus replication by targeting VP3 for ubiquitination and degradation

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a double-stranded RNA virus, causes immunosuppression and high mortality in 3–6-week-old chickens. Innate immune defense is a physical barrier to restrict viral replication. After viral infection, the host shows crucial defense responses, such as stimulation of antiviral effectors to restrict viral replication. Here, we conducted RNA-seq in avian cells infected by IBDV and identified TRIM25 as a host restriction factor. Specifically, TRIM25 deficiency dramatically increased viral yields, whereas overexpression of TRIM25 significantly inhibited IBDV replication. Immunoprecipitation assays indicated that TRIM25 only interacted with VP3 among all viral proteins, mediating its K27-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Moreover, the Lys854 residue of VP3 was identified as the key target site for the ubiquitination catalyzed by TRIM25. The ubiquitination site destroyed enhanced the replication ability of IBDV in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated that TRIM25 inhibited IBDV replication by specifically ubiquitinating and degrading the structural protein VP3.